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Topic: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

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State organization of the Ottoman Empire

Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire

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	Ottoman Empire - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ottoman Empire was a state that existed from 1281 to 1922, one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the Mediterranean Sea which, at its height, comprised Anatolia, the Middle East, part of North Africa, and south-eastern Europe.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman I in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		The Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Allies during the war and its territories were colonized by the victors.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /ottoman_empire.htm (1314 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state in the Middle East that comprised Anatolia, part of Southwest Asia, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia.
		The Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the nations of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/ottoman_empire (881 words)

	State organisation of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottoman society had a ruling class called the askeri, including the noblemen, court officials, military officers and the religious class called the ulema.
		Still, the Ottomans did not seem to have a hereditary system based on primogeniture (crown passes to the eldest son) or seniority (crown passes to the next oldest brother).
		A vassal state that never became a province was the Khanate of Crimea in the region around Crimea, north of Black Sea - it would fall to Russia instead (1774-83; later in modern Ukraine).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire (1760 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Ottoman Turks
		Although the Ottoman Empire is not considered a European kingdom per se, Ottoman expansion had a profound impact on a continent already stunned by the calamities of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the Ottoman Turks must, therefore, be considered in any study of Europe in the late Middle Ages.
		While the gazi warriors fought for Islam, the greatest military asset of the Ottoman Empire was the standing paid army of Christian soldiers, the janissaries.
		A Hungarian-Polish army was decimated at Varna in 1444 by Murad II (c.1403-1451) and Ottoman conquests were virtually unchecked during the reign of his son, Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432-1481).
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/ottoman.html (1146 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Part of the History of Turkey series The Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanl&305; &304;mparatorlu&287;u) was an Imperial power that existed from 1299 to 1923 (634 years), one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the Mediterranean Sea.
		With the capture of Constantinople in 1453, the state became a mighty empire with Mehmed II as its emperor.
		However, the Ottomans were eventually defeated by the Allies in the Balkans, Thrace, Syria, Palestine and Iraq and its territories were colonized by the victors.
	ottoman-empire.geeks.dnip.net (1909 words)

	CROATS AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE - HERCEG BOSNA :: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina ::
		As the position of defence in Croatia worsened dramatically, upon the initiative of the Styrian Grand Duke Karl and by consent of the Court Military Council, in I 578 the Croatian Military Border was established along the border with the Ottoman Empire, stretching from the river Drava to the Adriatic Sea.
		On the occupied territories, the Ottoman Empire immediately established its authorities and founded its military and administrative districts, the so-called sanjaks, which were divided intojuridical districts, the so-called cadiluks.
		Having suffered crushing defeats at Slankamen in 1691 and in the vicinity of Senta in 1697, the Ottoman Empire was compelled to conclude a peace treaty in 1699 according to the principle uti possidetis, i.e.
	www.hercegbosna.org /engleski/crootto.html (4249 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Syria - Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are two methods of organising encyclopedias: the alphabetical method (consisting of a number of separate articles, organised in alphabetical order), or organisation by hierarchial categories.
		The Ottomans were nomadic Muslim Turks from central Asia who had been converted to Islam by Umayyad conquerors in the eighth century.
		From 1516 the Ottomans ruled Syria through pashas, who governed with unlimited authority over the land under their control, although they were responsible ultimately to the Sublime Porte.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/syria/7.php (1170 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Invoking centralism in the Ottoman Empire is the consequence of the analogy with the centralism in the modern state which is incomparably stronger.
		In the Ottoman Empire the professional army of Janissaries and the timar soldiers made up only a small fraction of the population, the majority of whom were left virtually unaffected by wars as far as their daily activities were concerned.
		An ecumenical divinity and its ecumenical state embrace and unite various races, religions, and regions, but their particular characteristics are de-emphasised in such a way that the universal state tends to incorporate more of others outside its frontiers, hence the contrast with its low density internal activity which is identified with peace and tranquillity.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/ott.htm (8341 words)

	Encyclopedia: Karamanid
		It became the capital of the Karamanid state in 1275.
		Karamanid later became an emirate and it was one of the most powerful adversaries of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia.
		Another state known to use the seal on their flag was the Beylik of Candar, who opted for a red star on a white field without any other devices.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Karamanid (1032 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄:::
		The Ottoman taxation system was based on agriculture and the major share was collected off from peasants toiling for the local feudal lords who were in turn taxed by the local government to pay the mukataa.
		When tax rates were raised for the local governors due to devaluation of the currency and enormous expenses of the state caused by newly conquered lands and military campaigns, the feudal agricultural lords illegally increased the amount of tax they demanded from the peasants.
		Rebellion State organisation of the Ottoman Empire Janissaries#The janissary revolts The janissary revolts Devshirmeh Military of the Ottoman* Empire
	www.mauspfeil.net /Jelali_Revolts.html (1200 words)

	Ottoman Empire bei eLexi - das Onlinelexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Main article: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman state organisation was based on a hierarchy with the sultan in the top and below him his viziers, other court officials and military commanders.
		The abolishion of the corps in 1826 was not enough and in the war against Russia, the Ottoman Empire severely lacked modern weapons and technologies.
		Main article: Provinces of the Ottoman Empire At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire had 29 provinces plus three tributary principalities and Transsylvania, a kingdom sworn allegiance to the Porte.
	www.elexi.de /en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (1054 words)

	The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Historical Summary
		They were scattered from one end to another of the Ottoman Empire; the whole Empire was their heritage, and it was a heritage that they must necessarily share with the Turks, who were in a numerical majority and held the reins of political power.
		The Armenian civil population in the Ottoman Empire, it is argued, owes its misfortunes to the Armenian volunteers in the Russian Army.
		Ottomanisation has become the Young Turks' obsession. Their first act after declaring war was to repudiate the Capitulations; their latest stroke has been to declare the Turkish language the exclusive medium of official business in the Empire**, with only a year's delay -- a step which has caused consternation among their German allies.
	www.hri.org /docs/bryce/bryce2.htm (18911 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Poland / Glossary
		A Muslim empire that controlled southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and most of North Africa between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and lesser territories from 1300 until 1913.
		Ottoman occupation was a major influence on all civilizations of southeastern Europe and caused ethnic animosities that remained after the disintegration of the empire.
		Signed in 1948 by Western European states as a regional defense, cultural, and economic pact, became inactive in 1954 but was revived in 1984 to improve European military preparedness and activity in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (q.v.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/poland/pl_glos.html (1841 words)

	Encyclopedia: Janissary
		The force originated in the 14th century; it was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826.
		Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million...
		Sultan Mahmud II Animation showing the structure of the Tughra of Mahmud II Mahmud II (in Arabic Ù…ØÙ…ÙˆØ¯Ø§Ù„Ø«Ø§Ù†Ù‰) (July 20, 1785â€“July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Janissary (652 words)

	Procrastination: The End of the Ottoman Empire
		Even though the Ottomans had never ruled India nor were accepted as Caliphs by the Muslim rulers of India, there was a movement against the stripping away of the Ottoman empire by the Birtish (who were the colonial power in India).
		the ottoman transnational influence can be attested to by the fact that the strict muslim sultanate of ache in northern sumatra appealed for help from the turks to combat the europeans entering their waters….
		Regardless of the errors that were committed by the Ottoman Empire, we must as Muslims work towards the return of of central authority in Islam.
	www.zackvision.com /weblog/2003/04/end-of-ottomans.html (2838 words)

	HISTORY OF THE PALESTINE PROBLEM
		Palestine was among the several former Ottoman Arab territories which were placed under the administration of Great Britain under the Mandates System adopted by the League of Nations pursuant to the League's Covenant (Article 22).
		The exception was Palestine where, instead of being limited to "the rendering of administrative assistance and advice" the Mandate had as a primary objective the implementation of the "Balfour Declaration" issued by the British Government in 1917, expressing support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people".
		One of the two States envisaged in the partition plan proclaimed its independence as Israel and in the 1948 war expanded to occupy 77 per cent of the territory of Palestine.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpa/ngo/history.html (683 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Vilayet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		States such as Penang and Mallacca enjoy far more autonomy from the central government, as they were former straits settlements of Britain.
		One former state has done this in the past, the state of Singapore which left the Malaysian Federation to form a new country Republic of Singapore in the Mid Sixties.
		The provinces of the Ottoman Empire were called vilâyets – the Turkish pronunciation of the Arabic word wilāyah.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Vilayet (603 words)

	Ottoman Empire: Organization of the Empire
		Economically, socially, and militarily, Turkey was a medieval state, unaffected by the developments in the rest of Europe.
		Ottoman Policy during the Bulgarian Independence Crisis, 1908-9: Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria at the Outset of the Young Turk Revolution.
		Diplomatic Relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Ukrainian Democratic Republic, 1918-21.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860175.html (507 words)

	Articles - Ottoman Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Ottoman Dynasty (or the House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
		Caliph, and the Ottoman Empire was synonymous with the Caliphate, the Islamic State.
		From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also Caliph, which theoretically also gave him overlordship over other Muslim rulers around the world.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Ottoman_Sultan (444 words)

	Country Survey: Ottoman Empire & Modern Turkey
		The kingdom is transformed into an empire by vast acqusitions in Asia, the attachment of the states of North Africa, and the conquest of Hungary.
		The Empire hold its own until the failure of the second siege of Vienna (1683), with the subsequent loss of Hungary and the humuliating treaty of Kalowitz.
		Today, there are 26 states on the territories that one time or another were under the Ottoman rule; 10 in Europe, 11 in Asia and 5 in Africa.
	www.geog.port.ac.uk /hist-bound/country_rep/ottoman.htm (1664 words)

	Russia, Ottoman Empire, Italy and the German victory in the East of World War 1
		The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October-November 1914, threatening Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India and the East via the Suez canal.
		Around 800,000 soldiers from Britain and the Empire were on the Western Front at any one time, 1,000 battalions each occupying a sector of the line from Belgium to the Arne and operating a month-long four stage system, unless an offensive was underway.
		The bulk of the troops were from Michigan, a northern state in the United States.
	www.germannotes.com /hist_ww1_proceedings.shtml (1662 words)

	Pravda.RU On April 24 the Day the Victims of the Genocide of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
		Moscow welcomes the Serbian government's decision to lift the state of emergency in the country, reads the statement of the Russian Foreign Ministry's official spokesman, Alexander Yakovenko.
		On April 22nd, Serbian incumbent President, Natasa Miziz, issued a decree lifting the state of emergency in the republic introduced after the tragic death of Chairman of the Serbian government, Zoran Djindjic, on March 12th.
		While addressing the international conference titled "Ukraine and Georgia in the process of forming a new international security system: problems and prospects", Kuchma said that the two countries must draw the attention of the world leaders and centres of influence to their key role in regional security.
	english.pravda.ru /world/2003/04/24/46310.html (1961 words)

	Mining Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After 1200 AD, Mongols displaced the Arab rulers, and were in turn succeeded by the Ottoman Turks in 1534.
		When the Ottoman Empire dissolved during World War I, the British seized the region and granted independence in 1932.
		The royal family installed at that time was unable to bring order to the country, and was massacred in 1958 during an Army coup.
	www.miningprofiles.com /spedition.html (1046 words)

	Alveolo-palatal consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Worlds of Welfare, Worlds of Consent?: Public Opinion on the Welfare State (International Comparative Social Studies, 4)
		They reject the political scientists' conception of the political process in which policy decisions are viewed as a private interest vs. public interest...
		Coercion and Consent: Studies on the Modern State
	www.freeglossary.com /Alveolo-palatal_consonant (283 words)

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