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Topic: States in the Holy Roman Empire

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	Holy Roman Empire - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; Background; The Carolingian Empire (800-912); The Ottonian Empire (936-1024); The Salian Emperors and the Investiture Controversy (1024-1125); The Hohenstaufens and the Peak of the Empire (1137-1254); Decline of the Empire and Ascendancy of the Habsburgs (1273-1806); The End of the Empire; Legacy of the Empire
		Holy Roman Empire, political entity of lands in western and central Europe, founded by Charlemagne in ad 800 and dissolved by Emperor Francis II in 1806.
		The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to revive the Western Roman Empire, whose legal and political structure had deteriorated during the 5th and 6th centuries and had been replaced by independent kingdoms ruled by Germanic nobles.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558731/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (2383 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE [Holy Roman Empire] designation for the political entity that originated at the coronation as emperor (962) of the German king Otto I and endured until the renunciation (1806) of the imperial title by Francis II.
		The defense of the empire against foreign attack was made more difficult by the repeated attempts of the emperors to maintain their authority in Italy against the opposition of the city-states (see commune), the papacy, and the petty princes.
		In 1804, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II took the title Francis I, emperor of Austria, and after the establishment (1806) of the Confederation of the Rhine under Napoleon I, Francis renounced his title as Holy Roman Emperor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/HolyR1oma.asp (1919 words)

	g. The Holy Roman Empire. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS: Ferdinand III (1637–57), Leopold I (1657–1705), Joseph I (1705–11), Charles VI (1711–40), Charles VII (of Bavaria, 1742–45), Francis I (1745–65), Joseph II (1765–90), Leopold II (1790–92).
		The territorial states of the Holy Roman Empire gained strength and independence during the 17th and 18th centuries.
		While each state determined its internal policies, the empire was dominated by two powers, Austria-Hungary in the east and Prussia in the west.
	www.bartleby.com /67/752.html (395 words)

	List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Imperial Estate: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet.
		Imperial State: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Reichstag or Imperial Diet.
		Prince-elector: The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire (German: singular, Kurfürst, plural, Kurfürsten) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire (3742 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The nations of the Holy Roman Empire are sovereign nations in their own right; the office of Holy Roman Emperor, and the Empire itself, is philosophically the overall government of Catholic Christendom, the secular arm of the Catholic Church.
		Roman lawyers, or delators, are not advocates for the plaintiff or defendant, but instead serve to advise them with regard to the law and deliver oratory on their behalf; delators are trained in public speaking, whereas each citizen is largely responsible for his own legal counsel.
		The Holy Roman Empire is rumoured to be preparing to invite the German states to rejoin the Empire.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /rumtigger2/Nations/roman.htm (2490 words)

	Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This category contains member states of the Holy Roman Empire, which existed between the 9th century and 1806.
		For a (still incomplete) list see List of states in the Holy Roman Empire.
		Pages in category "States of the Holy Roman Empire"
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:States_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire (115 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to revive the Western Roman Empire, whose legal and political structure deteriorated during the 5th and 6th centuries, to be replaced by independent kingdoms ruled by Germanic nobles.
		The spiritual influence of the western division of the church expanded simultaneously, in particular during the pontificate (590-604) of Gregory I. As the political prestige of the Byzantine Empire declined, the papacy grew increasingly resentful of interference by secular and ecclesiastical authorities at Constantinople in the affairs and practices of the Western church.
		The unity of the empire was weakened in 1555 after the Religious Peace of Augsburg permitted each free city and state of Germany to exercise choice between the adoption of Lutheranism or Catholicism.
	www.wga.hu /tours/gothic/history/holy_rom.html (1555 words)

	Bavaria - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12.4 million inhabitants, forms the southernmost state of Germany.
		When Henry the Lion was deposed as duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1180, Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, which ruled from 1180 to 1918.
		More recently, state minister-president Edmund Stoiber was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor in the 2002 federal election, and native son Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Bavaria (2155 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		Holy Roman Empire: Emperors - Charlemagne (Charles I), emperor of the West (800–814), Carolingian king of the Franks...
		Holy Roman Empire: Origins - Origins The Holy Roman Empire was a successor state to the empire founded in 800 by Charlemagne...
		(Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor of the Habsburg empire, 1493-1519)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0824027.html (240 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Holy Roman Empire
		A political empire imposed across geographic and ethnic boundaries, at the start of the fourteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was comprised of present-day Germany and extended across Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia, Switzerland, and parts of southern and northern Italy.
		In an attempt to eliminate papal interference from German politics, Louis IV (1287-1347), in association with German princes, issued the Declaration of Rense in 1338 that stated that the emperor would be elected by an electoral college of German princes and that papal confirmation was unnecessary.
		Although he was unable to protect his empire's frontiers from Turkish invaders or to deal with religious dissension from the Hussites within his kingdom, Sigismund was instrumental in resolving the Great Schism in 1414 at the Council of Constance.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/holy.html (901 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages.
		The precise term Holy Roman Empire dates from 1254; the full expression Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation) appears in 1512, after several variations in the late 15th century.
		Conrad III came to the throne in 1138, being the first of the Staufen dynasty, which was about to restore the glory of the Empire even under the new conditions of the 1122 Concordat of Worms.
	usapedia.com /h/holy-roman-empire.html (4089 words)

	The Imperial Council of Princes and Counts of The Holy Roman Empire , Founded 1489 , The Imperial Nobility of Germany .
		In 1804, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II took the Imperial Title Francis I, Emperor of Austria, and after the establishment (1806) of the Confederation of the Rhine under Napoleon I, Francis renounced His Imperial Title as Holy Roman Emperor.
		(Princess, Duchess and Countess of The Holy Roman Empire)
		(Princess and Duchess of The Holy Roman Empire)
	www.imperialcollegeofprincesandcounts.com (6670 words)

	The Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Holy Roman Empire was the medieval state that embraced most of central Europe and Italy under the rule of the German kings from 962 to 1806.
		The churchmen who crowned the emperors, and thus actually sustained the Empire, considered it to be the church's secular arm, sharing responsibility for the welfare and spread of the Christian faith and duty-bound to protect the Papacy.
		The history of the Holy Roman Empire can be divided into four periods: the age of emperors, the age of princes, the early Habsburg period, and the final phase.
	serendipity.nofadz.com /twz/hre.html (1519 words)

	THE GREAT POWERS AND THE STATE SYSTEM (1648-1815)
		State power could be represented by a king, by a parliament, or by a bureaucracy of state officials.
		No state felt it could afford to operate alone in such a conflict, and most were constantly negotiating either to secure allies, or to be promised subsidies or new territories for becoming allies.
		Another concept important to the state system was the principle of "dynastic legitimacy." A dynasty in the early modern period was a family that ruled a state by virtue of an inherited right.
	unlv.edu /Faculty/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c10/wciv2c10lsec2.html (1995 words)

	THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
		The Holy Roman Empire, ended by a decision of the last Emperor, Francis II, on 6 August 1806, had already long ceased to be a major political power, even though the prestige of the Imperial title conferred immense status and influence.
		The Holy Roman, or German Empire as it is sometimes described (despite northern Italy being also considered part of the Imperial domain) could nonetheless claim to be the territorial successor of the Western Roman Empire, despite its later foundation.
		The Empire of the Germans was founded by Charles the Great (Charlemagne), whose coronation on Christmas Day 800 gave Papal approval to the unification under his rule of France, most of modern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, part of modern Switzerland and northern Italy.
	www.chivalricorders.org /nobility/holyroman (2349 words)

	Febronianism and Josephism
		The example of the Protestant states, where the rulers were supreme in religious as in temporal affairs, could not fail to encourage Catholic sovereigns to assert for themselves greater authority over the Church in their own territories, in utter disregard of the rights of the Pope and of the constitution of the Church.
		All bishops according to him were equal, and all were independent of the government of their own dioceses, though at the same time, for the purpose of preserving unity, a primacy of honor should be accorded to the successor of Saint Peter.
		The teaching of Febronius, paving the way as it did for the supremacy of the State in religious matters, was welcomed by the Emperor Joseph II., by the Elector of Bavaria, as well as by the spiritual princes of the Rhine provinces.
	www.worldspirituality.org /Febronianism.html (2413 words)

	Holy Roman Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		During the reign of Maximilian I (1493–1519) the conflict between the dynastic policy of the Hapsburg emperors and the interests of the German empire (then known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation) became pronounced.
		In the Thirty Years War (1618–48; see Ferdinand II; Ferdinand III; Wallenstein; Protestant Union) the emperor, allied with Spain, opposed the Protestant princes, who were allied chiefly with Sweden and France.
		The emperors suffered further loss of prestige in their wars against Louis XIV (see Dutch Wars 3; Grand Alliance, War of the; Spanish Succession, War of the).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ho/HolyRoma.html (1820 words)

	purevolume™ \| Holy Roman Empire (IL)
		While many insist the underground music scene has grown stagnant over the past several years, Holy Roman Empire is dead-set on leaving its mark on the art-form.
		Currently, Holy Roman Empire is working on material for an upcoming full-length for release in 2005.
		While many might say the sky is the limit for this troupe of dedicated musicians, Holy Roman Empire hopes to shoot right past those expectations and straight toward the stratosphere of galaxies directly beyond.
	www.purevolume.com /holyromanempireil (447 words)

	Middle Ages :: Roman Empire
		The Holy Roman empire began in 962 and lasted until 1806.
		This was the medieval state that occurred in central Europe and Italy under the rule of the German kings.
		The age of the emperors lasted from 962 to 1250 and was dominated by the strong emperors of the Saxon.
	www.themiddleages.net /life/empire.html (269 words)

	Map 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Holy Roman Empire and Papal States are still the dominant force at the threshold of the French Revolution.
		Note that beside Papal States and The Holy Roman Empire there are huge areas in fl that are church lands in central Europe.
		The Papal States' temporal rule over land in central Italy, by a continuous line of Popes, is over 1,000 year old at this time.
	www.ao.net /~fmoeller/map11.htm (155 words)

	[No title]
		Futile also is their statement that a votive life is an invention of men, for it has been founded upon the Holy Scriptures, inspired into the most holy fathers by the Holy Ghost.
		In this manner Gerson must be received, who does not deny that religious orders are states wherein to acquire perfection as he declares in his treatises, "Against the Proprietors of the Rule of St. Augustine", "Of Evangelical Counsels", "Of Perfection of Heart", and in other places.
		For this reason the princes and cities should be admonished to strive rather for the reformation of the monasteries by their legitimate superiors than for their subversion - rather for the godly improvement of the monks than that they be abolished; as their most religious ancestors, most Christian princes, have done.
	www.ctsfw.edu /etext/boc/ap/confut/conf27.asc (904 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Poland / Glossary
		A Muslim empire that controlled southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and most of North Africa between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and lesser territories from 1300 until 1913.
		Ottoman occupation was a major influence on all civilizations of southeastern Europe and caused ethnic animosities that remained after the disintegration of the empire.
		Sixteenth-century movement against dogma of the Roman Catholic Church, in favor of grace through faith, the authority of the Scriptures, and the direct relationship of believers with God.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/poland/pl_glos.html (1841 words)

	AMERICA'S PURITANS TODAY AND THE 'RELIGIOUS RIGHT'
		This has been the case since the Christian Bishops were invited to 'go up' to meet the Roman Caesar Constantine at the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D. Church and State are the warp and woof of Western Civilization.
		The Roman Church and the Holy Roman Empire walked through the Dark Ages together like a damsel with her prince.
		We signed the original church state accord at the Council of Nicea back in 325 A.D. We signed it with the Roman Caesar, the most powerful politician in the world.
	endtimepilgrim.org /puritans13.htm (7661 words)

	The Age of Absolutism and Unbelief: Febronianism and Josephism @ ELCore.Net
		All bishops according to him were equal, and all were independent of the government of their own dioceses, though at the same time, for the purpose of preserving unity, a primacy of honour should be accorded to the successor of Saint Peter.
		The book was in such complete accord with the absolutist tendencies of the age that it was received with applause by the civil rulers, and by the court canonists, theologians, and lawyers, who saw in it the realisation of their own dreams of a state Church subservient to the civil ruler.
		It was received with great favour in Austria, where the principles of Febronius were adopted by most of the leading court canonists.
	catholicity.elcore.net /MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter07b.html (2431 words)

	German States to 1918 N-Q
		polities of the Holy Roman Empire and the Confederation of the Rhine.
		German states since 1918; these include the states and provinces of the Weimar Republic, Third Reich, and the modern period.
		Note: What is usually regarded as the Prussian state is based (with various additions) on two distinct polities, the Mark Brandenburg and Preussen (originally a Polish fief).
	www.worldstatesmen.org /German_States3.html (3998 words)

	Conquest of Sicily by Anjou French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Papacy plotted continually to undermine the rule of Frederick II and his descendants as kings of Sicily.
		The object was to break the perceived encirclement of the Papal States by the Holy Roman Empire and to install a more pliable ruler who would acknowledge the overriding supremacy in the Kingdom of Sicily of the Pope himself.
		Pope Gregory IX's 1228 invasion was repelled by Frederick during his lifetime, but after Frederick's death Pope Clement IV took a more subtle and indirect approach to unseat Frederick's illegimate son Manfred.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/angevins.html (178 words)

	www.myspace.com/holyromanempire
		Holy Roman Empire "Hail Mary" live video from the Vic in Chicago
		Later joining the group was a stellar vocalist, Emily Schambra, whose controlled, classically trained vocals help bring the project full circle.
		Drawing upon influences as wide-ranging as Sensefield, Sunny Day Real Estate, The Cure, and Quicksand, Holy Roman Empire harkens back to the grandiose and ebullient sounds of all the aforementioned genre-definers, while managing to chisel its own niche into such fine company.
	www.myspace.com /holyromanempire (1114 words)

	Dawn of time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the 17th century after the Hapsburg Empire had expelled an invading Ottoman army out of Europe (and out of Hungary), The Hapsburg Monarchy “liberated” Hungary into the Austrian Empire, which had taken shape out of the detritus of the Holy Roman Empire.
		To others Mars gives countries, to you Venus." (www.hungary.com/corvinus/lib/lazar/zar10.htm) In essence, the Austrian Empire never was a true warring empire but one that merged and combined states through wedding ceremonies).
		The revolt however increased Hungarian influence in the Austrian Empire, but it was not until the Prussian confederation's defeat of the Hapsburgs in 1866 that resulted in Hungary's elevation to co-imperial status: the Austro-Hugarian Empire though had been (re)born.
	www.unc.edu /~wmckinne/dawnoftime.html (352 words)

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