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Topic: Statistical regularity

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	Encyclopedia: Statistical-hypothesis-testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A likelihood-ratio test is a statistical test relying on a test statistic computed by taking the ratio of the maximum value of the likelihood function under the constraint of the null hypothesis to the maximum with that constraint relaxed.
		In statistics, one often considers a family of probability distributions for a random variable X (and X is often a vector whose components are scalar-valued random variables, frequently independent) parameterized by a scalar- or vector-valued parameter, which let us call θ.
		In statistics, a null hypothesis is a hypothesis that is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test indicates otherwise.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Statistical_hypothesis_testing (1017 words)

	Frequency probability - Wikipédia
		Statistical regularity has motivated the development of the relative frequency concept of probability.
		Most of the procedures commonly used to make statistical estimates or tests were developed by statisticians who used this concept exclusively.
		The former insisted that statistical procedures only made sense when one uses the relative frequency concept.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frequentism (252 words)

	Statistical regularity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Statistical regularity is a notion in statistics that if we throw a thumbtack onto a table once, we would have a hard time predicting whether the point would touch the surface of the table or not.
		The same idea occurs in games of chance, demographic statistics, quality control of a manufacturing process, and in many other parts of our lives.
		Observations of this phenomenon provided the initial motivation for the concept of what is now known as frequency probability.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Statistical_regularity (166 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the statistical regularity of the indifferent uncertainty :
		In the subsequent work of the same authors the notion of statistical regularity was introduced as a mathematical tool for the description of a general uncertainty.
		The notion of statistical regularity is a generalization of the probability distribution.
	www.itl.rtu.lv /Riga_Conf96/abs34.html (174 words)

	Prof. E. Colman: Dynamic and Statistical Regularity in Physics and Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hence it follows that the eclectics' struggle against the-mechanistic conception of statistical regularity as a provisional substitute for our ignorance (since finally the law of the whole is recognised to be merely the sum of individual laws), is conducted from a formalist standpoint.
		While conceding to the mechanists that the relation between statistical and dynamical regularity is the same as the relation between the law of the whole and the law of the parts, they exclaim against the attempts of the mechanists to reduce the laws of the whole to the laws of the parts.
		The most important factor in the unity of dynamic and statistical regularity is the direction of the movement of the law which, whether manifested as a dynamic or a statistical law, is in process of self-movement.
	www.marxists.org /subject/science/essays/colman2.htm (2812 words)

	Descriptive statistics: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Descriptive statistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics that denotes any of the many techniques used to summarize a set of data.
		This kind of statistic is often called a measure of statistical variability.
		The most common measures of variability for quantitative data[?] are the variance; its square root, the standard deviation; the statistical range; interquartile range; and the absolute deviation[?].
	www.encyclopedian.com /su/Summarizing-statistical-data.html (275 words)

	NOTES ON SHEPARD'S IDEA OF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This makes it difficult to say where the use of statistical regularities in perception stops and their use in learning begins, but let us start with a brief historical review of the claims that have been made about their use in perception.
		The importance here is that any form of regularity in the messages is a form of redundancy, and since information and capacity are quantitatively defined, so is redundancy, and we have a measure for the quantity of environmental regularities.
		This fits the ideas reviewed in previous sections of this article: regularities in the motions of the wire segments are detected and used to construct a rigid 3-D shape that is compatible with them and, when possible, with the rigidity assumption; it is this shape that we experience and which influences subsequent interpretations of motion.
	www.physiol.cam.ac.uk /staff/barlow/Hbb_sgl.html (5750 words)

	Change:Epist-cause:Second law of thermodynamics and Mechanical principles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But since it is a global regularity about change, it does describe states of affairs that are temporally related, like efficient cause and effect, and having seen how it is related to the other global regularities, we can see that it involved in every connection between efficient causes and their effects.
		Statistical mechanics is the attempt at a materialist reduction, rather than a spatiomaterialist reduction, and its inadequacy is shown by a paradox described by Loschmidt.
		Global regularities are regularities about whole regions of space, and that means they must either be closed or else one must keep track of what is flowing in and what is flowing out of the region.
	www.twow.net /ObjText/OtkCcCB.htm (6981 words)

	The Exploitation of Regularities in the Environment by the Brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Statistical regularities of the environment are important for learning, memory, intelligence, inductive inference, and in fact for any area of cognitive science where an information-processing brain promotes survival by exploiting them.
		Statistical regularities abound in the world around us, and many of them are actually, or potentially, important for our survival.
		The statistics of such images were investigated by Tolhurst, Tadmor and Chao (1992), Ruderman (1994), Field (1994), Baddeley (1996) and Baddeley et al.
	bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/04/25/bbs00000425-00/bbs.barlow.html (5878 words)

	Ngarencanakeun panalungtikan statistik - Wikipédia
		Our desire to describe a population may be satisfied by a statistical report on a sample from that population.
		The methodology is to select a sample and observe just the Units which are selected and then to summarize our results and interpret their meaning for the population.
		See also: statistik -- statistical regularity -- model statistik -- summarizing statistical data -- interpreting statistical data --desain percobaan -- survey sampling
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planning_statistical_research (353 words)

	Cortisol feedback state governs adrenocorticotropin secretory-burst shape, frequency, and mass in a dual-waveform ...
		Statistical contrasts are given in the text and tables.
		Statistical comparisons are summarized in the text and Tables 1 and 2.
		half-life, or the stochastic regularity of ACTH interburst intervals.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/5/R950 (4447 words)

	Statistics & Probability - Undergraduate Program
		Statistics is the study of methods of drawing inferences from sets of data.
		These methods are based on probability theory and depend for their application upon the existence of a statistical regularity in natural events.
		Statistics majors who plan to do graduate work should include advanced calculus in their undergraduate programs and should acquire proficiency in at least one of the following languages: French, German, or Russian.
	www.stt.msu.edu /programs/undergraduate.html (547 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1904 he founded the Babson Statistical Organization, Inc., whose business and financial statistics, published in Babson's Washington Service, are widely sold in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada.
		Cepheid variable Cepheid variablesē´fēĬd, class of variable stars that brighten and dim in an extremely regular fashion.
		The periods of the fluctuations (the time to complete one cycle from bright to dim and back to bright) last several days, although they range from 1 to 50 days.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Statistical+regularity&rc=10&fh=12&fr=11 (510 words)

	Ludwigs - The Limit of Explanation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Noting that statistical explanations of individual events are sometimes invoked in legal decisions of assigning responsibility, Kitcher presents a case for consideration--that of a widow who sues the government for the untimely demise of her husband.
		Note that this is a species of a statistical explanation where the concept of precedence is used formally (as it would be in an account of how a window got broken by a baseball).
		But for the plurality of cases that cannot be attributed to law-like regularities or subsumed under nomological machines, the rationale behind the decision-making process must either be bolstered by the authority of dogma or work itself out "parabolically" by seeking legitimacy through modeling itself on culturally-sanctioned "master"-narratives.
	www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu /ap1001/explanation.htm (15840 words)

	Frequency probability : Frequentism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the 18th century, there has been a debate among statisticians featured the frequentists versus the Bayesians.
		It's not immediately clear which of these is the correct set of 'experiments' to use.
		See also: Statistics -- statistical regularity -- probability axioms -- personal probability -- eclectic probability -- Probability
	www.city-search.org /fr/frequentism.html (622 words)

	Journal of Vision - Does human color constancy incorporate the statistical regularity of natural daylight?, by Delahunt ...
		Experiments 1-3), statistically significant differences in constancy with illuminant change color direction were found for the invalid-cue conditions, but not for the valid-cue conditions.
		Overall, the current literature does not support the idea that the statistics of natural daylight are reflected in the degree of human color constancy with respect to the direction of the illuminant change.
		Appendix B we show that for invalid-cue conditions there is a significant interaction between the direction of the illuminant change and the degree of constancy shown by individual observers.
	www.journalofvision.com /4/2/1/article.aspx (13345 words)

	Bartlett's Law
		Exponential growth is a statistical regularity of great compass.
		This shows that the curve cannot be extrapolated backwards into a region where the statistics are invalid due to small sample size.
		They may apply to complete systems made up of many subsystems so that statistical regularities become important, or to subsystems large enough for similar regularities to be valid.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/econ/bartlett.htm (1207 words)

	Journal of Vision - Does human color constancy incorporate the statistical regularity of natural daylight?, by Delahunt ...
		We investigated whether the mechanisms that mediate human color constancy embody this statistical regularity of the natural environment, so that constancy is best when the illuminant change is one likely to occur.
		The results indicate that constancy was least across the Red change, as one would expect for the statistics of natural daylight.
		This result is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that mechanisms of human constancy incorporate the statistics of daylights.
	www.journalofvision.org /4/2/1 (313 words)

	List of statistical topics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Related changes" link in the margin of this page (below search) leads to a list of the most recent changes to the articles listed below.
		Statistical Methods for Research Workers — a book by Ronald Fisher
		Systematic error (also see bias (statistics) and errors and residuals in statistics)
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_statistical_topics (205 words)

	OPE-L message, [OPE-L:2196] Statistical regularities
		But this isn't the sort of thing that I, or the 19th-century debaters, had in mind: rather, such "facts" as that the annual average number of murders or suicides in a particular jurisdiction was normally distributed about a stable mean.
		Quetelet was an outright statistical fatalist: he fully believed that the regularities which he discovered implied that the agents were under compulsion to carry out the acts involved: "society prepares the crimes", he said.
		The relevance of all this to FandM is that their theory is NOT about regularities of the kind mentioned in Nicola's post (Machover's day job is as a philosopher of science, so he is unlikely to come within range of Hume's strictures on this subject).
	archives.econ.utah.edu /archives/ope-l/2000m01/msg00199.htm (665 words)

	Summer at Stanford University - Undergraduate & Graduate - Statistics
		Topics: descriptive statistics, probability, interval estimation, tests of hypotheses, nonparametric methods, linear regression, analysis of variance, elementary experimental design.
		Statistical inference, decision theory; point and interval estimation, tests of hypotheses; Neyman-Pearson theory.
		Prerequisite: Knowledge of statistical techniques at the level of STATS 191 or 203 is assumed.
	summersession.stanford.edu /programs/crsStats.asp (606 words)

	Statistical regularity - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Statistical regularity - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 21:52, 13 Mar 2005.
		The article about Statistical regularity contains information related to Statistical regularity.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Statistical_regularity (184 words)

	The latent semantic approach
		The field of statistical natural language processing attempts to find statistical regularity in language use to construct models of language.
		One of the major achievements of statistical natural language processing and perhaps the most practical outcome of the research in NLP is in the area of full-text information retrieval.
		In order to calculate the score of the closest matching document to the query, the system maintains statistical information about the frequency of occurrence of the word in individual documents and about the frequency of occurrence of the word across all documents in the corpus.
	www.arch.usyd.edu.au /~adong/research/book/lsa.xml (1393 words)

	Complex Adaptive Systems as Intuitive Statisticians:...
		In the field of animal conditioning, as well as in human categorization and causal induction, various theorists have proposed that animals perform some implicit computation of statistical contingency: the difference between the proportion of events for which an effect occurs when a factor is present and that proportion when it is absent.
		It hopefully will guide future research concerning how statistical regularity is computed by adaptive systems to infer the causal structure of their environments in the course of learning, on the basis of which predictions are made.
		Now we observe that coffee drinking is also statistically relevant to cancer, in that the probability of cancer is higher for people who drink over five cups per day than for those who drink less coffee.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~harnad/Papers/Py104/cheng.complex.html (11888 words)

	regularity
		The measure is the maximum of the regularity values obtained for different directions...
		Statistical regularity is a notion in statistics that if we throw a thumbtack onto a table once, we would have a hard...
		A dynamically-complex object may actually be quite regular, if the regularity is of the...
	www.mendyourhealth.com /searchsites/now/regularity.html (496 words)

	Trading spaces: Computation, representation and the limits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the first (basic) way the regularity may be discovered by examining the matrix of conditional probabilities (i.e., relative frequencies) observable in the input data.
		First, to give a precise, statistical account of the difference between `marginal' and robust statistical regularities and hence to distinguish two kinds of learning task whose computational demands are very different.
		This type of regularity lies close to the surface of the training data, in the form of pronounced frequency effects and is thus fairly straightforwardly extracted by a variety of direct sampling methods.
	bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/04/44/bbs00000444-00/bbs.clark.html (8859 words)

	Physiological control of pituitary hormone secretory-burst mass, frequency, and waveform: a statistical formulation and ...
		Statistical solution is conditioned on a priori estimates of pulse-onset times (see Methods).
		Statistical contrasts are highlighted in text and Table 1.
		Impact of the statistical changepoint boundary on TSH secretory-burst waveform (mode, mean, and SD of time latency to maximal secretion), secretory-burst mass, and daily pulsatile TSH secretion.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/3/R664 (3810 words)

	Statistical regularity -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Statistical regularity -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The same idea occurs in (Click link for more info and facts about games of chance) games of chance, (Click link for more info and facts about demographic statistics) demographic statistics, (Maintenance of standards of quality of manufactured goods) quality control of a manufacturing process, and in many other parts of our lives.
		Observations of this phenomenon provided the initial motivation for the concept of what is now known as (Click link for more info and facts about frequency probability) frequency probability.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/st/statistical_regularity.htm (151 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This work illustrates, through analysis of photographically acquired, high dynamic range illumination maps, that real-world illumination possesses a high degree of statistical regularity.
		However, illumination maps differ from typical photographs in that illumination maps are statistically nonstationary and may contain localized light sources that dominate their power spectra.
		Our work provides a foundation for statistical models of real-world illumination, thereby facilitating the understanding of human material perception, the design of robust computer vision systems, and the rendering of realistic computer graphics imagery.
	web.mit.edu /persci/people/adelson/documents/Dror_jov-4-9-11.html (163 words)

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