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Topic: Statistical syllogism

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Syllogism

	Syllogism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Syllogisms consist of three things: major premise, minor premise, and conclusion, which follows logically from the major and the minor.
		Syllogisms may also be invalid if they have four terms or the middle term is not distributed.
		Kilcullen of Macquarie University on the medieval classification of syllogisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Syllogism (333 words)

	Four Varieties of Inductive Argument
		For example, a statistical syllogism may go from 'Most Fs are G' and 'm is an F' to 'm is a G' (positive form), or from 'Few Fs are Gs' and 'm is an F' to 'm is not a G' (negative form).
		the statistics are quite different for another class to which the individual belongs, it is unsafe to assume that the individual is a "typical" member of the class for which we do have statistics.
		As in the case of analogy, the premises and conclusion of a simple induction are at the same level of generality, in contrast to statistical syllogism, which goes from general to specific, and generalization, which goes from specific to general.
	www.uncg.edu /phi/phi115/induc4.htm (1997 words)

	Terms for Research in Psychology
		Critical Value: In statistics, this is the value of the statistic with a probability equal to the alpha level.
		Significant: In a statistical sense, the proability of the null hypothesis being true, the p value, is lower than the cutoff probability, the alpha level.
		Syllogism: A syllogism is a deductive argument where a conclusion is reached from two premisses.
	psychlab1.hanover.edu /Classes/Research/Terms.html (1934 words)

	Logic: What is Logic
		One familiar variety of inductive argument is a statistical argument in which the evidence or the hypothesis is a statistical statement concerning the percentage of things of one sort that are another.
		One example of a statistical statement is the statement that 67 percent of the cats of Dibar are rabid.
		In both induction by enumeration and statistical syllogism we may suppose that the inferred hypothesis is probable, even highly probable, on the basis of the evidence.
	www.theology.edu /logic/logic18.htm (1937 words)

	Changing Approaches Chapter Six
		For example, statistical procedures are useful to the researcher in determining the appropriate set from which a statistic is derived.
		Modern statistical techniques seem to be related only to the use of Mill's fifth principle, that of concomitant variations, which is seen by some as the logical precursor of modern correlation procedures.
		Select a statistical technique based on the test that most closely approximates the conditions of the research and whose measurement requirements are met by the research.
	www-distance.syr.edu /cach6.html (6704 words)

	SIGTEST
		The concern of a statistical analysis is with the experimental outcomes, D (e.g., whether there is any difference between the experimental and control conditions or whether the functional relation between the independent and dependent variables is a linear one).
		As may be seen from the foregoing discussion and Table 2, the task of a statistical analysis is to supply the investigator with the minor premise of the syllogism used in relating (a) the theoretical expectation of the theory, (b) the outcomes of an experiment designed to test it, and (c) the theoretical conclusion permissible.
		Consequently, users of statistics may easily overlook that the rationale of the statistical hypothesis testing procedure should not be identified with that of the procedure used in corroborating an explanatory theory.
	uregina.ca /~chowsl/pub_papers/SIGTEST.htm (5396 words)

	Précis of "STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: RATIONALE, VALIDITY AND UTILITY"
		To distinguish between a substantive and a statistical hypothesis, the quartet of hypotheses associated with the to-be-studied phenomenon in the theory-corroboration experiment is introduced in Chapter 3.
		As the experimental hypothesis is not amenable to statistical analysis in its present form, it is necessary to derive its implication at the statistical level.
		Consequently, the statistical and substantive hypotheses are indistinguishable.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.chow.html (14726 words)

	[No title]
		The main reason that makes difficult the use of syllogism comes from the fact that a syllogism is only a syntactical writing that implies a degree of inclusion of a set in another set, but in a given order.
		Moreover, the syllogism called «mixed transitivity» is valid when (1) is used before (2) but not when (2) is used before (1).
		Note that this is not due to the syllogisms since they use symbolic operators (I, C, S) which are defined in a subjective way, but do not contradict the properties of numerical operators.
	www.ida.liu.se /ext/etai/ra/dru/008/01.doc (863 words)

	Gambler's Fallacy
		Two events are statistically independent when the occurrence of one has no statistical effect upon the occurrence of the other.
		Statistical independence is connected to the notion of randomness in the following way: what makes a sequence random is that its members are statistically independent of each other.
		Many gambling games are based upon randomly-generated, statistically independent sequences, such as the series of numbers generated by a roulette wheel, or by throws of unloaded dice.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /gamblers.html (717 words)

	Untitled
		This contention is based on the dynamics of theory corroboration, with reference to which the following distinctions are illustrated, namely, the distinctions between (a) statistical hypothesis testing, theory corroboration, and syllogistic argument, (b) a responsible experimenter and a cynical experimenter, (c) logical validity and methodological correctness, and (d) warranted assertability and truth.
		That is, the syllogism itself is not the theory-corroboration procedure.
		My argument is that a properly constituted syllogism is required to determine whether a theory is justified vis-à-vis the outcome of a particular experiment.
	uregina.ca /~chowsl/folger/REFOLG.htm (2578 words)

	Induction
		Syllogisms are arguments with two premises and a conclusion.
		When the general premise is a statistical, rather than a universal generalization, we have an inductive argument.
		The following report contains a statistical syllogism, in which the statistical premise is supported by an inductive generalization.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/philosophy/15.129_Induction.htm (3401 words)

	Biostat Connections - August 1999
		The key statistical issue is a proper partitioning of the variance in intelligence explained by genetics from that explained by environment.
		Statistical problems in the experimental biological work in which he is involved are simple, and his collaborations with statisticians here at HSPH and elsewhere have thus been limited.
		Department members are involved in methodologic research in the areas of carcinogenicity, statistical issues in the early detection of disease, methods for analyzing correlated, sequential measurements, robust methods for survival data, mechanisms of mortality/morbidity due to air particles, and the development of software for toxicological risk assessment.
	biosun1.harvard.edu /publications/newsletter/aug99 (10018 words)

	[No title]
		For example, in his analysis of “Induction and Hypothesis” he claims: “We have seen that Inductions and Hypotheses are inferences from the conclusion and one premiss of a statistical syllogism to the other premiss.
		In the case of hypothesis, this syllogism is called the explanation” (2.716).
		Like Salmon says, we want statistical relevance, but what will count as being statistically relevant will be, again, in part a matter of facts about the world (i.e., what things really do cause other things to happen) and in part a matter of what problem we are interested in resolving.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /inpc/6th-2003/papers/boersema.doc (2513 words)

	BASIC TERMS & CONCEPTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This sort of argument gives us statistical claims in the conclusion and is the basis of polls and surveys.
		Statistical Argument: Starts with a statistical claim (with a statistic less than 100%) and applies it to a particular member or subset of the reference class.
		To be a statistical argument, it should be reversed – moving from the general statistical claim about all of Wexford College to the sub-group of Abelson’s biology class.
	home.att.net /~profmulder/Basic.htm (2294 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs44\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12671909 General Statistical* Syllogism}{ \insrsid12671909 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s2 \f36\fs23 \loch\af36\dbch\af0\hich\f36 \'6e\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\qj \fi-270\li270\ri0\nowidctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnf36\pnfs23 {\pntxtb n}}\faauto\ls4\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin270\itap0 \fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs30\insrsid12671909 The general form of a statistical* syllogism is: \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s3 \fs22 \loch\af0\dbch\af0\hich\f0 \'96\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\qj \fi-225\li585\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnfs22 {\pntxtb \'96}}\faauto\ls5\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin585\itap0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs29\insrsid12671909 X percentage of all F\rquote s are G\rquote s.
		\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s2 \f36 \loch\af36\dbch\af0\hich\f36 \'6e\tab}}\pard \s2\ql \fi-270\li270\ri0\nowidctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf36\pnfs24 {\pntxtb n}}\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin270\itap0 {\b\insrsid12671909 It is important for our assessment of statistical* syllogisms that we be able to determine their strength.
		\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs44\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12671909 Arguments from Authority}{\insrsid12671909 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s2 \f36 \loch\af36\dbch\af0\hich\f36 \'6e\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-270\li270\ri0\nowidctlpar{\\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf36\pnfs24 {\pntxtb n}}\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin270\itap0 \fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12671909 An argument from authority is a version of statistical syllogism.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /Cole253/150Lec15.rtf (1811 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure is reviewed and a new estimate minimum information theoretical criterion ({AIC}) estimate ({MAICE}) which is designed for the purpose of statistical identification is introduced.
		When there are several competing models the {MAICE} is defined by the model and the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters which give the minimum of {AIC} defined by $AIC = (-2)log^{-}+2$ (number of independently adjusted parameters within the model).
		{MAICE} provides a versatile procedure for statistical model identification which is free from the ambiguities inherent in the application of conventional hypothesis testing procedure.
	bayes.lip6.fr /bib/all-bib.html (1877 words)

	Possibly Useful Dissertation On Logic
		Given the premise that "All fish live under water", and "All mackerel are fish", she will not conclude that "All mackerel live under water", but that if she buys kippers, then it will not rain; or trout live in trees; or even that I do not love her any more.
		But before you can puzzle through those, you need to know what a syllogism is. It's a basic piece of reasoning, invented by Aristotle, which, if it is done correctly, must be true.
		Statistical Syllogism Z percent of F are G x is F It is probably to the degree.Z that x is G. NB: Is there additional relevant information about x?
	www.xmission.com /~wblalok/druid/pudol.html (2073 words)

	Rough Draft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning made up of a major premise, a minor premise, and a resulting conclusion.
		I won't delve into the breakdown of syllogisms, their Aristotelian origins, and so forth.
		It is intended to challenge the reasoning behind what we think and say, not to present case scenarios or statistical data about offshoring trends.
	www.stc-phoenix.com /RoughDraft03/Dec_files/offshore_dec03.htm (1181 words)

	Christian Origins Blog: An Introduction to Historical Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This is a syllogism in probabilistic form, making use of a generalization formed by induction from numerous examples (as the first premise).
		McCullagh says that an argument from analogy, if sound, is either a "covert statistical syllogism" or better expressed as an argument to the best explanation.
		It is a statistical syllogism when it is "established by a sufficient number and variety of instances of the generalization"; otherwise, the argument may be invalid because properties 1 through n are unrelated to property n + 1, unless property n + 1 is the best explanation of argument n.
	www.christianorigins.com /2005/08/introduction-to-historical-method.html (2349 words)

	[No title]
		Appeal to a Source arguments are statistical syllogisms as a matter of form, but characterizing them as a particular case of statistical syllogism, we can readily call up a list of critical questions which will enable us to determine in these cases whether the ceteris paribus qualification has been defeated.
		If our goal in developing a system of argumentation schemes is to assist persons in acquiring truth and avoiding error through attending to arguments, we must avoid unnecessarily multiplying argumentation schemes.
		If many of the argumentation schemes in a given system are special cases of the statistical syllogism, why not simply replace all of these schemata with that for the statistical syllogism?
	www.trentu.ca /ossa/r50.htm (2297 words)

	Manuscripts \| Logic
		Among the topics included are: real definition, the categorical syllogism, intension and extension, the logic of relatives, existential graphs, collections, the theory of signs, induction and hypothesis, the history of science, scepticism and common sense, the nature of truth, liberty and necessity.
		The traditional syllogism, with a note that the second lecture would be concerned with the hypothetical syllogism.
		Other subjects dealt with but not published are the analysis of propositions, the statistical syllogism, the conception of quantity and continuity, and the realism-nominalism issue.
	www.iupui.edu /~peirce/robin/robin_nofm/logic.htm (13374 words)

	Christian Igel, Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This paper presents a new approach to show the validity of the chaining syllogism for fuzzy IF-THEN rules and rule bases.
		A quantitative, probabilistic causality measure is used in contrast to statistical fitness landscape analysis methods.
		Although it fails to rank different problems according to their difficulty, it is helpful to choose the right coding for a given task.
	www.neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de /ini/PEOPLE/igel/abstract.html (1204 words)

	Journal of Social History: Violent Land: Single Men and Social Disorder from the Frontier to the Inner City. - book ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		It is therefore difficult to termine if the social disorder Courtwright associates with unmarried men has been a consequence more of singleness than of youth, and Courtwright gives little attention to the difference.
		For example, he cites criminality statistics from the early 20th century showing that a disproportionate percentage of criminals were unmarried.
		Yet such data are truly informative only if we know the percentage of criminals who were unmarried relative to their age cohort in the population at large.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n4_v30/ai_19754257 (1001 words)

	Induction (philosophy) Did You Mean Inductive reasoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A statistical syllogism proceeds from a generalization to a conclusion about an individual.
		A proportion Q of population P has attribute A. An individual I is a member of P. Conclusion: There is a probability which corresponds to Q that I has A. The proportion in premise 1 can be a word like '3/5 of', 'all' or 'few'.
		Two dicto simpliciter fallacies can occur in statistical syllogisms.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Inductive_reasoning.html (1292 words)

	RICHARD EPSTEIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		It focused more on learning it rather than teaching, which is good, but not expected.
		This is a more concrete approach than the way I was taught the syllogism and this will be more useful in teaching argumentation by rubrics or other formulas.
		Good breakdown of the components of the syllogism.
	planet.tvi.cc.nm.us /ctac/ctacevals.epstein.2000.htm (406 words)

	PHIL 125 Test 3 Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		NOTE: Many of you just ignored the first task of the question and gave only evaluations: I was lenient this time, but I won't be on the final.
		This argument was a statistical syllogism, using a poll (in this case a random sample of size 1000+) to argue that the population (Canada, presumably) is against increasing welfare payments.
		The problem was, we have good reason to suspect the sample was biased in favour of the conclusion.
	www.ualberta.ca /~stephens/logic/T3sol.html (2934 words)

	Find an argument in a passage from a newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Put the argument in standard form (supply any missing premises).
		Identify the type of argument (e.g., deductive/inductive, causal, statistical syllogism, etc.)
		Evaluate the argument according to the standards relevant for the type of argument you've identified.
	www.csupomona.edu /~ljshrage/paperf00.htm (98 words)

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