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Topic: Statocyst

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	Statoliter hos kräftor
		Hos kräftorna finns de mekaniska receptorcellerna i en liten håla, en statocyst, som är belägen precis under ögonen och mynnar vid basen av kräftans första antenner (se figuren nedan).
		Statocyst med hårförsedda mekaniska receptorceller och en statolit.
		Hos många djur med statocyster består statoliterna av kalciumkarbonat som djuret själv har bildat.
	darwin.biol.lu.se /zoofysiol/Djurartiklar/Krafta.html (344 words)

	Michael Wiederhold
		The statocyst is basically a sphere, 50 to 200 mm in diameter, in which the wall is made of 13 ciliated mechanoreceptor cells, separated by many smaller supporting cells.
		When early post-metamorphic animals, or even isolated statocysts from such animals, were maintained on the centrifuge for 4 day, the normal 30% increase in statoconia number was completely suppressed and the average size of the statoconia was reduced.
		In the isolated statocyst preparation, it was possible to demonstrate that mineralization of the statoconia was regulated by a balance between carbonic anhydrase and urease.
	www.mbl.edu /CASSLS/michael_wiederhold.htm (842 words)

	Peter Fraser
		Crabs (Brachyura) are conspicuous animals occupying a variety of habitats and showing well co-ordinated locomotor ability while walking, crawling, climbing, swimming or burrowing under a variety of hydrostatic pressure conditions depending on water depth.
		The fluid filled sac has been shaped into two orthogonal toroids, and angular accelerations in the plane of one or other of the canals are monitored by displacements of long, slender thread hairs which are arranged in a row and project either into horizontal or vertical canals Sandeman and Okajima, (1972).
		Thread hairs are the main sensory component involved in a variety of statocyst driven behaviours ranging from walking to eyestalk movement, with free hook hairs and statolith hairs playing a lesser role (Cohen and Dijkgraaf, 1961).
	www.mbl.edu /CASSLS/peter_fraser.htm (710 words)

	APStracts 6:0443N, 1999. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The stabilization is based on the reflexes initiated by activation of the statocyst receptor cells and mediated by the cerebro-pedal interneurons that produce excitation of the motoneurons of the effector organs - tail and wings.
		We characterized the spatial zones of activity of the tail and wing motoneurons, as well as of the CPB3 interneurons mediating the effects of statocyst receptor cells on the tail motoneurons.
		The changes in gravitational reflexes revealed in the present study are sufficient to explain the corresponding modifications of the postural behavior in Clione.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1999/jn/November/443n.html (392 words)

	[No title]
		americana in that the statocyst vesicle is elongate rather than bulbous, the anterior medial extension of the brain is longer and three to four statoliths are apparent, but their relative positions seem to differ from those of G.
		Additional comments on the species: Within the anterior region of the bilobed brain a narrow, possibly spiraled extension was visible, however, a statocyst was not seen anterior to this in 13 fixed and mounted specimens.
		A statocyst was not seen in the 40 preserved specimens observed.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /~mjwetzel/Grania/list.html (528 words)

	Z250 - Best Bibliographies 2004-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Statocysts function in equilibrium and perception of the body's orientation.
		Four specis of Histioteuthis were examined for lense diameter, optic lobes and statocyst volumes, retina structure and spectral absorbance of the lenses.
		Retina structure was similar in both eyes, with thicker parts on the anterior portion of the left eye and the posterior portion of the right eye.
	www.biology.ualberta.ca /courses.hp/zool250/BestBibs/biblio04-3.htm (263 words)

	Compensatory Eyestalk and Righting Response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In this lab exercise we use crayfish (species to be named, Family Astacidae) and you may familiarize yourself with their external and internal anatomy, their taxonomic placement within the arthropod, crustacean, malacostracan, and decapod lineage, or browse the many crayfish-related links at the Crustacean neuroscience page
		Interior of a statocyst gravity receptor, a common equilibrium organ of invertebrates.
		In crustaceans, the statocysts are paired sensory organs located at the base of the antennules.
	caspar.bgsu.edu /~courses/Neuroethology/Labs/Statocyst.html (1032 words)

	[No title]
		The statocyst is a very simple organ, and seems to have been one of the first sense organs to have evolved.
		The assertion that setae are useless outside the context of the statocyst is therefore mistaken.
		In either case, their function before incorporation into the statocyst is questionable, but certainly does not impose an evolutionary penalty.
	www.resonancepub.com /remstatocys.htm (879 words)

	Statocyst Hair Cell Activation of Identified Interneurons and Foot Contraction Motor Neurons in Hermissenda -- Crow and ...
		) that is mediated by the statocysts (Alkon 1975
		E: mechanical stimulation of the statocyst evoked a depolarizing generator potential with superimposed spikes recorded from a rostral statocyst hair cell.
		Diagram of synaptic connections between identified photoreceptors and interneurons, statocyst hair cells and interneurons, and interneurons and contractile and ciliary motor neurons.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/91/6/2874 (5088 words)

	The structure and growth of the statocyst in the Australian crayfish Cherax destructor -- Finley and Macmillan 199 (3): ...
		The structure and growth of the statocyst in the Australian crayfish Cherax destructor -- Finley and Macmillan 199 (3): 251 -- The Biological Bulletin
		The structure and growth of the statocyst in the Australian crayfish Cherax destructor
		The morphology of the statocyst of the Australian crayfish Cherax
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/abstract/199/3/251 (237 words)

	BIO3324 Lecture: Protozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In these two figures, which should have scale bars, the statocyst is indicated by the pointers.
		In both the large and small medusa there are two statocysts on the margin between where the radial canals intersect with the ring canal.
		In the lower picture the second statocyst is just out of the focal plane of the microscope when the picture was taken
	salinella.bio.uottawa.ca /bio2125/labs/bio2125_Cnid_Obelia_stato.htm (70 words)

	Pavlovian Conditioning of Hermissenda: Current Cellular, Molecular, and Circuit Perspectives -- Crow 11 (3): 229 -- ...
		in the statocyst are mutually inhibitory (Detwiler and Alkon
		Statocyst hair cells project directly (monosynaptic) and indirectly (polysynaptically) through proposed serotonergic interneurons to identified photoreceptors.
		Statocyst hair cell activation of identified interneurons and foot contraction motor neurons in Hermissenda.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/11/3/229 (6428 words)

	Untitled Document
		The mechanism seems to involve differential compression of cuticular thread hairs in the statocyst which are linked to paired mechanoreceptors by a cuticular chorda.
		The sealed statocyst sac appears to reduce the sensitivity of the system.
		The ways in which the thread hairs process the information are being investigated in isolated statocyst systems and in whole tethered crabs with implanted electrodes.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~nhi600/zoo/pjf_res.htm (358 words)

	The role of sensory systems for the organization of motor activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It is a planktonic animal that swims by rhythmic movements of a pair of wings.
		Our research is aimed at studying the role of the statocyst in the hunting behavior.
		In a series of modeling and theoretical studies it has been shown that the statocyst is capable of producing pattern similar to hunting behavior trajectories.
	inls.ucsd.edu /clione.html (278 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Invertebrate Nervous System
		When the animal moves and body is tilted, the statocyst makes contact with the cilium.
		Another difference is that the eye of the octopus has NO blind spot because the nerve cells leave from the outside of the eyeball.
		The statocyst is used to detect changes in gravity and respond to acceleration.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/invert.html (1331 words)

	1999; Increased production of statoconia in the statocyst of pond snails reared in microgravity
		Previous studies in the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica, demonstrated that statoconia production was reduced, in a graded manner, with increasing g in embryos and larvae reared on a centrifuge.
		Here we have tested the hypothesis that a larger mass of statoconia would be produced in the statocysts of mollusks reared in microgravity.
		Thus, functional statocysts can be formed in snails conceived and developed during either the 9- or 16-day flight.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/452.html (399 words)

	Synaptic Interactions Between Crista Hair Cells in the Statocyst of the Squid Alloteuthis subulata -- Chrachri and ...
		statocyst lumen, and this is attached to the underlying sensory
		The sensory cells in the outermost hair cell row on the ventral side of the CTA segment of the squid statocyst are secondary
		Although vertebrate and cephalopod statocysts have similar afferent response characteristics (Williamson and Budelmann 1985
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/80/2/656 (6383 words)

	Physiology Online - Proceedings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		As a part of a programme to understand the operating principles of such systems, we are studying how the statocyst mechanosensory hair cells and primary afferent neurones interconnect and interact with each other.
		We have also demonstrated that the strength of the electrical coupling between the primary sensory hair cells is decreased in the presence of acetylcholine, and increased by application of dopamine.
		In the present work, using tissue isolated after humane killing of the animal, we tested whether the electrical coupling between the statocyst primary sensory hair cells is modulated by agents that change intracellular cAMP levels.
	physoc.org /publications/proceedings/archive/article.asp?ID=536PS105 (442 words)

	Evolution of the Statocyst
		The statocyst is a very simple organ, and seems to have been one of the first sense organs to have evolved.
		The assertion that setae are useless outside the context of the statocyst is therefore mistaken.
		In either case, their function before incorporation into the statocyst is questionable, but certainly does not impose an evolutionary penalty.
	freespace.virgin.net /seant.ellis/statocyst.htm (965 words)

	Dual Sensory-Motor Function for a Molluskan Statocyst Network -- Levi et al. 91 (1): 336 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		of the statocysts is not limited to sensing the animal's orientation.
		We studied the role of the statocysts in the organization of
		we found that the statocysts are necessary for search behavior.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/short/91/1/336 (377 words)

	Directors
		At the MBL I work on squid statocyst hair cells.
		Despite evolutionary distance and morphological differences in the sensory cells, the statocyst system resembles the vertebrate vestibular system in both form and function.
		I am using a combination of electrophysiology and histological techniques to elucidate the properties of the mechanosensitive channels and the mechanism of adaptation in squid hair cells.
	www.nbb.cornell.edu /neurobio/sisneros/grass/directors.htm (165 words)

	IB 119(1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Ultrastructure of the statocyst of the marine enchytraeid Grania americana (Annelida: Clitellata)
		The statocyst is divided into four membrane-bound chambers; each contains an electron dense statolith surrounded by numerous sensory cilia, so that it is a multi-chambered or compound statocyst.
		All cilia that were observed in the statocyst and in the cerebral ganglion had this arrangement of microtubules.
	www.umesci.maine.edu /ams/IB1191.HTM (2476 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research
		In the puerulus of Jasus edwardsii, the statocyst opens onto the dorsal surface of the basal segment of the antennule.
		There are no sensory hairs, secretory pores or fluid within the cavity; these are found among other decapods, but it appears that the Palinuridae are an exception.
		Knowledge of the statocyst in crustaceans in general is briefly reviewed.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/126/paper/MF97131.htm (127 words)

	Internal anatomy of a mollusk
		Pedal gland: organ related to the foot of a mollusk.
		Statocyst: organ of a mollusk that provides the sense of body equilibrium.
		Mouth cavity: entrance to the digetive tract of a mollusk.
	www.infovisual.info /02/008_en.html (135 words)

	Crustacea, the Higher Taxa - Anaspidacea (Syncarida, Malacostraca)
		Rostrum present or absent; eyes sessile or stalked or absent; compound, visual elements present; ocular scale absent; naupliar eyes absent.
		Antennules (antenna 1) biramous, or uniramous; peduncle and flagellum distinct; endopod reduced, vestigial or absent; exopod well developed, whip-like; statocyst present, or statocyst absent.
		Pleopods present or absent, 5 pairs or 2 pairs or 1 pair; pleopod 1 forming a gonopod (eg.
	www.crustacea.net /crustace/www/anaspida.htm (161 words)

	Peter Fraser - Staff - School of Biological Sciences - University of Aberdeen
		Knowledge of the crab balancing system and a unique set of interneurones centrally involved in walking and swimming in the crab has allowed progress towards building CRABOT a robot sytem utilizing those control system elements unique to crabs.
		Fraser, P.J. (2001) Statocysts in crabs: short-term control of locomotion and long-term monitoring of hydrostatic pressure Biol.
		Statocysts and statocyst control of motor pathways in crayfish and crabs.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /biologicalsci/staff/peter_fraser.shtml (786 words)

	The Role of Sensory Network Dynamics in Generating a Motor Program -- Levi et al. 25 (42): 9807 -- Journal of ...
		of the statocyst neurons produces a complex sequential signal.
		activity of the statocyst receptors is correlated positively
		statocyst network, and (3) that removal of even a few individual
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/25/42/9807 (287 words)

	Crustacea, the Higher Taxa - Asellota (Isopoda, Peracarida, Malacostraca)
		Rostrum absent; eyes sessile or stalked or absent; compound, visual elements present; ocular scale absent; naupliar eyes absent.
		Pleopods present, 5 pairs; well developed, broad and flat; first pair or first and second pair forming an operculum; pleopod 2 forming a gonopod (eg.
		Uropods well developed, 1 pair, positioned ventrolaterally or positioned terminally or subterminally; rami present; endopod without statocyst.
	www.crustacea.net /crustace/www/asellota.htm (135 words)

	Rhopalium statoliths - End of Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Statocysts contain statoliths, concretions of MgCaPO^sub 4^ in hydromedusans and CaPO^sub
		This photograph of a single rhopalium was taken by the late Dr. Toichiro Statocysts contain statoliths, concretions of MgCaPO^sub 4^ in hydromedusans and CaPO
		Rhopalia (singular rhopalium) are sensory structures of jellyfish of the class S. or movement or direction with respect to gravity (statoliths).
	whyseekyou.com /w/rhopalium-statoliths.html (224 words)

	Trachymedusae
		Medusa bell hemispherical to higher than broad, margin not lobed, with ring of thickened tissue studded with nematocysts, mostly with 8 radial canals, 4, 6 or more than 8 also possible, gonads on radial canals or at junction of radial canals and manubrium, statocysts of endo-ectodermal origin.
		A longitudinal section of pendant trachymedusan statocyst, after electron-optic images, the stiff sensory cilia serve to sense the motion of the organ, note that the core is derived from entodermal tissue (green).
		See also a photo of an internal statocyst.
	www.ville-ge.ch /musinfo/mhng/hydrozoa/trachy/trachymedusae.htm (396 words)

	GNB publications
		Wing and tail motor coordination in the search behavior of Clione limacina and its relation to the statocyst activity.
		Dual role for a statocyst: as a sensory organ and as a part of the motor pattern generator.
		Control of hunting behavior in the mollusk clione: winnerless competition between the statocyst receptor neurons.
	www.ii.uam.es /~gnb/publications.htm (1728 words)

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