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Topic: Status of minorities in Pakistan

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	Pakistan Facts - Minorities in Pakistan victims of Constitution, law: workshop
		Religious minorities in Pakistan are victimised by the Constitution, the laws and the general attitude of the government and the majority.
		This was stressed by the representatives of various religious minorities in Pakistan on the inaugural day of a three-day national workshop on the ‘Status of religious minorities in perspective of religious, social, cultural, legal and economic aspects in Pakistan’ arranged by the Asr Resource Centre on Friday.
		She said that minority discrimination began with the Lahore Resolution, which was passed in the 1940s, and incorporated in the 1973 Constitution by General Ziaul Haq.
	www.pakistan-facts.com /article.php?story=20041204130923799 (362 words)

	PAKISTAN
		Pakistan's laws have their origin in British colonial laws which were designed to curb provocations to religious violence at a time when outbreaks of violence over sectarian issues were common and were frequently manipulated for political purposes.
		Pakistan's blasphemy laws impose dangerous restrictions on internationally recognized rights of freedom of expression and freedom of religion, and have led to serious abuses particularly against the country's minorities.
		The government of Pakistan should repeal the the blasphemy laws and ensure that all members of minority groups, as well as those Muslims who may hold unorthodox positions, be permitted to freely express their views and practice their religion.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1993/pakistan (8693 words)

	Preamble
		Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as Pakistan.
		Islam shall be the State religion of Pakistan and the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah shall be the supreme law and source of guidance for legislation to be administered through laws enacted by the Parliament and ProvincialAssemblies, and for policy making by the Government.
		Steps shall be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan, individually and collectively, to order their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam and to provide facilities whereby they may be enabled to understand the meaning of life according to the Holy Quran and Sunnah.
	www.cmseducation.org /wconsts/pakistan.html (15689 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Asia : Pakistan
		Though nine years have passed since Pakistan ratified the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, Pakistani children in conflict with the law continue to be denied the juvenile justice protections of the convention.
		The government of Pakistan is complicit in these abuses, both by the direct involvement of the police and through the state's failure to protect the rights of bonded laborers.
		Government efforts to Islamicize Pakistan's civil and criminal law, which began in earnest in the early 1980s, have dangerously undermined fundamental rights of freedom of religion and expression, and have led to serious abuses against the country's religious minorities.
	hrw.org /reports/world/pakistan-pubs.php (2248 words)

	Pakistan and India: Independent But not Free (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pakistan's growing Talebanization, thanks in part to America's "war on terrorism" and the emergence of odious characters such as influential politician Maulana Fazlur Rahman, suggests the country's future remains deeply entangled with religious hatred and violence.
		As extremists jockey for positions of power in India and Pakistan, the prospects of seeing their murderous hands on nuclear triggers is rapidly becoming a new nightmare for security experts in the region and elsewhere.
		Pakistan's credentials as a nuclear power, and its role as a front-line state in the war on terror, has forced the world to accept it as an important international actor.
	www.brookings.edu /views/op-ed/fellows/khan20030816.htm (920 words)

	Pakistan (10/06)
		Pakistan emerged from an extended period of agitation by Muslims in the subcontinent to express their national identity free from British colonial domination as well as domination by what they perceived as a Hindu-controlled Indian National Congress.
		Pakistan's economic prospects began to increase significantly due to unprecedented inflows of foreign assistance at the end of 2001.
		Pakistan's exports, which grew by 14.4% in 2005/2006, continue to be dominated by cotton textiles and apparel, despite government diversification efforts.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm (8729 words)

	Hindu as top judge: Pakistan debates minorities' status
		As in 1960 when Justice A.R. Cornelius, a Christian, was appointed chief justice, Pakistan is in the throes of a national debate about its identity as a Muslim nation and the role of its minorities.
		An apparently new theme in the debate this time is the invoking of founding father Mohammed Ali Jinnah's historical speech of Aug 11, 1947 wherein he had emphasised that Pakistanis were free to practise their respective faiths.
		He had said that Pakistan would not be a theocratic state and religion had nothing to do with the business of the state.
	www.earthtimes.org /articles/show/43392.html (468 words)

	Transcript of Panel Discussion: Arms Transfers to India and Pakistan
		And among them are that in Pakistan, the army is the most powerful institution in the state and the army's raison d'etre is, in part, conflict with India and to protect the identity of Kashmiris and to continue the struggle for Kashmir.
		If both India and Pakistan were status quo powers that had come to a modus vivendi, where they're each trying to maintain their defense, missile defenses would be a totally different.
		Pakistan, on the other hand, lives in the fear of being erased from the world map and, "Erased from the world map," is the phrase India's defense minister used only two days ago to describe what India would do to Pakistan in case there is a war.
	www.fas.org /asmp/atwg/panels/IndiaPakistan-28jan03.html (5447 words)

	Pakistan & The United Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pakistan's tests were necessary to establish deterrence and, therefore, have served the cause of peace and stability in South Asia.
		Pakistan is opposed to the concept of permanent membership as it is at variance with the principle of sovereign equality of all member states.
		Pakistan is strongly opposed to the grant of permanent membership to any state which has not abided by the relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council.
	www.pakboi.gov.pk /I_Agreements/pakistan___the_united_nations.html (1358 words)

	FRONTLINE: return of the taliban: pakistan: confronting the pakistan problem \| PBS
		Pakistan needs to resign itself that it's not India's peer and it's going to be, over the near term, a significantly less important player in South Asia.
		That border was insufficiently fortified [by Pakistan] and Pakistan said it's because they had a military standoff with the Indians, because of Pakistani [militants] that bombed [India's] Parliament.
		And since public schools educate about 70 percent of Pakistan's student body, this suggests that the policy focus may be skewed, that if madrassas educate anywhere between.07 percent and 5 percent and public schools educate 70 percent, boy, it seems to me the policy focus is completely backward.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/taliban/pakistan/fair.html (4208 words)

	Pakistan
		The courts are also directed to consider the age, sex and religion of the minor and the character and capacity of the proposed guardian, as well as considering the minor’s own opinion if s/he is old enough to form an intelligent preference.
		Pakistan acceded to the CEDAW in 1996, with a general declaration to the effect that Pakistan’s accession to the Convention is subject to the provisions of the national Constitution.
		The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives, Cambridge, 1989.
	www.law.emory.edu /IFL/legal/pakistan.htm (3994 words)

	Pakistan harks back to Jinnah to define status of non-Muslims - 24x7 Updates
		Islamabad -- New history schoolbooks in Pakistan, being re-written in the spirit of President Pervez Musharraf's "enlightened moderation", rely heavily on founding father M.A. Jinnah's 1947 speech to 'define' the status of non-Muslims in the country.
		The new national history curriculum for grades IX and X explains the two-nation theory and Pakistan's ideology "with specific reference to the economic and social deprivation of Muslims in India," an official involved with the formulation of the curriculum told Daily Times newspaper Thursday.
		For recalling Jinnah's stand during his Pakistan visit, Advani was criticised by his party men who accused him of appeasing his hosts and trying to undo the two-nation theory - that Hindus and Muslims are separate 'nations' - the basis for the creation of Pakistan.
	www.24x7updates.com /articles/20061207/pakistan_harks_back_to_jinnah_to_define_status_of_non_muslims-id-103658.html (499 words)

	Islamic Republic of Pakistan
		Pakistan imports more than they export which is not a good sign of a strong nation, as external debt and internal problems (evident of the military takeover last year) have created a declining economic situation.
		The systemic variable in Pakistan is very important right now as some type of stability is trying to be reached by the new ruler of the country, though his idiosyncratic behavior to disrupt the elected government shows a clear sense of instability.
		Pakistan receives economic aid in the range of 20% of their own revenue, though cautious, continued funding will be questioned as providers of this aid will want answers to all the internal turmoil that has hijacked the country in somewhat unknown waters.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~volgy/pakistanfp.html (4371 words)

	What do we mean by Pakistan?
		As far as the Muslim masses are concerned, the Pakistan movement is rooted in their instinctive feeling that they are an ideological community and have as such every right to an autonomous political existence.
		Insofar as there will always remain non-Muslim minorities in Pakistan as well as Muslim minorities in the rest of India, Pakistan cannot be said to solve the minorities problem in its entirety.
		But the hope is justified only so long as our leaders, and the masses with them, keep the true objective of Pakistan in view, and do not yield to the temptation to regard their movement as just another of the many 'national' movements so fashionable in the present-day Muslim world.
	www.yespakistan.com /people/pakistan_asad.asp (2362 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: Pakistan
		General Pervez Musharraf's administration began to address some longstanding justice issues-notably, through the adoption of Pakistan's first federal juvenile justice law and the establishment of a commission on the status of women-but it also greatly augmented executive powers and curtailed the independence of the judiciary.
		Sectarian violence and attacks on religious minorities continued and, despite renewed attention to the issue, the government failed to provide meaningful recourse for women victims of domestic abuse and sexual violence.
		According to a report released by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan in March, a nongovernmental body, more than 1,000 women died in Pakistan in 1999 as victims of honor killings-the practice of punishing women said to have brought dishonor to their families.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k1/asia/pakistan.html (1922 words)

	AllRefer.com - Pakistan - Non-Muslim Minorities in Pakistan \| Pakistani Information Resource
		Hindus are found largely in the interior of Sindh and in the vicinity of Quetta in Balochistan.
		The various religious minority groups have secured separate representation in national and provincial assemblies but still have limited influence on national policy.
		Members of minority groups organized demonstrations to protest this discrimination, which they argued would demote them to the ranks of second-class citizens.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/pakistan/pakistan56.html (335 words)

	United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: Countries & Issues: Countries of Particular Concern: ...
		Perpetrators of attacks on minorities are seldom brought to justice.
		The Constitution of Pakistan declares members of the Ahmadi religious community to be "non-Muslims," despite their insistence to the contrary.
		The Commission's May 2001 report on Pakistan recommended that the United States, in its bilateral relations with Pakistan, take the position that Pakistan's system of separate electorates for religious minorities was inconsistent with democratic principles and the protection of political rights without discrimination on the basis of religion.
	www.uscirf.gov /countries/countriesconcerns/Countries/Pakistan.html (959 words)

	Pakistan. In: Amnesty International Report 2001
		Minorities were not given adequate protection when religiously motivated violence flared up.
		In August the National Commission on the Status of Women was set up to protect women's rights, but it had no enforcement powers, contrary to earlier government commitments.
		In April, Pakistan voted against a UN Commission on Human Rights resolution condemning the death penalty and calling for a reduction in executions.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2001.nsf/webasacountries/PAKISTAN?OpenDocument (1800 words)

	Pakistan: INTERVIEW President Pervez Musharraf
		Pakistan is 97 per cent Muslim which, of course, is why it was partitioned from India in 1947.
		Pakistan’s success has been recognized in a number of international arenas: in your new friendly status with the United States, your return to the British Commonwealth and your new cooperation agreement with European Union.
		Pakistan was left high and dry after the Soviets left Afghanistan, with four million Afghan refugees coming here and nobody helping us.
	www.nytimes.com /global/pakistan_interview (3299 words)

	Pakistan Christian Post
		While examining the effects of Shari'ah on minorities one presupposes that one is considering such religious minorities who are citizens or are residing in a State that is predominantly Muslim and has enforced Islamic Shariah.
		Pakistan was conceived by its leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Father of Nation and titled as Qaide Azam (The Great Leader) as an enlightened Muslim State and not as a theocratic State.
		The government of Pakistan did not take any action, therefore the said words are no more on the statute book from April 30, 1991 with solitary and mandatory punishment for death to a person accused of blasphemy against the Prophet.
	www.pakistanchristianpost.com /erdetails.php?id=47 (9316 words)

	Pakistan Facts - Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism Secrets of a Rogue Nation
		Around two million people in the southern Pakistan province of Sindh are tied to their employers by "bonded labour" - 12 years after the country's government outlawed the practice.
		The gathering, one of many in Pakistan's financial capital, demonstrated how the drug culture common to many Western capitals, has made inroads in one of the world's strictest Islamic states.
		The Pakistan army, faced with an incipient rebellion among the Bengalis, slaughtered thousands in a pre-emptive attack on the University of Dacca and the barracks of Bengali police.
	www.pakistan-facts.com /index.php?topic=editorial&page=14 (1319 words)

	Liaquat-Nehru Pact 1950 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Both the governments decided to set up minority commissions in their countries with the aim of observing and reporting on the implementation of the pact, to ensure that no one breaches the pact and to make recommendations to guarantee its enforcement.
		India and Pakistan also agreed to include representatives of the minority community in the cabinet of the two Bengals, and decided to depute two central ministers, one from each government, to remain in the affected areas for such period as might be necessary.
		Both the leaders emphasized that the loyalty of the minorities should be reserved for the state in which they were living and for the solution of their problems they should look forward to the government of the country they were living in.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A096 (613 words)

	Pakistan bombs al-Qaeda targets near Afghan border
		Pakistan forces launched a powerful air strike against a series of suspected al-Qaida military camps in the country's tribal region near the Afghan border Tuesday.
		Pakistan, a key ally in the U.S.-led war on terror, has deployed some 80,000 troops to the region but is also exploring political alternatives to help check the militants' advance.
		The deal was widely criticized at the time and security analysts based here in Pakistan say the accord has actually strengthened the militants, allowing them to create virtual sanctuaries throughout the rugged border area.
	story.philippinetimes.com /index.php/ct/9/cid/2411cd3571b4f088/id/224682/cs/1 (413 words)

	SikhSpectrum.com Monthly. Impact of Shari’ah Laws on Minorities in Pakistan
		A nation state such as Pakistan, born out of partition of India when the British withdrew from the colonial rule in the Indian sub-continent in 1947 will be a novel study in this regard.
		The argument advanced in favor of the application of Islamic laws to non-Muslim citizens of Pakistan is that public law is applicable to all citizens across the world.
		According to the report of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan for the year 2002, ‘one woman is being raped in every two hours and one woman is gang raped in every eight hours in Pakistan’.
	www.sikhspectrum.com /082004/shariah_laws.htm (4482 words)

	'The law is equal for everyone in Pakistan'
		Justice Bhagwandas is the senior-most judge in the Pakistan supreme court after the present chief justice.
		According to Pakistan's constitution, the senior-most judge holds charge for the chief justice in the latter's absence.
		We had Justice A R Cornelius, who was the chief justice of Pakistan for eight long years, from 1960 to 1968.
	in.rediff.com /news/2006/feb/14inter1.htm (987 words)

	Pakistan Christian Post
		The religious minorities, whose socio-economic situation is shocking beyond belief, take the entire scourge that goes with the liquor in an Islamic country whereas Pakistani Muslims are only covert consumers of liquor.
		In this backdrop it is not difficult to understand that the religious minorities are accommodated when the facility granted to them also serves the purposes of majority.
		Before maligning Pakistani religious minorities vis-à-vis consumption of liqour it would be wise on the part of the critics to sweep before their own doors and see as to how far they have successfully resisted the temptation of staying away from consuming liquor.
	www.pakistanchristianpost.com /newsdetails.php?newsid=753 (1370 words)

	Pakistan is hub of Al Qaeda web: US
		The United States has for the first time identified Pakistan as the hub of a worldwide web of Al Qaeda connections while asserting that India, which has been a major target for jehadis due to the insurgency in Kashmir, would remain a reliable ally against global terrorism.
		Pakistan has apparently been singled out for the first time in a Congressional testimony as the centre of the network accused of the Sep 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington that killed nearly 3,000 people.
		Noting that the three-year peace process between India and Pakistan has lessened tensions in the region and both sides appear committed to improving the bilateral relationship, he said: 'New Delhi's threshold for responding militarily to terrorist attacks has apparently increased since the two countries last approached the brink of war in 2002.
	story.saltlakecitysun.com /index.php/ct/9/cid/2411cd3571b4f088/id/224154/cs/1 (693 words)

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