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Topic: Status of the zeroth law of thermodynamics

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	Thermodynamics - MSN Encarta
		Statistical thermodynamics acknowledges the atomic nature of matter, and is used to express bulk thermodynamic properties to the average behaviour of large assemblies of atoms.
		Thermodynamics remained an esoteric subject for chemists until the work of Willard Gibbs almost single-handedly developed the concepts that enabled it to be applied to chemical phenomena.
		The first three laws (0, 1, and 2) each introduces a fundamental property, namely the temperature, the internal energy, and the entropy, from which the entire edifice of thermodynamics is built.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571911_1/Thermodynamics.html (1191 words)

	Thermodynamics
		Thermodynamics (Greek: thermos = heat and dynamic = change) is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes.
		Thermodynamic laws are of very general validity, and they do not depend on the details of the interactions or the systems being studied.
		While this is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics, the need to state it explicitly as a law was not perceived until the first third of the 20th century, long after the first three laws were already widely in use, hence the zero numbering.
	en.mcfly.org /Thermodynamics (1734 words)

	Thermodynamics
		Thermodynamics is the study of energy, its conversions between various forms such as heat, and the ability of energy to do work.
		It can be argued that thermodynamics was misnamed as it does not actually relate to rates of change as such and therefore would probably have been better called thermostatics as a field.
		Zeroth law: A fundamental concept within thermodynamics, however, it was not termed a law until after the first three laws were already widely in use, hence the zero numbering.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/t/th/thermodynamics.html (1135 words)

	Thermodynamics
		The zeroth law expresses that having in existence three systems, A, B, and C, if A is in equilibrium with C and B is in equilibrium with C, then A and B will also be in equilibrium.
		The first law of thermodynamics centralizes, generally, on the existence of the property of energy.
		The law of conservation of energy is often combined with the law of conservation of matter.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006011/english/sites/thermo2.php3?v=2&tqskip=1 (1061 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
		Thermodynamics is the study of the macroscopic behaviour of physical systems under the influence of exchange of work and heat with other systems or their environment.
		According to this view, there is a strong correspondence between three empirical facts and three theoretical laws that lie at the core of the classical theories: the first three laws of thermodynamics.
		In the context of a non-isolated system, then, this law requires that when there is a change in the amount of energy from one equilibrium state to another, that change is equal to the heat transfer into the system minus the work done by the system.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics (866 words)

	Thermodynamics
		Thermodynamics is considered one of the most important branches of physics due to the fact that it involves fundamental laws and principles that relate to all the different fields of engineering and science.
		Joule founded the first law of thermodynamics in the 1840s by demonstrating that the quantity of work necessary to cause a given change of state is independent of the type of work (electric, mechanical, etc.), the method of delivering or the rate of doing work.
		Consequently, it came to assertion that his principle is a postulate and, as a result, it became the second law of thermodynamics.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006011/english/sites/thermo1.php3?v=2 (681 words)

	Atkins diet and low carb diet support, recipes, information and products
		Two laws of thermodynamics are relevant to the systems considered in nutrition and, whereas the first law is a conservation (of energy) law, the second is a dissipation law: something (negative entropy) is lost and therefore balance is not to be expected in diet interventions.
		Thermodynamics The idea that "a calorie is a calorie" comes from a misunderstanding of the laws of thermodynamics.
		Thus, ironically the dictum that a "calorie is a calorie" violates the second law of thermodynamics, as a matter of principle.
	www.lowcarbeating.com /metabolic_advantage.php (2305 words)

	Thermodynamics
		Using statistical mechanics, combined with the laws of classical or quantum physics, equations of state can be derived which express each of these parameters in terms of the others.
		However, the dependence of any one of these four thermodynamic potentials cannot be expressed in terms of the thermodynamic parameters of the system without knowledge of the interaction potentials between system components, the quantum energy levels and their corresponding degeneracies, or the partition function of the system under study.
		The Fluctuation Theorem shows that the Second Law of Thermodynamics is also an exact consequence of the laws of mechanics except that it is only valid in the large system or long time limit.
	www.truthonthenet.com /thermodynamics.htm (2125 words)

	Re: what is the fourth law of thermodynamics?
		Zeroth Law: This law is the foundation of temperature and temperature scales.
		This law also is expressed in the development of temperature scales based on the concept of an ideal gas, the Second Law of Thermodynamics and from statistical mechanics and kinetic theory.
		The Third Law was stated by Nernst in 1905 that the limit of the entropy change for all reactions approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero [0K].
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/nov2000/973893769.Ch.r.html (2167 words)

	Thermodynamics
		Thermodynamic parameters The parameters used to describe the state of a system generally depend on the exact system under consideration, and the conditions under which that system is maintained.
		Thermodynamic equilibrium includes thermal equilibrium (associated to heat exchange and parameterized by temperature), mechanical equilibrium (associated to work exchange and parameterized generalized forces such as pressure), and chemical equilibrium (associated to matter exchange and parameterized by chemical potential).
		This law is equivalent to dU = dq + dw where U is the internal energy of a system, q is the heat flowing into the system, and w is the work done on the system.
	www.freewebtown.com /cabamaro85/Thermodynamics.html (1399 words)

	Sample Chapter for Haddad, W.M., Chellaboina, V., Nersesov, S.G.: Thermodynamics: A Dynamical Systems Approach.
		Thermodynamics is a physical branch of science that deals with laws governing energy flow from one body to another and energy transformations from one form to another.
		Thermodynamics based on statistical mechanics is known as statistical thermodynamics and involves the mechanics of an ensemble of many particles (atoms or molecules) wherein the detailed description of the system state loses importance and only average properties of large numbers of particles are considered.
		Thermodynamics was spawned from the desire to design and build effcient heat engines, and it quickly spread to speculations about the universe upon the discovery of entropy as a fundamental physical property of matter.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s8122.html (5157 words)

	Zeroth law of thermodynamics -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The zeroth law of (The branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy) thermodynamics is the law which states that thermal equilibrium is transitive.
		The zeroth law states that this relation is (Click link for more info and facts about transitive) transitive, which means that whenever system A is in thermal equilibrium with B, and B is in thermal equilibrium with system C, then A and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
		The (Click link for more info and facts about Zeroth) Zeroth law is called such because it is more fundamental than any of the others.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/Z/Ze/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics.htm (708 words)

	Encyclopedia: Zeroth law of thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jump to: navigation, search The second law of thermodynamics is a law of thermodynamics that states that all work tends towards the production of greater entropy over time.
		We would need two additional 'laws of thermodynamics' to express this: In mathematics, an equivalence relation on a set X is a binary relation on X that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, i.
		However, the need to state it explicitly as a law was not perceived until the first third of the 20th century, long after the first three laws were already widely in use and named as such, hence the zero numbering.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Zeroth-law-of-thermodynamics (1008 words)

	Basic principles
		The explicit assumptions of textbook thermodynamics are usually reduced to the ``three laws of thermodynamics'', though there are equivalent postulations using different numbers of axioms.
		Thermodynamic calculations are largely confined to giving algebraic relations between different thermodynamic parameters, or, in a few cases, inequalities which limit the possible numerical values of thermodynamic quantities.
		Some thermodynamic relations, such as the connection between the enthalpy of reaction and the temperature dependence of the corresponding equilibrium constant, might not be intuitively obvious.
	users.wpi.edu /~phillies/stat2/node2.html (921 words)

	The River Must Flow: Open Systems
		This is, of course, at odds with one of the fundamental principles of physics: the second law of thermodynamics, which holds that entropy -- the degradation of all matter and energy in the universe to an ultimate state of inert uniformity -- increases as a result of each and every process."...
		It was bioenergetic and biophysical, a thermodynamic phenomenon.
		The second law was the first to be understood, by Carnot, who realized the need for a hot/cold differential to power engines, and recognized the irremediable one-way-ness, the loss inherent in all real macroscopic energetic processes in the universe.
	www.intothecool.com /riverflow.php (800 words)

	THERMODYNAMICS FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The central concept of thermodynamics is that of ''energy'', (measured in the SI-unit J).
		However, the dependence of any one of these four thermodynamic potentials cannot be expressed in terms of the thermodynamic parameters of the system without knowledge of the interaction potentials between system components, the quantum energy levels and their corresponding degeneracies, or the partition_function of the system under study.
		The second Law of thermodynamics is an exact consequence of the laws of mechanics—classical or quantum.
	www.witwib.com /Thermodynamics (2502 words)

	Kapili:Physical Sciences:Thermodynamics:Thermodynamic Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A thermodynamic system is one that interacts and exchanges energy with the area around it.
		The first law states that when heat is added to a system, some of that energy stays in the system and some leaves the system.
		The second law of thermodynamics explains that it is impossible to have a cyclic process that converts heat completely into work.
	www.kapili.com /files/thermo_laws.html (445 words)

	ProTrainerOnline.com
		Essentially, if systems A and B are in thermodynamic equilibrium, and systems B and C are in thermodynamic equilibrium, then systems A and C are also in thermodynamic equilibrium.
		The Second Law can also be stated as the Law of Entropy- that in any natural process, the entropy (quantitative measure of disorder or randomness) of the universe increases.
		In 1850, Rudolph Clausius began formulation of the second law by stating that heat does not spontaneously flow from cold to hot bodies which was contrary to common beliefs and the Caloric Theory of heat at that time.
	www.protraineronline.com /past/Dec05/article3.cfm (932 words)

	Thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thermodynamics is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes.
		Time-dependent thermodynamic processes are studied by non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
		If A and B are in thermodynamic equilibrium, and B and C are in thermodynamic equilibrium, then A and C are also in thermodynamic equilibrium.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/thermodynamics (1615 words)

	Talk:Thermodynamics - Art History Online Reference and Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thermodynamics is an experimental science based on a small number of principles that are generalizations made from experience.
		From the principles of thermodynamics one can derive general relations between such quantities as coefficients of expansion, compressibilities, specific heat capacities, heats of transformation, and magnetic and dielectric coefficients, especially as these are affected by temperature.
		Thermodynamics is complementary to kinetic theory and statistical thermodynamics.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Talk:Thermodynamics (2427 words)

	Zeroth law of thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The zeroth law of thermodynamics is the law whichstates that thermal equilibrium is transitive.
		The zeroth law states that this relation is transitive, which means that whenever system A is in thermal equilibrium with B, and A is inthermal equilibrium with system C, then B and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
		However, the need to state it explicitlyas a law was not perceived until the first third of the 20th century, long after the first three laws were already widely in use,hence the zero numbering.
	www.therfcc.org /zeroth-law-of-thermodynamics-150394.html (518 words)

	Perpetuum Mobile
		'Thermodynamics' is defined as "the systematic study of the relationship between heat, work, temperature and energy", and this is extended to cover "the general behaviour of physical systems in a condition of equilibrium or close to it" (Enc Britannica).
		The Third Law of Thermodynamics, which was not formally proposed until 1918 (by Walter Nernst), states that an object being cooled towards the "Absolute Zero" of temperature will require increasingly much energy to extract the heat as that temperature is approached, so rendering that temperature unattainable in practice.
		The Laws of Thermodynamics were "proved" to be inviolable, the subject was closed, and physicists turned their attention to the developing areas of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.
	freespace.virgin.net /ecliptica.ww/book/perpetuum.htm (3752 words)

	Catalog0203
		After beginning with the structure of materials on the atomic and microscopic scales, this course explores defects and their role in determining materials properties, the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations, and ways in which structure and properties can be controlled through processing.
		During this semester, verbal reporting of project activities and status is emphasized, culminating in student talks presented to a special session of students and faculty.
		Selected areas of thermodynamics and kinetics will be examined in depth with the aim of understanding the ideas and assumptions underlying results central to materials science.
	www.jhu.edu /~matsci/academics/Catalog0203.htm (6690 words)

	In the Classroom
		According to thermodynamics, it is the property that determines whether a given system is in thermal equilibrium with other systems.
		A temperature scale established according to the zeroth law is known as an empirical temperature scale.
		The IPTS-68 recognizes the thermodynamic temperature as the basic temperature and defines its unit (the kelvin) to be 1/273.16 of the triple point of water.
	chemeducator.org /sbibs/s0005002/spapers/520088jw.htm (3571 words)

	IAN STEWART (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		law of thermodynamics.” Besides the general fault of such attempts because conservation of information is a concept void of a meaningful interpretation, the alleged law, in Dembski‘s formulation, contradicts the 2
		Back to the role of thermodynamic entropy as a measure of disorder, let us note that entropy of texts (including molecular chains such as DNA and the like) which is a reflection of the degree of text’s incompressibility in Kolmogorov-Chaitin sense, on the other hand can be naturally tied to gradients of appropriate parameters.
		law, but not because there are only three such laws so far, but because of the peculiar way the existing four laws have been historically named.
	members.cox.net /perakm/stewart.htm (2736 words)

	Tables of thermodynamic properties (from thermodynamics) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		condition or state of a thermodynamic system, the properties of which do not change with time and that can be changed to another condition only at the expense of effects on other systems.
		For a thermodynamic equilibrium system with given energy, the entropy is greater than that of any other state with the same energy.
		In law the term refers to the complex of jural relationships between and among persons with respect to things.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-52865?tocId=52865 (903 words)

	Thermodynamic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Using statistical mechanics, combined with the laws of classical or quantum physics, equations of state can be derived which express each of these parameters in terms of the others.
		The above relationships between the thermodynamic potentials and the thermodynamic parameters do not depend upon the particular system being studied; they are universal relationships that can be derived using statistical mechanics, with no regard for the forces or interaction potentials between the components of the system.
		The First Law of thermodynamics is an exact consequence of the laws of mechanics—classical or quantum.
	www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=Thermodynamic (1735 words)

	ProTrainerOnline.com
		The zeroth law that establishes the concept of temperature and the third law that describes absolute zero do not pertain directly to our discussion.
		To honor Willard Gibbs (1839-1903), whose research provided the foundation for biochemical thermodynamics, the symbol G is used to denote free energy.
		The first law of thermodynamics tells us that energy forms can be exchanged, but it doesn't say in what direction these exchanges occur.
	www.protraineronline.com /past/jan-feb06/article7.cfm (1099 words)

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