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1931

	Statute of Westminster 1931 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Statute of Westminster 1931 was the enactment of the United Kingdom Parliament (December 11, 1931) which established a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the British Empire and the United Kingdom.
		The Statute applied to the dominions which existed in 1931: the Dominions of Canada and New Zealand, Newfoundland, the Irish Free State, the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Union of South Africa.
		The Statute gave effect to certain political resolutions passed by the Imperial Conferences of 1926 and 1930, in particular the Balfour Declaration of 1926.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931 (1145 words)

	STATUTES OF WESTMINSTER - LoveToKnow Article on STATUTES OF WESTMINSTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The second statute of Westminster was passed in the parliament of 1285.
		Like the first statute it is a code in itself, and contains the, famous clause De donis conditionalibus (qv), one of the fundamental institutes of the medieval land law of England.
		Stubbs says of it: The law of dower, of advowson, of appeal for felonies, is largely amended; the institution of justices of assize is remodelled, and the abuses of manorial jurisdiction repressed; the statute Dc religiosis, the statutes of Merton and Gloucester, are amended and re-enacted.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WE/WESTMINSTER_STATUTES_OF.htm (239 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Statute of Westminster was the enactment of the United Kingdom Parliament (December 11, 1931) by which that body renounced legislative authority in the self-governing overseas Dominions of the British Empire, formalizing the independence of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Newfoundland, except in relation to revision of constitutions founded in British legislation.
		Adoption of the Statute was strongly opposed by conservatives in Australia, and it was not until 1942 that it was finally adopted to clarify Government war powers (the adoption was backdated to the start of WWII in September 1939).
		Despite the provisions of the Statute of Westminster, the British Parliament still had the power to pass legislation regarding the Canadian constitution and the Australian states.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/s/st/statute_of_westminster.html (178 words)

	STATUTES OF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		STATUTES OF "The Statute of Westminster I" and "The Statute of Rageman" declared by Edward I further expanded on the nature of the obligations of tenure under the feudal system as set forth in the Magna Carta.
		The statutes were a unilateral declaration by the king of the duties of all vassals, regardless of whom they held.
		The 1285 the Second Statute of Westminster or De Donis Conditionalibus declared that the courts were to comply with the wishes of the grantor in matters relating to the descent of land, as indicated in the original written conveyance.
	www.kirstygriffiths.ch /Law-statutes_of_Westminster.htm (333 words)

	Statute of Westminster
		Statute of Westminster, 11 Dec 1931, a British law clarifying the powers of Canada's Parliament and those of the other Dominions, and granting the former colonies full legal freedom except in those areas where they chose to remain subordinate.
		Finally, at the request and with the consent of the Dominions, the Statute of Westminster was passed by the British Parliament.
		After consultation between Canada's federal and provincial governments, the repeal, amendment or alteration of the BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACTS, 1867-1930, was specifically excepted from the terms of the statute: the amendment of the Canadian Constitution remained exclusively the preserve of the British Parliament until passage of the CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007675 (227 words)

	History of bail - bail bonds bondsman
		The Statute of Westminster in 1275 eliminated the discretion of sheriffs with respect to which crimes would be bailable.
		Under the Statute, the bailable and non-bailable offenses were specifically listed.xii The sheriffs retained the authority to decide the amount of bail and to weigh all relevant factors to arrive at that amount.
		The offenses enumerated in the Statute of Westminster remained bailable and non-bailable.
	www.bail-bond.us /history-of-bail.htm (2854 words)

	Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History:
		For Latham, the Statute of Westminster was as important and significant an event as the American War of Independence.
		By the time the Statute was passed, the United Australia Party (under the leadership of J. Lyons) was elected to government, and Latham was, due to his colleagues lack of enthusiasm for it, able to prevent the Statute being ratified in Australia for the rest of his political career.
		The Statute of Westminster was passed in the British Parliament in December, 1931.
	www.jcu.edu.au /aff/history/conferences/newcastle/lewis.htm (3552 words)

	Documenting Democracy
		Britain's Statute of Westminster, an Act of Parliament passed in December 1931, was the legal recognition of the evolved independence of the Dominions within the British Commonwealth.
		The Statute of Westminster 1931 resolved legal issues resulting from the greater international status and autonomy achieved by the Dominions in 1919 and in the resolutions of the Imperial Conferences of the 1920s.
		The Statute enacted the agreement reached at the Imperial Conferences and uses the words of the Balfour Declaration to state the principle that the Crown was 'the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations'.
	www.foundingdocs.gov.au /item.asp?sdID=96 (1198 words)

	Statute of Westminster 1931\|Statute of Westminster Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In many countries, published statutes are organized in topical arrangements called codes, such as the United States Code.
		The term '''statute''' is sometimes also used to refer to an international treaty that establishes an institution, such as the Statute of the European Central Bank (a protocol to the Treaty of Maastricht).
		This includes international courts as well, such as the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
	echostatic.com /Statute_of_Westminster_1931\|Statute_of_Westminster.html (141 words)

	Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 Did You Mean Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 was an Act of the Australian Parliament that formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931, an Act of the British Imperial Parliament enabling the legislative independence of the various self-governing Dominions of the British Empire.
		Curtin's decision to formally adopt the Statute of Westminster in late 1942 was a demonstration to the international community that Australia was an independent nation.
		Section 2 of the Statute of Westminster abrogated the effect of the Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865, and adopting it meant that laws made by the Parliament of Australia which were repugnant to British laws were no longer invalid.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942.html (1052 words)

	Constitutional history of Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, for various reasons, the Statute of Westminster did not apply to the Australian States (at their own request), so that they remained, in relation to the United Kingdom, in the position of substantially self-governing colonies, subject, in theory at least, to any legislation specifically directed at them by the British Parliament.
		In April 1933, a referendum in Western Australia produced a 68% yes vote to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory.
		The power under the Statute of Westminster to request the British Parliament to make laws for Australia was used on several occasions, primarily in order to enable Australia to acquire new territories.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Constitutional_history_of_Australia (1669 words)

	REGINA v. SIKYEA
		Statutes validity enacted by the Parliament of Canada before the Statute of Westminster, 1931, to implement a treaty properly made un- der s.
		It is suggested that its validity can now be questioned because of the Statute of Westminster and two Acts of the Parliament of Canada which have been passed since that statute became effective and which had the effect, to use counsel's words, "of reaffirming the Migrartory Birds Convention Act".
		There would seem to be no doubt that statutes which imple- ment treaties made before the Statute of Westminster, remain valid legislation even though the subject-matter of that treaty is one which falls exclusively under s.
	library.usask.ca /native/cnlc/vol06/583.html (4116 words)

	The Statute of Westminster (1931) - Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism - Quebec History
		The Statute of Westminster was the last of the Imperial Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain applicable to all the Dominions.
		Consequently, the Statute of Westminster granted independence to Canada except in relation to the amendment of the constitution.
		Until 1982, all attempts to patriate the constitution were unsuccessful so that Canada continued to seek amendments in London and an element of colonial status remained in force (one might also add that appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council existed until abolished in 1949).
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/federal/1931.htm (687 words)

	Source 2 \| Useful Notes
		This extract contains a summary of the main points of the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931.
		The Statute of Westminster officially gave all of the Dominions the full power to rule themselves, although they already did this.
		The Statute of Westminster allowed the Dominions to pass any laws they wished to pass without having to consult the British Parliament.
	www.learningcurve.gov.uk /empire/usefulnotes/g3cs1s2u.htm (256 words)

	History of Bail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Accordingly, the absence of limits on the power of the sheriffs was stated as a major grievance leading to the Statute of Westminster.
		Statutes defined which offenses were bailable while the Constitution protected against abuses of those definitions.
		In fact, the clause in the Virginia Constitution was identical to the one in the English Bill of Rights which had been included to prevent judges from unreasonable holding those accused of bailable offenses by setting bail so high as to be unobtainable.
	www.bail.com /history.htm (2895 words)

	The Westminster Inheritance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The kings ranged from the savagely selfish to reformers such as Edward I, whose Statute of Westminster proclaimed that "Common right is to be done by all as well poor as rich, without respect of persons".
		Westminster became the anvil on which monarchs, noblemen, bishops and commoners forged the Statute Laws of England.
		Unlike Statute Law, this has no clear-cut intentions and regulations but is the whole mass of unwritten law based on immemorial usage.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/5557/westmin.html (1399 words)

	ELEGIT - LoveToKnow Article on ELEGIT
		for he has chosen), in English law, a judicial writ of execution, given by the Statute of Westminster II.
		Previously to the Statute of Westminster II., a judgment creditor could only have the profits of lands of a debtor in.
		But this statute provided that henceforth it should be inthe election of the party having recovered judgment to have a writ of fierifacias (q.v.) unto the sheriff on lands and goods or else ail the chattels of the debtor and the one half of his lands until the judgment be satisfied.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EL/ELEGIT.htm (153 words)

	Commonwealth Realm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fourteen of the Realms are former British self-governing colonies (including the Dominions) that became independent countries either after the ratification of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the collapse of the Federation of the West Indies in 1961, or at later dates, the latest being Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
		In some former Commonwealth realms, including Malta, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius, the new office of President became a ceremonial post, but other countries, such as Ghana, Malawi and Gambia, the President became an executive post, held by the last Prime Minister.
		In the latter cases not only was the monarchy abolished, but the entire Westminster system of parliamentary government as well.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Commonwealth_Realms (2925 words)

	[No title]
		The Statute of Westminster did not place any legal impediment in the way of the Imperial Parliament passing laws for the whole Empire.
		Hence the Statute of Westminster could be, and was interpreted by many authorities as not affecting the previous indivisibility of the Crown or diminishing the legal sovereignty of the Parliament which enacted it.
		on the grounds that the Statute of Westminster now provided the authority which it was said to lack in Nadan.
	www.sfu.ca /~aheard/324/Independence.html (10837 words)

	Michael Jennings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Australia, the Statute of Westminster was viewed with some ambivalence, as Australia believed that if it became fully independent the British might be less willing to defend Australia in a war with Japan.
		For this reason, the Statute of Westminster was written in such a way that it did not apply to Australia until Australia passed another act of its own parliament officially adopting the statute.
		Plus, the Statute of Westminster only applied to the federal government in Australia (although in Canada it applied to all levels of government).
	michaeljennings.blogspot.com /2003_05_25_michaeljennings_archive.html (2357 words)

	Statute of Westminster 1931 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Further, it did not apply to Australia, New Zealand or Newfoundland unless and until ratified by their respective Parliaments.
		Its residual constitutional powers have been superseded by subsequent legislation.
		This page was last modified 01:18, 14 October 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Statute_of_Westminster (1145 words)

	[No title]
		While the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act (1942) (C’wealth) and the Australia Act(s) of the Commonwealth and the Parliament at Westminster received the Royal Assent, the exercise in toto results in inexorable reversion to the status quo of Dominion and Colonial Legislatures in perpetuity.
		Sir Owen Dixon in his article on the Statute of Westminster (supra) was at pains to point out that politics is not law, which disguise is not successfully passed off for being unapparent to any of long experience in reading judicial text (ibid).
		The States gained no new rights at Federation, and none in pursuance of the Statute of Westminster, though incontemporary interpretation, the statute is relied upon as the forerunner to the Australia Acts- self-evidently in error of law.
	www.geocities.com /capitolhill/lobby/5804/HCForm62.html (11182 words)

	Dominion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Newfoundland was accorded Dominion status by the Statute of Westminster in December 1931, but self-government was suspended two years later and the territory became a province of Canada in 1949.
		Britain's declaration of war against Germany in August 1914 was deemed to extend without the need for consultation to all territories of the Empire, occasioning some displeasure in Canadian official circles and contributing to a brief anti-British insurrection by Afrikaner militants in South Africa later that year.
		The principle of Dominion equality with Britain and independence in foreign relations was formally ratified by the Balfour Declaration adopted at the Imperial Conference of November 1926 and enshrined in the Statute of Westminster, adopted by the British Parliament in December 1931 and subsequently ratified by the Dominion Parliaments.
	www.theezine.net /d/dominion.html (922 words)

	ICL - Australia - Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
		This Act may be cited as the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942.
		Section 3 Adoption of Statute of Westminster, 1931
		Sections two, three, four, five and six of the Imperial Act entitled the Statute of Westminster, 1931 (which Act is set out in the Schedule to this Act) are adopted and the adoption shall have effect from the third day of September, One thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/as04000_.html (275 words)

	W
		A Canadian statute, it was enacted during the very early stages of World War I giving the government the right to bypass the normal legislative process, suspend habeas corpus and deport without trial.
		The statute of Westminster marked the full independence of Canada as a nation, while redefining the relationship between Britain and Canada as well as the other dominions such as Australia.
		This statute, passed by the British government on December 11, 1931, is usually seen as the document which established the ground work for the transformation of the British empire into the British Commonwealth.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/candict/w.html (770 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Statute of Westminster
		Westminster, Statute of, statute enacted by the British Parliament in December 1931, recognizing the full equality of the British dominions with the...
		Canada had entered the war as part of the British Empire, but the huge commitment and terrible losses (60,000 Canadians died) strengthened its sense...
		The Irish Free State had joined the League of Nations in 1923, and the following year it set a precedent for members of the Commonwealth by sending...
	encarta.msn.com /Statute_of_Westminster.html (128 words)

	Monarchy In Canada Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law, further elaborated in the Statute of Westminster, 1931.
		Under the Statute of Westminster, 1931, Canada has a common monarchy with Britain and the other Commonwealth Realms and cannot change the rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other realms, unless Canada explicitly leaves the shared monarchy relationship by means of a constitutional amendment.
		This idea was further enhanced by the Statute of Westminster 1931, which granted the dominions of the Commonwealth autonomy from the British parliament and equality with the United Kingdom.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Monarchy_in_Canada (5824 words)

	Lords Hansard text for 17 May 1999 (190517-24) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That statute was passed in 1275 and, among other things, laid down that girls should not be married until they were seven years old.
		I believe that this is the Statute of Westminster (No. 2), although there were a couple in between.
		That clause says--and I paraphrase--that no Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom passed from 1931 onwards shall extend or be deemed to extend (and note the latter phrase) to a dominion unless it is expressly stated in that Act that the dominion has requested and consented to the enactment of it.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/vo990517/text/90517-24.htm (1466 words)

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