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Topic: Steady-state theory

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Steady state theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The steady state theory was developed as a result of theoretical calculations that showed that a static universe was impossible under general relativity and observations by Edwin Hubble that the universe was expanding. Problems with the steady-state theory began to emerge in the late 1960s, when observations apparently supported the idea that the universe was in fact changing: quasars and radio galaxies were found only at large distances (i.e., redshift, and thus, because of the finiteness of the speed of light, in the past) not in closer galaxies. In cosmology, the steady state theory (also known as the Infinite Universe Theory or continuous creation) is a model developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi and others as an alternative to the Big Bang theory (known, usually, as the standard cosmological model). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steady_state_theory   (853 words)

The Steady-State Theory One important and little known attribute of the steady state theory is its importance to an aspect of electromagnetic and quantum theory. Steady state is not without problems though, there are several areas in which it is in difficulty. The steady state theorists explained the hydrogen - helium abundance by the presence of supernovae. www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk /study/sci/cosmo/internal/steady.htm   (769 words)

The Steady State Galaxy Theory by Rufus Young Under the Steady State Galaxy theory, the nuclear fusion process which is expelling the material from the neutroid would generate large amounts of helium as well as other light elements and is the source of the excess helium found in the universe. Maxwell proposed a theory which required the vibration of light to be strictly transverse with no longitudinal component and in 1864 his paper entitled "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" expressed the results of his theoretical investigation in the form of four fundamental equations which have since become famous as Maxwell's equations. Although this theory was able to show how the heavier elements were created, it failed to account for the abundance of helium and certain light elements such as deuterium, lithium, beryllium and boron which are burned in the stars. www.galaxytheory.com   (4343 words)

Quasi-steady state cosmology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   J. Narlikar, "The quasi-steady state cosmology: Theory and observations". The quasi-steady state concept claims that the radiation as diffuse starlight has been absorbed and emitted continually by objects in space, but critics have pointed out that such radiation would not be as isotropic as what has been interpreted via CMB observations. Burbidge, "Explosive Cosmogony and the Quasi-Steady State Cosmology". en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quasi-steady_state_theory   (1143 words)

Steady state theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For most cosmologists, the refutation of the steady-state theory came with the discovery of the cosmic background radiation in 1965, which was predicted by the big bang theory. It is also the basis for another theory known as the quasi-steady state theory which postulates a lot of little big bangs occurring over time. Within the steady state theory this background radiation is the result of light from ancient stars which has been scattered by galactic dust. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steady_state_theory   (1143 words)

The Hot Big Bang For a time, the steady state theory and the big bang theory competed with each other, but eventually observations all but ruled out the steady state theory while providing strong support for the big bang. Since the Universe was known to be expanding, the steady state model had to postulate continuous creation of matter in the space between the stars and galaxies to maintain the same density over time and thus satisfy the perfect cosmological principle of a universe unchanging in time on large scales. The steady state model did the cosmological principle one better by invoking what has been termed the perfect cosmological principle: Not only is the Universe the same at all places and in all directions when averaged over a large enough volume; it is the same for all time too. csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/hotbb.html   (1463 words)

steady The steady-state theory began to wither in the 1960s. This struck a philosophical chord with a number of scientists, and the steady-state theory gained many adherents in the 1950s and 1960s. The death knell for the theory sounded when radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. www.pbs.org /wnet/hawking/universes/html/univ_steady.html   (275 words)

GTA Space Ads Yet the Steady State theory of the continuous creation of matter, violates one of the basic foundational principles of physics, the law of conservation of matter - energy. Since the Steady State theory attempts to defy this law, it has been piled on the trash heap of history where it rightfully belongs. In this theory, Gamow speculated a huge primordial cloud contained a "soup" of all the fundamental particles within one atom. www.intercontinentalcog.org /GTAspaceads3.shtml   (1052 words)

Steady State Theory The steady-state theory is a view that the universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average density, matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession. A steady-state universe has no beginning or end in time; and from any point within it the view on the grand scale--i.e., the average density and arrangement of galaxies--is the same. Observations since the 1950s have produced much evidence contradictory to the steady-state picture and supportive of the big-bang model abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/steady_state.html   (146 words)

steady-state theory However, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background persuaded most astronomers to reject the steady-state model in favor of its rival, the Big Bang theory. The theory that the universe looks pretty much the same now as it has always done and that, to maintain a constant density of matter in the face of cosmic expansion, matter is continuously created out of empty space (at a rate of 2.8 × 10 It rose to prominence in the 1960s under its three greatest champions, Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi. www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/steady-state_theory.html   (180 words)

AllRefer.com - cosmology : Modern Cosmological Theories : The Steady-State Theory (Physics) - Encyclopedia According to the steady-state theory, now of historical interest only, the universe expands, but new matter is continuously created at all points in space left by the receding galaxies. AllRefer.com - cosmology: Modern Cosmological Theories : The Steady-State Theory (Physics) - Encyclopedia The two main theories are the big-bang hypothesis and the steady-state hypothesis, with many variations on each basic approach. reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/cosmolog-modern-cosmological-theories.html   (306 words)

The Pseudo-Problem of Creation in Physical Cosmology When that theory is being contrasted with its steady-state rival, it is often called "evolutionary." And it tells us that, before the chemical elements were formed, an explosion of primeval matter resulted in the present expansion of the universe. At present, the big bang theory is in vogue, whereas the Bondi and Gold steady-state theory is largely defunct on empirical grounds. In the case of the big bang theory, the creationist reading of it is, of course, not just that the big bang itself followed upon a state of so-called nothing. www.infidels.org /library/modern/adolf_grunbaum/problem.html   (8513 words)

MSN Encarta - Search Results - Steady-State Theory Steady-State Theory, theory of cosmology, or the study of the universe and its origins, that was once a rival to the big bang theory, which proposes... In the 1940s British scientists Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle were philosophically opposed to the requirements that the big bang theory... Timelines seek to educate about history by using a linear visual display to represent the passing of time. encarta.msn.com /Steady-State_Theory.html   (148 words)

Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Steady-State Theory Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Steady-State Theory The theory, devised in 1948 by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle, satisfies the so-called `perfect cosmological principle' that the universe is the same everywhere at all times. A theory which postulates that the large-scale appearance of the universe does not change with time. eaa.iop.org /index.cfm?action=summary&doc=eaa/4819@eaa-xml   (87 words)

Brian Lumley.com Steady State Theory What it amounts to is a kind of Steady State theory which takes into account the Big Bang. The "Expansion" Theory, which in scientific circles has it that in the first smallest possible fraction of a second our universe went from sub-microscopic to football-size, and then as the universe developed its laws of physics slowed down a little (but not a lot, not when we consider the speed of light.) I think that my theory -- while there's no mathematical proof for any of it (not that I'm aware of or capable of following) -- is intriguing if nothing else. www.brianlumley.com /bio/sstheory.html   (1077 words)

CHAPTER 8 This is a steady state universe, but unlike the universe contemplated by the theory that goes by that name, it faces no problem in obtaining its raw material, or in disposing of its end products. It follows, so the theory goes, that the stars formed early in the history of the universe, those of the globular clusters, for example, were produced from matter of low metal content, whereas those formed more recently, such as the stars of the galactic arms, were produced from matter of relatively high metal content. The Big Bang theory assumes ad hoc that at some time in the past the entire contents of the universe were gathered together in a limited amount of space, and that a gigantic explosion occurred for some unspecified reason, ejecting all, or most, of these contents into space at the speeds that are now observed. www.reciprocalsystem.com /nfs/nfs08.htm   (7597 words)

hawking-60years-nutchel-11jan2002.doc One was the steady state theory, in which as the universe expanded, new matter was continually created to keep the density constant on average. The steady state theory was never on a very strong theoretical basis, because it required a negative energy field to create the matter. String theorists have long used the term, effective theory, as a pejorative description of general relativity, but string theory is equally an effective theory, valid in the limit that the M theory membrane, is rolled into a cylinder of small radius. www.astrosurf.org /lombry/Physique/hawking-60years-nutchel-11jan2002.doc   (4108 words)

Untitled Document Less than 20 years from the date the Steady-State theory was first proposed, the discovery of the CMB was almost universally taken as the final proof of a big-bang cosmology and the Steady-State theory was all but discarded by the majority of professionals in the astronomical community. The Quasi-Steady-State Theory was proposed in an effort to explain the CMB and to explain the greater than expected number of radio sources detected in the universe. The theory further proposed that the temperature of this initial radiation continued to cool with the expansion and that at about 10^-35 seconds the strong nuclear force separated from the electroweak force but at that time the universe was still too hot for atoms to form. www1.wcf.net /~radduci/Papers/605-p.html   (5155 words)

PhysOrgForum Science, Physics and Technology Discussion Forums -> Steady state Theory(Dreams within dreams) The theory therefore became known as the steady state theory of the universe. The steady state universe has no beginning or end, and looks the same on average on all cosmic epochs, in spite of the expansion. The two go on to state that they believe that the rate of expansion to be a constant, and the rate of matter creation to be just such as to maintain a constant average density. forum.physorg.com /index.php?showtopic=4621&view=getlastpost   (501 words)

MolecuCare Ultraviolet Disinfection Technologies: Steady-State Ultraviolet Theory "The Theory of Steady-State Ultraviolet Irradiation" is excerpted from the MolecuCare publication "Anywhere in the Building", a 28-page booklet detailing MolecuCare's irradiation technologies and applications in MolecuCare's patented whole-building commercial and residential air disinfection and water sterilization systems. With the photon theory of light, the photoelectric effect that cannot be understood using classical physics commands explanation. Thence as follows: given the fact that the photoelectric affect is not observed below a certain cutoff frequency, it follows that the energy of the photon is greater than or equal to Ø. www.molecucare.com /theory_original.html   (858 words)

Quasi-Steady State Theory of the Universe - Recent Abstracts and References We show how, consistent with the quasi steady-state cosmological theory developed recently in a number of papers, it is possible for samples of material of different ages to have different mass scales. It is pointed out that the presence of such structure is compatible with the 1990 modified steady state model proposed by Arp et al. We solve the cosmological equations obtained by Hoyle, Burbidge and Narlikar (1995a) from a Machian theory of gravity in the case where the universe satisfies the Weyl postulate and the cosmological principle. www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/Hoyle.htm   (1600 words)

Scientific American: Big Bang vs. Steady State Fred Hoyle, stalwart champion of the steady state theory, took the stand for an infinite universe with no beginning and no end, in which matter is continuously created in the space between the galaxies. The steady state theory avoided the stumbling block of a universe that seemed to come from nowhere but replaced it with many little unexplained beginnings (those particles of matter appearing continuously from nothing). Yet the big bang theory made one prediction that was testable: if the universe began in a blaze of luminosity, a degraded remnant of that radiation should still permeate the cosmos, and the precise spectral distribution of this microwave-frequency background could be calculated. www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00036BD3-3E1E-11E7-BB5883414B7F0000   (781 words)

Errors in the Steady State and Quasi-SS Models The Quasi-Steady State Cosmology is an attempt by Hoyle, Burbidge and Narlikar to allow for the evolution of the CMB temperature and to explain the surplus of faint radio sources in a Universe that is always the same over the very long term. At the time the Steady State model was proposed, the Big Bang model was in trouble because the value of the Hubble constant was clearly bigger than the inverse of the age of the Universe. In the original Steady State proposal, all of the heavy elements were produced in stars by burning hydrogen into helium and then combining several helium nuclei [alpha particles] into heavier nuclei like carbon (3 alpha particles) and oxygen (4 alpha particles). www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/stdystat.htm   (2333 words)

steady state theory a theory in which the universe is assumed to have average properties that are constant in space and time so that new matter must be continuously and spontaneously created to maintain average densities as the universe expands. www.factmonster.com /ipd/A0670381.html   (62 words)

Unit 17 In its purest form, the Steady State Theory is not consistent with observations of the Universe. Attempts to modify the Steady State Theory to account for the observed evolution have been made. The major triumphs of Big Bang Theories are reviewed, namely (1) the expansion of the Universe, (2) the nucleosynthesis of the light elements, and (3) the generation of the 3 K comic microwave background radiation. www.phyast.pitt.edu /Resources/Education/classes/astro89/unit17.htm   (2085 words)

The Steady State Theory Has Been DISPROVED Although Sir Fred conceded that the steady state theory would have to be discarded in 1965, he recently _has returned to it_ and holds to it to this day. Radio telescopy experiments in the '50s and '60s, led by Martin Ryle, one of Hoyle's colleagues, disproved the steady state theory as the number of galaxies didn't match Hoyle's predictions. It took Hoyle until the mid-1960's to admit that he couldn't account for the production of hydrogen and helium using steady state theory. www.holysmoke.org /hs00/steady.htm   (405 words)

Big Bang Cosmology Primer The steady state theory of cosmology claims that the Universe simply exists without changing with time. While there are ways to explain expansion in a steady state universe, few astrophysicists believe this theory, because there is little evidence to support it. The big bang theory states that at some time in the distant past there was nothing. cosmology.berkeley.edu /Education/IUP/Big_Bang_Primer.html   (1809 words)

Steady State Theory For science we could place a steady state theory back on the books and permit them to work with an event far more productive than the one they toy with presently. But as this missing mass appears to remain as illusive as any sensible postulate, we might like to say there is something wrong with big bang theory, rather than theology, or even a scientific steady-state theory universal density doesn't change over time. In other words, a production line is born, and allows the constant and stable release of matter over a sustained period, to permit universal density to continuously retain parity as other universal material dissipates on the universes peripheral wall. members.madasafish.com /~newtheories/A_Big_Bang_3.html   (630 words)

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