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Topic: Steam explosion

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	Steam - Engineering - A Wikia wiki
		Steam is a pure, completely invisible gas (for mist see below), which at standard atmospheric pressure has a temperature of around 100 degrees Celsius, and occupies about 1,600 times the volume of liquid water (steam can of course be much hotter than the boiling point of water; such steam is usually called superheated steam).
		Steam is a capacious reservoir for energy because of water's high heat of vaporization.
		Steam is used in saunas and steam showers to produce warmth and therapeutic effects in human beings.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Steam (483 words)

	New Processing Strategies For Hemp
		Steam explosion principles are described and an initial demonstration has revealed its utility for transforming raw hemp fibre into a material whose texture and properties are comparable with or superior to cotton and "cottonized" hemp.
		Due to particular fibre surface structures after steam explosion, an outstanding sliver adhesion is guaranteed for the necessary stability of pre-spuns required in industrial spinning.
		After steam explosion, according to the assigned raw material, the hemp fibres show a high degree of purity, which can be completed as required by a wash or bleaching process using hydrogen peroxide.
	www.hempfood.com /IHA/iha02101.html (3823 words)

	Welcome to Occupational Health & Safety
		The force of the explosion blew a hole approximately 4 feet across and deep enough for the parking meter right above it to disappear down the hole.
		Steam could be seen shooting hundreds of feet into the air and the sound from the high pressure pipe could be heard as far away as the Hill University Center.
		The exact cause of the explosion is yet to be determined, but Alabama Power is investigating.
	www.healthsafe.uab.edu /pages/home/features/06_2003_steampipe/01.html (167 words)

	Driving a Steam Locomotive
		You intuitively know about steam pressure from watching steam lift the lid of a boiling saucepan, but the ratio of water/steam volume is still amazing.
		But a steam engine needs large quantities of water, in addition to fuel and all the parts it has in common with a gas-powered engine.
		Steam cannot be created instantly from cold water; considerable time is needed to heat the water to boiling.
	afu.com /steam (2297 words)

	[No title]
		Steam explosion is an ideal pretreatment for hydrolysis of cellulose by enzymes, but these enzymes are very expensive to produce.
		Hemicellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars during the steaming and explosion, but the reactions continue on to resinous and polymeric compounds.
		Adding a trace of sulfuric acid catalyzes hydrolysis during the steam explosion so that milder conditions are used, and the yield of sugars from hemicellulose is 70 to 80 percent.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Biomass/oldbrochure.doc (2795 words)

	Hazards from explosions along the edge of a lava delta, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i
		Since a growing delta may collapse or subside at any time and the intensity of any one type of explosion may change suddenly, a growing lava delta is hazardous and should only be viewed from behind the former sea cliffs.
		Two types of steam-driven explosions may be generated in such a "confined" environment: littoral lava fountains and bubble bursts.
		The explosions of molten spatter, bombs, and smaller tephra fragments quickly build a circular cone on the subsided lava delta, sometimes in a matter of minutes.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /hazards/oceanentry/deltaexplosions (1106 words)

	Green Car Congress: Updating the Steam Engine: the Cyclone
		Exhaust steam is directed through a condenser, in a centrifugal system of compressive condensation, consisting of a stacked arrangement of flat plates.
		Steam engines were highly developed for trains at the beginning of the twentieth century, having power strokes on the up and down (or forward and back) strokes.
		Therefore, steam engine or IC engine, the various fuel sources must be cleaned up by a process such as gasification, turning the polluting raw fuel sources into a clean fuel such as syngas before combustion by the end user.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2006/04/updating_the_st.html (3145 words)

	Coverage Concerns 11/99
		Each excludes loss due to the explosion of steam boilers, pipes and turbines owned or leased by the insured or for which the insured is responsible by virtue of having them under its control.
		There is coverage, however, for loss to such equipment caused by explosion of gases or fuel in the furnace of a fired vessel or in the flues or passages through which the gases of combustion pass.
		However, if loss or damage by fire or combustion explosion results, there is coverage for the resulting loss caused by the explosion of gases or fuel within the furnace of any fired vessel or within the flues or passages through which the gases of combustion pass.
	www.roughnotes.com /rnmagazine/1999/november99/11p73.htm (977 words)

	Ford Foundation: Nuclear Power Issues and Choices - 217 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A steam explosion resulting from the reaction of the molten core with water might rupture the containment.
		The problem of steam explosions in which a hot fluid mixes with a cooler fluid of low boiling point has recently received increased attention.
		Steam explosions will therefore be smaller than the energetic maximum and may not endanger the integrity of the containment.
	www.fordfound.org /elibrary/documents/0335/228.cfm (630 words)

	Hartford
		We all know that when water boils and becomes steam, it increases in volume 1700 times and this sudden and massive release of steam from water is as destructive as dynamite.
		A steam system is a gravity system that is inefficient and slow to respond to changing demands for heat.
		With a two-pipe system, the steam is supplied in one pipe and the condensate returned by gravity to the boiler by another.
	hvacwebtech.com /steamboilers.htm (783 words)

	Steam explosion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Steam explosions are naturally produced by certain volcanos especially a stratovolcano and are a major cause of human fatalities in volcanic eruptions.
		To decrease the likelihood of a devastating explosion, boilers have gone from the "fire-tube" designs, where the heat was added by burning inside of the tubes as the pressure vessel of water surrounded the tubes, to "water-tube" boilers that have the water inside of the tubes and the furnace area is around the tubes.
		Old "fire-tube" boilers were known to blow up inside the fire tubes, which was enough to damage the pressure vessel of water surrounding it, which led to a steam explosion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steam_explosion (928 words)

	HMS THUNDERER Boiler Explosion
		The explosion killed fifteen men instantly, including her commanding officer, who was in the engine room at the time, and seriously wounded seventy others, thirty of whom subsequently died of their injuries.
		The reasons for the explosion, however, were not far to seek, and they had nothing to do with construction or condition of the boilers.
		There had been some reluctance to adopt higher steam pressures for fears of the consequences of an accident but, since this explosion showed that even low pressure steam could be lethal, it seems to have been argued that high pressure steam would be no worse.
	www.btinternet.com /~philipr/thexp.html (1376 words)

	Steam Water Hammer Accidents and Chilled Water Design Articles by Wayne Kirsner P.E.
		Essentially a steam main submerged in flood water becomes a condenser generating hundreds of pounds of condensate per linear foot of pipe.
		Steam traps, even though they typically have a safety factor on the order of 25 times that needed to drain a well- insulated system, cannot handle this condensate load.
		This article describes a steam explosion that took place at Ft. Wainwright Alaska as asbestos workers were removing insulation from a live steam main.
	www.kirsner.org /pages/articlesAlt.html (903 words)

	Ford River Rouge Plant Explosion: Links
		Six workers were killed in the explosion earlier thisyear at the plant." -- There is no word yet on the motivation for the 'makeover.' The environmental assessment may be in response to the potential asbestosexposure caused by the explosion at the plant.
		Death toll hits 5 in explosion at Rouge complex - A state investigator said a natural gas buildup led to the explosion at the electrical generating station that served the 1,100-acre suburban Detroit complex.
		Explosion At Aging Power Plant Spotlights Concerns About Coal -It sent a clear message that aging coal plants — mainly in the Midwest, and protected by a loophole in environmental regulations — often constitute threats to reliability and safety, as well as degrade the environment
	www.hilbornlaw.com /RougePlant/NewsLinks.htm (6740 words)

	What Caused the Boiler Explosion at the Ford Rouge Plant?
		In Michigan, a fuel explosion is identified as the preliminary cause resulting in four deaths, 12 injuries, and shutdown of the Ford Motor Company Rouge Industrial Complex.
		Ford Rouge explosion caused by gas build-up in firebox - A state agency said Thursday that buildup of natural gas ignited in a giant boiler, causing the explosion.
		"The explosion was what is termed 'a furnace explosion,' where the firebox inside the boiler that heats up the water had a buildup of gas in the chamber," according to a statement by state officials.
	www.hilbornlaw.com /RougePlant/explosion.htm (3304 words)

	VT Underground
		A low-pressure steam line exploded at 9:20 a.m., only 10 minutes before the men were scheduled to leave the tunnel and take a 15-minute break, said one plant worker who asked not to be identified.
		Haines said the power plant entrance to the steam tunnel was blocked by broken pipe, so Lucas had to use the manhole entrance outside.
		At the time of the explosion, Randy Shifflett, a Tech history professor, was on the fifth floor of McBryde Hall, which overlooks the power plant.
	www.vtunderground.com /bonus/articles2.htm (627 words)

	Carolina Bay formation
		beavers out of their shallow ponds and into the beyond by means of violent steam explosions.
		As with nuclear air bursts a violent liberation of energy in the atmosphere can affect a much greater area than would the same release at ground level; features such as the Carolina Bays may well be surviving signatures of this type of impact event.
		Steam explosions induced by the dynamics of an impact event do not require a one to one relationship with pieces of the impacting object, one passing fireball could cause a number of suitable ponds to violently flash into vapor.
	abob.libs.uga.edu /bobk/blosteam.html (1182 words)

	Clayton Advantage Of Safety
		There has never been, nor can there be, a steam explosion of a Clayton Steam Generator.
		Steam explosions that cause death, injury and serious property damage, result from the near instantaneous, uncontrolled, release of energy that is present in water at saturated conditions — conditions that exist in steam boilers.
		These explosions cannot occur with the Clayton Steam Generator, however, because there is relatively little water in a steam generator and that water is contained in the helical coil heat exchanger.
	www.claytonindustries.com /1.4.4.2.3.jsp (111 words)

	Steam explosion near White House injures two - World - www.smh.com.au
		A steam pipe explosion one block from the White House critically injured two people on Friday and led to the precautionary evacuation of a government office building, officials and witnesses said.
		Raw video footage viewed by AFP showed a small army of emergency rescue workers caring for two people, one of whom appeared to be so badly burned that the skin on his hands and arms was peeled off and hanging loose.
		A witness to the explosion, who occurred shortly before 9:00am (2300 AEST) said one of the victims had been dragged unconscious from the manhole, the site of three months of construction work on underground steam pipes.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/04/24/1082719633772.html?from=storyrhs (413 words)

	Hell and Maria
		The report that one of the victims was "confident he smelled burning powder" at the time of the explosion, combined with the circumstances, the damage to the boilers and furnace, and the crew’s reports, strongly suggests that Maria may indeed have been another successful operation of the "organized boat-burners".
		At the moment the explosion took place, the floor of the cabin was burst up, and falling back, precipitated a number of the soldiers down upon the boilers and burning wreck.
		In half an hour after the explosion, the boat was a mass of flame, allowing time to save nothing but the load of human life aboard.
	www.civilwarstlouis.com /boatburners/steamermaria.htm (2026 words)

	Green Car Congress: SunOpta Providing Steam Explosion Technology for Worlds First Cereal-Straw Ethanol Plant
		In steam explosion, biomass fiber are exposed to a high pressure steam (typically 200-450 psig) for 1 to 10 minutes.
		One of SunOpta’s breakthroughs was the development of a continuous steam explosion process that supports a higher processing temperature and reduces the residence time.
		I worked for a number of years on the development of the steam explosion process (originally based on the masonite process).
	www.greencarcongress.com /2005/08/sunopta_providi.html (1297 words)

	History of the Steam Engine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A working steam pressure of 175 psi (pounds per square inch) was common.
		A massive steam explosion that could, and often did, completely destroy the entire steamboat and those aboard her.
		The low water safety valve was operated by a float which rides up and down with the water level in the boiler.
	www.steamboats.com /museum/engineroom4.html (1049 words)

	Yucca Mountain - The World's Largest Dirty Bomb?
		Worst case is a catastrophic steam explosion that releases tons of deadly radioactive material into the atmosphere, and renders the land upon which it falls a dead zone for thousands of years.
		Once in the tunnels, the water will flash to steam, the mountain will explode, and any leaked radiation will be carried by the steam into the atmosphere.
		Helens was a steam explosion.) If the containers rupture, the steam could contain up to 77,000 tons of plutonium, uranium, thorium and other radioactive metals.
	political-resources.com /ym (991 words)

	Chernobyl
		Coolant flow was reduced to allow the reactor to slightly heat up and increase steam pressure, but pumps that supplied the reactor with coolant were already failing because they were run off the reactor's steam turbine which was losing steam pressure(2).
		Too much steam was therefore created, and a power surge occurred that is estimated to have been 100 times nominal power for the reactor(2).
		Fuel began to react with water and a steam explosion occurred which destroyed the reactor core(2).
	www.georgiasouthern.edu /~jreid8/chern.html (1245 words)

	1915 Eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The steam rises under pressure through cracks and, upon reaching the surface, decompresses and vents explosively.
		No new magma was ejected in this explosion, but blocks of the incandescent lava dome fell on the summit area and snow-covered upper flanks of Lassen Peak, generating an avalanche of snow and lava blocks that roared 5 kilometers down an 0.8 kilometer-wide path straight over a low divide at Emigrant Summit into Hat Creek.
		Steam vents could be found around the crater areas into the 1950s but gradually waned and are difficult to locate today.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/usgsnps/lassen/lassenfact.html (1316 words)

	AIS Failure and Forensic Investigations specializes in failure and forensic investigations from expert witnessing to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		AIS Failure and Forensic Investigations specializes in failure and forensic investigations from expert witnessing to furnace explosions to boiler steam and condensate explosions to wreckage and electric arcing damage or equipment failures and claims investigations
		If you have an accident or failure like an explosion or equipment damage can you afford a recurrence and find the cause of the accident or failure.
		The results are approximate and only based on gases in a pressure vessel and NOT a mixture of liquids.
	www.accidents-inspections.com /Investigations/s_1.shtml (381 words)

	Levesoin Steam Engines summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Leveson draws parallels between the early development of high-pressure steam engines and the development of software in the past few decades.
		Several accidents took place due to the explosion of steam-engine boilers, resulting in loss of life and property, before any legislation addressing safety concerns in this area was passed.
		Human Factors: The operators of steam engines received most of the blame for accidents, some of which may have been due to a poor design.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~ksh4q/forensic/presentations/summarySteam.html (355 words)

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