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	Steam reforming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Steam reforming, or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons.
		Steam reforming of natural gas, sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most common method of producing commercial bulk hydrogen.
		Steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons is seen as a potential way to provide fuel for fuel cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steam_reforming (656 words)

	Reformer, method of reforming, and fuel cell system equipped with the reformer (US6413491)
		A partial oxidation reforming reaction occurs at the center of a chamber in a reformer, while a steam reforming reaction occurs in a localized manner around the chamber center.
		When a hydrocarbon raw material is reformed in this state, a partial oxidation reforming reaction, which is an exothermic reaction, mainly occurs in the central area, while a steam reforming reaction, which is an endothermic reaction, tends to occur in the outer peripheral area surrounding the central area.
		wherein the partial oxidation reforming reaction primarily occurs in the central area of the internal chamber and the steam reforming reaction primarily occurs in the outer peripheral area of the internal chamber.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06413491__ (519 words)

	Steam Reforming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Technology Description: Components- Steam reforming is a technology designed to destroy halogenated solvents (such as carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, and chloroform, CHCl3) adsorbed on activated carbon by reaction with superheated steam (steam reforming) in a commercial reactor (the Synthetica Detoxifier).
		Steam Reforming for Granular Activated Carbon Regeneration The effluent steam stream from the evaporator is fed to a high-temperature (1200 0C) reaction chamber of the Synthetica Detoxifier, where any organic fragments released in the evaporator are destroyed.
		Because steam reforming is not a combustion process, fuel and air are not used, and products of incomplete combustion are not generated.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/21/20620.htm (941 words)

	Hydrogen Production And Utilization Laboratory - UC, Davis
		As compared to a steam reformer, an autothermal reformer has internal heat generation which allows for lessened radial temperature gradients due to internal heat generation and higher resultant heat exchange.
		Studies include the proper design of reformers to handle steady state and transient operation, the mechanisms of catalyst degradation, and proper parameters for scale-up and scale-down of reforming technology.
		We are in the beginning stages of a project to study the operation of an autothermal reformer using exhaust gases.
	mae.ucdavis.edu /~hypaul/projects.htm (1879 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The steam reforming reaction is a highly endothermic reaction.
		Steam reforming of natural gas is the most prevalent means of hydrogen production.
		Steam reforming of natural gas is discussed in detail, with brief description of naphtha as a reforming feedstock.
	www.chemsystems.com /newsletters/perp/May05_N03S4.cfm (1842 words)

	STEAM REFORMING OF LOWER ALKANES OVER LANTHANIDE-PROMOTED SOL-GEL NICKEL CATALYSTS SUPPORTED ON ALUMINA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Steam reforming of hydrocarbons is one of the most promising approaches for on-board hydrogen production for fuel-cell applications.
		However, Ni-based catalysts, which are generally used for steam reforming of methane, suffer from catalyst deactivation by coke formation when higher hydrocarbons are reformed at low steam/carbon ratios.
		The presence of lanthanide elements in sol-gel Ni/Al catalysts improves steam reforming activity and stability significantly by enhancing Ni surface area, reducibility of Ni species, Ni sintering resistance, and coking resistance.
	www.ohioairquality.org /symposium/ab_29.asp (225 words)

	J.E. Sinor Consultants - SFR 4/98 - NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR SYNGAS PRODUCTION ARE ON THE WAY
		A well established alternative to steam reforming is POX whereby a limited amount of oxygen is allowed to burn with the natural gas feed (creating steam and carbon dioxide at high temperatures) with the subsequent reforming reactions ‘equilibrating’ at approx-imately 1,350ºC. This type of technology is offered under license by Texaco and Shell.
		The gas-heated reformer is a recent alternative to the conventional radiantly fired steam reformer.
		A mixture of steam and part of the desulfurized natural gas feed is reformed first in the primary reforming section by catalytic reaction.
	edj.net /sinor/sfr498art2.html (1752 words)

	Fuel Reforming - UMCP
		On the other hand, reformers used for fuel cell applications, particularly proton-exchange membrane applications, will be highly concerned about minimizing CO in the exhaust (as CO in concentrations greater than 20 ppm is a poison for anode catalysts in PEM fuel cells).
		This has led some fuel reformer developers to pursue compromises between steam reforming and partial oxidation for applications where response times are critical.
		The compromises involve running the reactor with inputs of steam and air in a mode where the net reaction is nearly “autothermal”.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~gsjackso/gsjreform.html (1401 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Superheated steam reacts endothermically (consumes heat) with the carbonaceous components (predominantly dissolved lignin) of the fl liquor to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide fuel gases:
		The alkali value of the liquor is carbonated by CO to form sodium and potassium carbonate, which remain as solid components in the fluid bed.
		As a result, the steam reforming process effects a complete separation of the sulfur-value of the fl liquor from the alkali value.
	www.tri-inc.net /tritech.htm (147 words)

	Article in IAEA-TECDOC--761: Safety analysis and considerations for HTTR steam reforming hydrogen/methanol ...
		The following issue is discussed in the present paper, so as to develop the measures for ensuring the reactor safety from troubles or accidents in the steam reforming system.
		How to protect the reactor from upsets in the steam reforming system, in particular, to clarify how large magnitude in disturbances in the reforming system triggers a reactor scram.
		Steam generated at the steam generator should be accumulated once in a large volume of a drum, and then a small portion of the steam flows to the steam reformer as feedstock.
	www.iaea.org /inis/aws/htgr/abstracts/abst_25067246.html (217 words)

	ZTEK Corporation: High Performance Steam Reforming
		A reformer is a device that extracts hydrogen from fossil fuels.
		ZTEK's reformers will enable the production of hydrogen on-site at existing gasoline stations, eliminating the need to construct a costly hydrogen infrastructureand accelerating the commercial viability of fuel cell-powered vehicles.
		ZTEK commercial hydrogen reformers will convert gasoline, natural gas or methanol to hydrogen at 85% efficiency, meaning that 85% of the energy contained in the fuel will be converted into useful hydrogen.
	www.ztekcorp.com /hpsr.htm (225 words)

	Method of using catalyst for steam reforming of alcohols (US6413449)
		A catalyst is disclosed for the steam reforming of alcohols, which contains a palladium/zinc alloy and zinc oxide as catalytically active components.
		Steam Reforming of Methanol over Pd/ZnO: Effect of the Formation of PdZn Alloys Upon Reaction, N. Iwasa et al., Appl.
		Steam Reforming of Methanol over Ni, Co, Pd and Pt supported on ZnO, Reaction, Kinet.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06413449__ (558 words)

	Physics Today December 2004 - Articles: The Hydrogen Economy
		If the fuel cell is to become the modern steam engine, basic research must provide breakthroughs in understanding, materials, and design to make a hydrogen−based energy system a vibrant and competitive force.
		Those advances include improving the yield of natural−gas reforming to lower cost and raise efficiency; improving the strength of container materials for high−pressure storage of hydrogen gas; and tuning the design of internal combustion engines to burn hydrogen.
		Coal became king as fuel for the steam engine to power the industrial revolution—it transformed the face of land transportation from horse and buggy to rail, and on the sea from sail to steamship.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-57/iss-12/p39.html (4527 words)

	Haldor Topsoe - Products & Services - Technologies - Steam Reforming
		The steam reformer technology, reforming hydrocarbons into carbon oxides and hydrogen, is the heart of the hydrogen and synthesis gas plants.
		The technology has been known for more than 60 years, and new developments are constantly being made, both in equipment and in related catalysts.
		Important milestones in the history of Topsoe reforming technology are shown below.
	www.topsoe.com /site.nsf/all/BBNN-5PFHXR?opendocument (310 words)

	Compact steam reforming skids for industrial hydrogen production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Includes pre-reforming, reforming, water gas shift and CO preferential oxidation
		Efficient recovery of heat from flue gas and syngas for feed heating, steam raising and pre-reforming:
		Heatric have produced a number of technical papers on the subject of steam reforming.
	www.heatric.com /fuel-processing.html (212 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #7309702 - Steam reforming analyzed
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		080103 -- Hydrogen-- Production-- Steam Reformer Processes ;010404 -- Coal, Lignite, & Peat-- Gasification; HYDROCARBONS-- STEAM REFORMER PROCESSES;HYDROGEN PRODUCTION-- PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESSES;STEAM REFORMER PROCESSES-- THERMODYNAMICS; AMMONIA;CARBON DIOXIDE;CARBON MONOXIDE;CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS;COAL GASIFICATION;COMBUSTION CONTROL;METHANE;METHANOL;SYNTHESIS;TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=7309702 (136 words)

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