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	Steel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7% by weight.
		The problem of mass-producing steel was solved in 1855 by Henry Bessemer, with the introduction of the Bessemer converter at his steelworks in Sheffield, England.
		Damascus steel, which was famous in ancient times for its durability and ability to hold an edge, was created from a number of different materials (some only in traces), essentially a complicated alloy with iron as main component.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steel (5160 words)

	Steel-making processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The oxidation of the impurities raises the charge to a suitable temperature; which is therefore dependent on the composition of the raw material for its heat: 2% silicon in the acid and 1,5-2% phosphorus in the basic process is normally necessary to supply the heat.
		For making steel castings a modification known as a Tropenas converter is used, in which the air impinges on the surface of the metal from side tuyeres instead of from the bottom.
		Complex alloy steels have a greater tendency to macro-segregation, and considerable difficulty exists in minimising the non-metallic inclusions and in accurately controlling the analysis of reactive elements such as Ti, Al, B. This problem led to the use of three processes of melting.
	www.key-to-steel.com /ViewArticle.asp?ID=2 (1782 words)

	Continuous automatic steel making method and facility - Patent 5346528
		An automatic method of making steel as defined in claim 3, wherein the charging of steel making materials into the electric furnace and melting the materials using heat and the tapping of molten steel from the electric furnace are performed in a closed environment insulated from external air.
		An automatic method of making steel as defined in claim 10, wherein the charging of steel making materials into the electric furnace and melting the materials using heat and the tapping of molten steel from the electric furnace are performed in a closed environment insulated from external air.
		A steel making material charging device is connected to the electric furnace, and the furnace includes a tapping device so that steel can be tapped from the furnace while steel making materials such as scrap containing iron, slag making material, etc. are continuously charged into the furnace.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5346528.html (2567 words)

	Steel making with electric arc furnace
		After samples have been taken to check the chemical composition of the steel, the electric arc furnace is tilted to allow the slag, which is floating on the surface of the molten steel, to be poured off.
		Steel making with electric arc furnace is also economical.
		Every tonne of electric arc furnace steel uses about 7.4 GJ of energy compared with about 16.2 GJ for every tonne of BOS steel (7.4 GJ is still equal to the power consumption of a town of 100,000 population).
	www.arcfurnace.com /electric_arc_furnaces.html (329 words)

	Steel Slag - Material Description
		Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is produced during the separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces.
		The steel slags produced at this stage of steel making are generally referred to as raker and ladle slags.
		Steel slag destined for use as an aggregate should be stockpiled outdoors for several months to expose the material to moisture from natural precipitation and/or application of water by spraying.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/recycle/waste/ssa1.htm (1764 words)

	Flint and Steel Fire Making
		Strike downward onto the face of the steel with the edge of the flint, causing a scraping, glancing blow at an angle of from 15 to 30 degrees, depending on the shape of your flint.
		The closer the steel is to the char, the hotter the sparks will be when they land on the char, and the better your chances.
		One word of caution: because you are making swiping blow at the edge of that sharp flint, it's possible to cut yourself using this method.
	members.aye.net /~bspen/fire.html (2649 words)

	Iron & Steel
		Today, giant steel mills are essential for producing steel from iron ore. Steel making still uses blast furnaces that are merely refinements of the furnaces used by the old ironworkers.
		Steel has been part of some of the greatest achievements in history; it was the "iron horse" and steel rails that helped carve a nation out of the frontier.
		Steel is the backbone of bridges, the skeleton of skyscrapers, the framework for automobiles.
	www.42explore.com /ironsteel.htm (2581 words)

	Chapter 18 Manganese in Steel Making
		All the difficulties in making boiler and ships' plates of the degree of mildness necessary to ensure their safety under the severe strains to which they are subjected, arose from the excess of carbon and the deficiency of manganese in the natural alloy spiegeleisen.
		But when the steel had to be sold in competition with iron plates, it was necessary to use cheaper pig iron, and it was with this iron that the difficulties arose.
		This is due to a certain amount of distrust of steel plate, doubt as to its reliability under varying strains of tension and compression, its capability of being punched and sheared without injury to itself, and of its action under the influence of heat and water as in the fire-box of a boiler.
	www.history.rochester.edu /ehp-book/shb/hb18.htm (11000 words)

	Making Steel - Western Reserve Historical Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Making a batch of steel is a massive process, involving a huge expense of manpower, money, and natural resources, but the result is a product that has helped build the infrastructure of modern society, as well as a product that is in everyday use all over the world.
		In a person's daily life, they encounter steel from the moment they wake up to the moment they fall asleep (and generally, they are sleeping in a bed with a steel bedframe, on a mattress of steel springs!).
		Our houses have steel in them, our kitchen utensils are steel, our automobiles, the roads we drive on, the bridges we drive over, the buildings we work in...
	www.wrhs.org /crawford/template.asp?id=420 (199 words)

	Steelmaking
		The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) process takes this liquid iron plus recycled scrap steel, and reduces the carbon content to between 0 and 1.5% by blowing oxygen through the metal in a "converter".
		Alternatively, the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is used to remelt scrap iron and steel.
		Secondary steelmaking processes are then applied to make fine adjustments to the steel composition.
	www.matter.org.uk /steelmatter/steelmaking/default.htm (88 words)

	The chemistry of steelmaking. Home page.
		This is one example of the many ways in which we use steel in the construction industry.
		The earlier version, called Making Steel, was published in the early 1990s as a booklet and proved very popular with schools.
		In 1999 British Steel merged with the Dutch steel and aluminium producer Koninklijke Hoogovens to form an exciting new force in metals called Corus.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/chemistry/steel/index.html (414 words)

	Microwave Steel made at Institute of Materials Processing
		Microwave steel being made at IMP, Michigan Tech with Xiaodi Huang, Senior Research Scientist at IMP with Tom Borton, of the TBA Inc., consultants, who was in Houghton to make a videotape for "Michigan's Industries of the Future" program.
		The process may have the potential to revolutionize America's troubled steel industry, plagued as it is by high costs and foreign competition.
		The resulting high domestic steel prices have hit American automakers hard, since they are forced to pay more for steel--the main ingredient of all cars and trucks--than their foreign competitors.
	www.imp.mtu.edu /information/microwave_JAN_04.htm (588 words)

	Arcelor, reference in the global steel industry
		Arcelor is a leader of the global steel industry.
		With a turnover of 32.6 billion euros in 2005, the company is a major player in its main markets: automotive, construction, household appliances, packaging and general industry.
		The company places its commitment to sustainable development at the heart of its strategy and ambitions to be a benchmark for economic performance, labour relations and social responsibility.
	www.arcelor.com /index.php?lang=en&page=49&tb0=138 (156 words)

	Fluent - Flow Modeling Examples - Secondary Steel Making
		The final steel chemistry and casting temperature from a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or electric arc furnace (EAF) is attained by secondary steel making or secondary metallurgy.
		As the liquid steel is tapped from the furnace, tap-time additions and heat loss create a highly dynamic thermo-physical process in the liquid bath.
		This bath is then agitated by purging of argon gas from the bottom and as the second image shows, the bath temperature is homogenized in as little as 3 minutes.
	www.fluent.com /solutions/examples/x108.htm (283 words)

	Steel-making processes
		in more than 500.000 steel properties records for 35.000+ alloys, originating from 32 countries/standards.
		Moreover, Key to Steel provides you comprehensive Knowledge Base of articles, with carefully collected knowledge about steel alloys, standards, and applications.
		This Web site and Key to Steel Database are developed by Key to Metals Task Force and INI International.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art2.htm (2046 words)

	No. 385: African Steel Making
		The Hayas made their steel in a kiln shaped like a truncated upside-down cone about five feet high.
		It was the same steel that'd served the subsaharan peoples for two millinea before it was almost forgotten.
		This ancient African steel was the fruit of unalloyed human ingenuity.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi385.htm (484 words)

	Steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The crude steel in liquid form is taken in a ladle for further refining/ addition of Ferro alloys etc.
		Casting: The liquid steel is cast into semi finished products such as billets, blooms, slabs etc. This process called continuous casting is different from old technology (still in use in older plants) where liquid steel is first solidified in large blocks called ingots and then rolled into semis, involving higher energy and waste in re-heating.
		The metallurgy of steel in terms of carbon, phosphorus content, alloy elements etc, is controlled at this stage.
	www.indiainfoline.com /stee/pr07.html (690 words)

	Steel Making
		The American and global steel industry has become fiercely competitive during the past decade.
		For this reason, steel manufacturers continue to search for technologies that reduce costs and increase production.
		To meet these demands, the steel industry has successfully used automated weld overlay for corrosion/erosion protection.
	www.weldingservices.com /Solutions_by_Industry/Steel_Making (202 words)

	Steel Pan Tuning - A Handbook for Steel Pan Making and Tuning
		In 1979 Kronman went to the Caribbean and fell in love with the steel pan - a unique instrument and the only genuinely new invention in acoustic musical instruments during the twentieth century.
		In 1987 he started to systematically investigate the manufacturing process and the acoustics of the pan, using advanced facilities of the Department of Music Acoustics at the Royal Institute of Technology.
		Kronman has combined his keen interest in the making and tuning of pans with his knowledge of acoustics to produce this book - a thorough and detailed documentation of the steel pan and how to make it and tune it.
	hotpans.se /pan/tuning (284 words)

	The Processes or Iron and Steel Making
		These blisters contained steel with a high carbon content while the centre of the bars were still Wrought Iron with very little carbon, thus Blister Steel was of little if any use until it had been processed further.
		In order the Cementation Steel be made into this high quality steel, it needed to be melted and cast into ingots.
		While Crucible steel was very high quality, it was also expensive, however a sign of the quality was the use of crucible steel into the 1950s for specialist uses.
	www.topforge.co.uk /Processes.htm (2232 words)

	280 jobs end with NS steel-making
		The company, which began making steel in 1908, was renamed Newport Steel Co. in 1956.
		As the U.S. steel industry struggled with foreign competition in the late 1970s, four managers led by Clifford Borland formed an investment group that bought the plant from the former Interlake Steel Co. Mr.
		Although the market for tubular steel is improving as oil and natural gas prices rise, it costs NS Group more to make its own steel than it does to buy it, company officials said.
	www.enquirer.com /editions/2001/03/30/fin_jobs_end_with_ns.html (947 words)

	Fluent - Flow Modeling Examples - Oxygen Steel Making
		Oxygen steel making is still the most common steel making process.
		The energy economy of steel making largely depends on the tap temperature, the ladle preheat and the steps followed in the secondary steel making processes.
		The pig iron in the vessel is decarburized by the high-speed, strong, flow of oxygen through the lance at the high operating temperature.
	www.fluent.com /solutions/examples/x111.htm (187 words)

	Damascus Steel Making
		There are many different techniques that bladesmiths and flsmiths use to make Damascus knife blades.
		Clean the impurities from the pieces of steel, then sandwich the two high carbon pieces between the medium carbon pieces.
		When the borax becomes fluid on the steel and the steel begins to spark, it is ready to weld.
	damascusknifestore.safewebshop.com /damascus_steel_making.html (462 words)

	eBay - steel making, Knives, Swords Blades, Nonfiction Books items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Making Shaping and Treating of Steel 7th Edition HB
		Making Shaping Treating Steel Carnegie Steel Co. 1925
		BookMarz-II Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of A
	search-desc.ebay.com /search/search.dll?query=steel+making&newu=1&krd=1 (455 words)

	Electric arc furnace electro - hydraulic grabs and water cooled panels
		Tam Çelik Electric Arc Furnace Equipment manufacturing Company is a fully integrated "steel making equipment" manufacturing and repair facility specializing in electric arc furnace equipment and repairs for the steel making industry.
		Tam Çelik has begun steel fabrication as a small workshop in Izmit back in late sixties.
		Having over thirty years of experience in steel fabrication, Tam Çelik is now a leader in the Izmit area, contracting detailed and complex fabrication of various equipment for the steel making industry.
	www.arcfurnace.com /products.html (401 words)

	Iron and Steel Making
		LAND have supplied the Iron and Steel making industries and OEM's throughout the world with temperature measuring equipment for over 50 years.
		Monitoring the external temperature pattern of ladles using a thermal imager allows the extent and distribution of wear to be assessed.
		Although the molten metal and the slag are roughly the same temperature the high emissivity of the slag makes it appear hotter in the image and hence, easily detectable.
	www.landinst.com /infrared/application/iron_steel/iron.htm (820 words)

	BlueScope Steel - Corporate Website
		Tata BlueScope Steel Limited, a 50:50 joint venture between India's Tata Steel and Australia's BlueScope Steel Limited today inaugurated its first rollforming and pre-engineered building facility near the IT Park at Hinjewadi, Pune.
		BlueScope Steel has hosted the Malaysian trade minister at a dinner in Melbourne, as part of a week-long visit to Australia by a high level government delegation from Malaysia.
		BlueScope Steel's 2005 online annual report has been awarded Best Online Annual Report for the Asia/Pacific/Africa region in the 2006 Investor Relations Global Rankings™ awards, and was ranked 12th overall out of 145 entries from 31 countries.
	www.bluescopesteel.com (240 words)

	Stainless Steel Fibres in Refractories for Steel Making (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The steel industry has benefited from the economic benefits of steel fibre reinforced refractories for over two decades.
		Fibretech offers a range of stainless steel fibre alloys to meet the requirements of individual applications including fibres which withstand hot face temperatures of up to 1400-1500oc.
		As the steel industry moves away from the use of bricks to monolithic refractories the use of stainless steel fibres is ever increasing.
	www.fibretech.com /refactories_steel.htm (153 words)

	LTV Steel
		On December 7, 2001, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court issued an order authorizing the implementation of an Asset Protection Plan ("APP").
		The APP includes the shutdown and sale of all integrated steel assets.
		The Plan also provides for the continued operation and sale of Copperweld and LTV's tubular products business.
	www.ltvsteel.com (336 words)

	steel making Sellers, Suppliers, Exporters, Manufacturers, Factories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		We mainly produce cast steel shot, cast steel grit, steel cut wire shot, stainless steel shot.
		STEEL SHOT (40-50 HRC) Steel Shot is a spherical (round) shaped product made of steel that has been heat treated to a finely tempered martensitic structure, providing maximum breakdown resilien....
		General Use: Stainless steel wire mesh, with its excellent resistance against aci....
	www.fuzing.com /qrx/steel_making (320 words)

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