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	Plant stem - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A stem is the above ground axis of a vascular plant.
		The young stem develops in the germinating seedling from embryonic tissue known as the hypocotyl.
		The remainder of the stem consists of parenchyma cells: those lying between the epidermis and the provascular strands forming a cortex and those interior to the provascular strands forming a pith.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /plant_stem.htm (277 words)

	AllRefer.com - stem (Botany, General) - Encyclopedia
		The stems of herbaceous and of woody plants differ: those of herbaceous plants are usually green and pliant and are covered by a thin epidermis instead of by the bark of woody plants.
		There is relatively more pith in herbaceous stems, and the cambium, which increases the diameter of woody stems, is usually almost inactive; it is therefore characteristic of herbaceous stems that, although they increase in height, their increase in diameter is small.
		Herbaceous stems are marked externally by leaf and bud nodes; woody stems also bear lenticels (pores for transpiration), scars where leaves, twigs, and fruits have dropped off, and bud scars.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/stem.html (429 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Stem cell research
		Stem cells may be able to generate brand new tissue in these cases, and even cure diseases for which currently there is no adequate therapy.
		Stem cells could also be used to gain a better understanding of how genetics work in the early stages of cell development.
		Because stem cells can be used to create unlimited amounts of specialized tissue, such as heart tissue, it may be possible to test how drugs react on these specialized tissues before trying the drugs on animals and human subjects.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/007120.htm (767 words)

	stemcellresearch.org - Founding Statement
		Stem cells are the cells from which all 210 different kinds of tissue in the human body originate.
		While it is true that these stem cells had to be wrapped in placenta-like cells in order to implant in a female mouse, it seems that at least some doubt has been cast on the claim that a cluster of stem cells is not embryonic in nature.
		Given that the function of the adult stem cells was converted without the cells first having to pass through an embryonic stage, the use of such cells would not be subject to the ethical and legal objections raised by the use of human embryonic stem cells.
	www.stemcellresearch.org /statement/statement.htm (5383 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Call for stem cell banks
		People could one day donate their stem cells in much the same way that they are currently asked to offer their organs for transplant.
		There is huge excitement surrounding stem cells and their potential to revolutionise transplant medicine; the research field was even described by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1999.
		These embryos would also be the source of the most powerful type of stem cells: human embryonic stem cells which have the ability to become any type of tissue in the body.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_661000/661299.stm (517 words)

	2003.05.22: Stem Cell Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In FY2002, NIH spent approximately $11 million for human embryonic stem cell research to increase the availability of stem cell lines for federal research, train scientists how to use these technically-challenging cells, and conduct basic, pre-clinical research that represents the first steps toward understanding how stem cells might be used to treat injuries and diseases.
		These stem cells have the potential to become cells expressing molecular markers characteristic of dentin, bone, fat and nerve cells and may provide an accessible source of stem cells to repair damaged teeth, regenerate bone, and treat nerve injury or disease.
		Human embryonic stem cell research is still in its nascent stages, and there are many basic research studies that will be required before we can begin to plan clinical trials.
	www.hhs.gov /asl/testify/t030522.html (1283 words)

	TIME.com - Stem Cells
		Scientists believe stem cells from human embryos could hold the key to treatments and cures for disease.
		The path of stem cells from an embryo to a specfic body tissue
		The fatter man is at high risk for lots of diseases, but stem cells in his flab may have lifesaving potential
	www.time.com /time/2001/stemcells (415 words)

	Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics
		Embryonic stem cells are not the Path to cures.
		Embryonic stem cells pose an unusual risk for genetic changes and tumor formation, with the risk increasing the longer the cells are grown, thus making their therapeutic use even more speculative and problematic - Do No Harm
		stem cell research that requires destroying live human embryos.
	www.stemcellresearch.org (782 words)

	stem on Encyclopedia.com
		The vascular system in the stem consists chiefly of xylem (upward-conducting) and phloem (downward-conducting) tissue, usually in vascular bundles arranged concentrically on either side of the cambium—the xylem (wood) inside, the phloem outside.
		Public stem cell banks: considerations of justice in stem cell research and therapy.
		Autumn col leads to the deterioration of the stems of leaves, cutting off the chemicals that make plants green and allowing the underlying reds, oranges, golds, browns and purples to appear.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/stem.asp (864 words)

	Embryonic Stem Cell Research at UW-Madison
		This image depicts a colony of human embryonic stem cells grown over a period of 10 months in the absence of mouse feeder cells.
		Tackling a pressing and controversial technical barrier in stem cell biology, scientists at the WiCell Research Institute and UW-Madison have crafted a recipe that allows researchers to grow human embryonic stem cells in the absence of mouse-derived "feeder" cells, long thought to be a source of potential contamination for the therapeutically promising cells.
		After years of trial and error, scientists have coaxed human embryonic stem cells to become spinal motor neurons, critical nervous system pathways that relay messages from the brain to the rest of the body.
	www.news.wisc.edu /packages/stemcells (525 words)

	AAMC : Government Affairs and Advocacy : Research : Stem Cell Research
		Stem cells are believed to have the ability to divide without limit and to give rise to daughter cells that can form specialized cells.
		Reports published in 1998 by scientists at the University of Wisconsin and Johns Hopkins University on the successful isolation and culture of pluripotent stem cells (capable of specializing into many but not necessarily all tissues of an organism human) have created the prospect of developing an entire array of new cellular therapies.
		Stem cell research holds the promise of helping us better understand the most fundamental processes of cellular specialization and human development.
	www.aamc.org /advocacy/research/stemcell/start.htm (293 words)

	Differentiation plasticity of chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells -- Hegert et al. 115 (23): 4617 -- ...
		Differentiation plasticity of chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells -- Hegert et al.
		Stem Cells, January 1, 2005; 23(1): 113 - 123.
		Stem Cells, December 1, 2004; 22(7): 1152 - 1167.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/115/23/4617 (280 words)

	Cardiomyocytes overexpressing TNF-{alpha} attract migration of embryonic stem cells via activation of p38 and c-Jun ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cardiomyocytes overexpressing TNF-{alpha} attract migration of embryonic stem cells via activation of p38 and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase -- CHEN et al.
		GFP-positive stem cells were separated from PE-positive neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.
		Smith, A. (1991) Culture and differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/17/15/2231 (4399 words)

	Focus on stem cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Stem cell research has a history of more than 20 years, and has made some outstanding contributions to our understanding of haematopoiesis and mouse embryology.
		But the field has been transformed in the past few years by successes achieved in culturing human embryonic stem cells, the building blocks for every tissue we comprise, and in manipulating their differentiation in vitro.
		Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors.
	www.nature.com /nature/stemcells (514 words)

	SCDb: The Stem Cell Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Stem cell fate decisions are regulated by the complex interplay of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous (instructive) mechanisms.
		These regulatory mechanisms are assembled, at least in part, from molecular components expressed preferentially in stem cells and in stem cell supportive microenvironments.
		HSC are the best characterized stem cells in the mammal, and have been widely utilized in clinical settings.
	stemcell.princeton.edu (197 words)

	Stem cell therapy for diabetes: do we need to make beta cells? -- Burns et al. 183 (3): 437 -- Journal of Endocrinology
		Habener J 2001 Multipotential nestin-positive stem cells isolated from adult pancreatic islets differentiate ex vivo into pancreatic endocrine, exocrine and hepatic phenotypes.
		Murray P and Edgar D 2001 The regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation by leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF).
		Sipione S, Eshpeter A, Lyon JG, Korbutt GS and Bleackley RC 2004 Insulin expressing cells from differentiated embryonic stem cells are not beta cells.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/full/183/3/437 (3591 words)

	Institute of Stem Cell Research - The Institute of Stem Cell Research - Edinburgh University
		The Institute for Stem Cell Research (ISCR) is a world-leading centre for multidisciplinary research in mammalian stem cell biology.
		Recognised globally as a centre of excellence in stem cell research and technology, the ISCR is dedicated to developing an understanding of the mechanisms underlying stem cell self-renewal and differentiation processes.
		Indeed, our mission is to acquire the basic knowledge and understanding of stem cells and cell specification required for development of regenerative therapies to treat human disease and injury.
	www.iscr.ed.ac.uk (159 words)

	Europa - Research - Stem Cells: Therapies for the Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Advances in biological sciences and the development of human stem cells are today bringing new hope for the treatment of many diseases such as Parkinson's, diabetes, heart diseases and cancer, as well as injuries for which there has previously been no effective treatment.
		A brief background text on stem cells and stem cell research is presented in the form of questions and answers.
		The aim was to launch and encourage a pluralistic and informative debate between experts - scientific and otherwise - interested in the feasibility and consequences of stem cell research and a wide range of representatives of society who are concerned by both the potential of such new treatment, as well as the risks.
	europa.eu.int /comm/research/quality-of-life/stemcells.html (814 words)

	Stem Cells: Hype and Reality -- Verfaillie et al. 2002 (1): 369 -- Hematology
		Because telomerase levels are limiting in hematopoietic stem cells, such a threshold will be reached earlier in cells that express subnormal levels of telomerase, as in dyskeratosis congenita.
		of stem and progenitor cells and not replicative senescence.
		Adult stem cells, such as HSC, are used clinically for transplantation.
	www.asheducationbook.org /cgi/content/full/2002/1/369 (11351 words)

	Online NewsHour -- Stem Cell Research
		Update: Despite President Bush's veto threat, senators who support embryonic stem cell research on Wednesday called for a quick vote on a House-approved bill to allow more funding of stem cell research on human embryos that would otherwise be discarded.
		Scientists in South Korea, who announced last year that they extracted stem cells from a cloned human embryo, have used the same technology to create embryonic stem cells from human patients.
		David Scadden, co-director of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, talks about the implications of this and other recent breakthroughs in stem cell research.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/health/stemcells.html (497 words)

	Veto-Like Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Functional Discrimination Between Cellular Responses to Alloantigens and ...
		Somatic stem cell plasticity: to be or not to be.
		Intracerebral transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice delays the onset of neurological abnormalities and extends their life span.
		Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/171/7/3426 (5436 words)

	International Society for Stem Cell Research
		Till and McCulloch, the first to discover stem cells in the blood forming system, are considered the true pioneers of stem cell biology.
		The International Society for Stem Cell Research is pleased to announce the appointment of Heather Rooke, PhD as ISSCR Science Editor.
		The International Society for Stem Cell Research praises the decision by Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-Tenn.) to support stem cell research and HR 810, the Stem Cell Enhancement Act pending before the Senate.
	www.isscr.org (364 words)

	Stem Cells: Hype and Reality -- Verfaillie et al. 2002 (1): 369 -- Hematology
		Stem Cells: Hype and Reality -- Verfaillie et al.
		of stem cells from embryonic or fetal tissue, the basic properties
		of stem cell plasticity, a term used to describe the greater
	www.asheducationbook.org /cgi/content/abstract/2002/1/369 (239 words)

	Stem Cells in the Spotlight
		An introduction to the study of stem cells.
		Consider the potential for new stem cell therapies, as well as the challenges facing researchers working to develop them.
		See how stem cells are cultured in the lab to create experimental models.
	gslc.genetics.utah.edu /units/stemcells (209 words)

	Stem Cell Research Foundation: The Promise of Stem Cells in Medical Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This 12 minute summary of the press conference includes Congressional supporters as well as patients and families whose lives will be directly affected by stem cell research.
		As part of the press conference, the Stem Cell Research Foundation (SCRF) provided a "Memorial Wreath" (which included the names of hundreds of people who represent the millions of people on the grassroots level whose lives could have been or could be saved if this research is allowed to move forward.
		New Stem Cell Therapy Research Centers Are Established
	www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org (882 words)

	Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts -- Thomson et al. 282 (5391): 1145 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from totipotent cells of the early mammalian embryo and are capable of unlimited, undifferentiated
		Keller, G. Embryonic stem cell differentiation: emergence of a new era in biology and medicine.
		Progenitor and embryonic stem cell transplantation for myocardial angiogenesis and functional restoration.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/282/5391/1145 (7073 words)

	Differentiation plasticity of chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells -- Hegert et al. 115 (23): 4617 -- ...
		Guan, K., Rohwedel, J. and Wobus, A. Embryonic stem cell differentiation models: cardiogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, epithelial and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in vitro.
		Stem cell characteristics of human trabecular bone-derived cells.
		Wobus, A. M., Guan, K., Yang, H. and Boheler, K. Embryonic stem cells as a model to study cardiac, skeletal muscle, and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/115/23/4617 (6124 words)

	CNN.com Specials
		A year after President Bush's decision on stem cell research, scientists say they are being hindered by federal rules governing the use of embryonic stem cells because access to stem cell lines approved for research is limited.
		But the director of the National Institutes of Health said the agency is "diligently working" to make more cell lines available.
		Stem cells show promise in treating neurological diseases
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2001/stemcell (83 words)

	Stem Cell Main
		Derivation of ES cells from early human embryos, and EG and fetal stem cells from aborted, fetal tissues raise ethical, legal, religious, and policy questions.
		Further, the potential uses of stem cells for generating human tissues and, perhaps, organs, is a subject of ongoing public debate.
		Therefore, it is important to promote continued dialogue among all segments of society concerning the implications of stem cell research.
	www.aaas.org /spp/dspp/sfrl/projects/stem/main.htm (517 words)

	NIH News Advisory--NIH Statement on the President's Stem Cell Address- - 08/09/2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We are pleased with the President's decision to allow the use of Federal funds for important basic research on human embryonic stem cells.
		The approach he has outlined is sound, and we understand the President's clear desire to move forward with care.
		Using the more than 60 existing cell lines from around the world, many more researchers will now be able to explore the potential of human embryonic stem cells, in addition to the extensive work already sponsored by NIH using human adult stem cells.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/aug2001/od-09.htm (135 words)

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