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Topic: Stem cell Embryonic stem cells

	Stem cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stem cells are also categorized according to their source, as either adult, embryonic, cancer or cord blood stem cells.
		Embryonic stem cells are cultured cells obtained from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of an early stage human embryo (sometimes called a blastocyst, which is an embryo that is between 50 to 150 cells).
		Embryonic stem cell research is particularly controversial because, with the present state of technology, starting a stem cell 'line' requires the destruction of a human embryo and/or therapeutic cloning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stem_cell (1724 words)

	Embryonic stem cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early stage embryo - approximately 4 to 5 days old in humans - consisting of 50-150 cells.
		Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
		Embryonic stem cells were first derived from mouse embryos in 1981 by two independent research groups (Evans and Kaufman and Martin).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells (911 words)

	What are embryonic stem cells? [Stem Cell Information]
		Embryonic stem cells, as their name suggests, are derived from embryos.
		Specifically, embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors.
		Embryonic stem cells that have proliferated in cell culture for six or more months without differentiating, are pluripotent, and appear genetically normal are referred to as an embryonic stem cell line.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/basics/basics3.asp (1114 words)

	ISSCR :: Stem Cell Science : Frequently Asked Questions
		Adult stem cells are distinct from cells isolated from embryos or fetuses and are found in tissues that have already developed, as in animals or humans after birth.
		Umbilical cord blood stem cells are used for stem cell transplantation to reconstitute blood cell formation (the hematopoietic system) in patients that have been irradiated or treated with specific drugs for cancer or leukemia.
		Human mesenchymal stem cells, or bone marrow stromal stem cells, are isolated from the bone marrow and grown in culture media supplemented with serum from the blood.
	www.isscr.org /science/faq.htm (6067 words)

	Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The goal of cell replacement is to develop therapies where stem cells are first induced to differentiate into specified cells of choice, then transplanted into patients to replace damaged or dysfunctional tissues.
		First, because embryonic stem cells are obtained from early blastocysts, they are at a very early developmental stage, and retain the flexibility to become any one of the more than 200 cell types that make up the human body.
		Stem cells with such flexibility are described as "pluripotent," to indicate their high potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types.
	www.sumanasinc.com /scienceinfocus/sif_stemcells.html (342 words)

	genome.gov \| Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells
		In the simplest terms, the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep - somatic cell nuclear transplantation cloning - involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell.
		Stem cells are unique and essential cells found in animals that are capable of continually reproducing themselves and renewing tissue throughout an individual organism's life.
		ES cells are the most versatile of all stem cells because they are less differentiated, or committed, to a particular function than adult stem cells.
	www.genome.gov /10004765 (1529 words)

	Today's Stem Cell Research
		Stem cell and cancer researchers are now saying that there is in fact a big dfferent between normal stem cells and the stem cells that develop into leukemia.
		One stem cell researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison is working on engineering and then implanting progenitor brain cells which have been derived from stem cells to deliver growth factors that show proven clinical benefits for Parkinson's disease.
		Canadian stem cell researchers at the University of Guelph are reporting that they have discoverd stem cells within the skins of pig fetuses are able to produce egg-like cells.
	www.stemnews.com (1112 words)

	The Longevity Meme -- pointing the way to a longer, healthier life
		Research undertaken in 2004 and 2005 suggests that adult stem cells - which become less effective at their job of repair and healing with age - could be rejuvenated, restored to action with the right biochemical cues.
		Stem cells are unprogrammed cells in the human body that can continue dividing forever and can change into other types of cells.
		The current scientific consensus is that adult stem cells are limited in their utility, and that both embryonic and adult stem cell research will be required to develop cures for severe and degenerative diseases.
	www.longevitymeme.org /topics/stem_cells_and_regenerative_medicine.cfm (1185 words)

	Stem Cells ClearlyExplained.Com
		Stem cells are generally very early stage cells that have the ability to turn into other specialised types of cells.
		Stem cell research is about the future, it is cutting edge technology that brings a headline each day.
		The future of stem cells is a consideration of the benefits and dangers of the technology.
	clearlyexplained.com /nature/life/cells/stemcells.html (651 words)

	Stem Cell Research: Embryonic Stem Cells Archive : Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
		The finding represents an important step in stem cell research because scientists have not understood what factors drive stem cell development, even in those cases where they were successful in inducing stem cells to become a certain type.
		When scientists tested embryonic stem cells in which the Eras gene had been disabled, they found that the stem cells retained their ability to differentiate into specialized cell types forming nerves, muscles and other organ tissues.
		Much of the research was conducted in mouse stem cells, but some of it involved the human version of the nanog protein, identifiable by its structural similarity to the mouse nanog protein.
	www.jdrf.org /index.cfm?page_id=100504 (1455 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| International stem cell bank open
		Stem cells are the body's master cells, with the ability to become many different adult tissues.
		However, embryonic stem cells are the only type which have the ability to turn into any other tissue in the body.
		Professor Higgins said embryonic stem cell therapy offered the prospect of treatments and cures for many non-infectious diseases caused by the the loss of specific types of cell in the body.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/4355722.stm (571 words)

	Stem Cells -- Ethics, Research, and Regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Stem cells hold the promise of allowing researchers to grow specialized cells or tissue, which could be used to treat injuries or disease.
		Stem cell research is controversial because the best source of stem cells is human fetal tissue.
		To engage in this debate in a thoughtful and respectful way requires that we understand the science of stem cells, the regulatory context, and the key ethical arguments that have already been made.
	www.stemcells.ca (122 words)

	Human stem cell research: all viewpoints
		Similarly, articles by medical groups that promote stem cell research are not helpful, because they do not touch on their fundamental belief that embryos are not human persons.
		A stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g.
		Stem cells can now be grown in the laboratory, so (in a pinch) some research can be done using existing stem cells.
	www.religioustolerance.org /res_stem.htm (1052 words)

	Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells with stem cell research
		The most versatile stem cells, called pluripotent stem cells, are present in the first days after an egg is fertilized by sperm.
		In a similar manner, adult stem cells generate replacements for certain adult tissues such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain cells, which are lost in the normal wear and tear produced by aging, injury, and disease.
		Perhaps the most exciting potential application of human stem cells is the generation of cells and tissues that could be used for cell-based therapies.
	www.fiercebiotech.com /topics/stemcell.asp (446 words)

	Researchers customize stem-cell lines - Stem Cell Research - MSNBC.com
		Embryonic stem cells show the most versatility, and scientists hope that such cells can someday be harnessed to repair severed spinal cords, heal damaged hearts, boost brain cells in Parkinson's disease patients and work other medical wonders.
		Embryonic stem cells are extracted during the blastocyst stage — when the embryo is about the size of a grain of sand, comprising 100 to 200 cells in all.
		Typically, researchers take the stem cells from embryos that are left over from test-tube fertilization procedures, destroying the embryo in the process.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/7904332 (858 words)

	Stem Cells - News - Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy; Embryonic Stem Cells May be Used to Treat Chronic Heart Failure
		Stem cell therapy is a promising new therapeutic strategy," investigators in Germany report.
		According to H.D. Theiss and colleagues at the University of Munich, "In first clinical studies feasibility and efficacy of catheter-based application or cytokine-induced mobilization of autologous stem cells have been examined in acute myocardial infarction and in chronic heart failure.
		Whereas adult stem cells are applied in first clinical studies in myocardial infarction," said the authors, "embryonic stem cells are not clinically used yet"
	www.stemcellnews.com /articles/stem-cells-treat-heart-failure.htm (340 words)

	Wesley J. Smith on Stem Cells on National Review Online
		Stem cells were harvested from the patient's brain using a routine brain biopsy procedure.
		This is in contrast to an experiment in which embryonic stem cells injected into diabetic mice achieved a 3 percent insulin production rate and all the mice died.
		The time has come for the public to insist that the media stop acting as if adult stem cells are the "wrong" kind of stem cells, and report to the American people fully and fairly the remarkable advances continually being made in adult regenerative medicine.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-smith042302.asp (1459 words)

	Stem cell Literature - Embryonic stem cells utilize reactive oxygen species as transducers of mechanical strain-induced ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Embryonic stem cells utilize reactive oxygen species as transducers of mechanical strain-induced cardiovascular differentiation.
		Growing stem cells are subjected to mechanical forces, which may initiate differentiation programs.
		Mechanical strain stimulated cardiovascular differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as evaluated by quantification of contracting cardiac foci and capillary areas, respectively.
	www.stemcellscience.org /showabstract.php?pmid=16636108 (339 words)

	Focus on stem cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Stem cell research has a history of more than 20 years, and has made some outstanding contributions to our understanding of haematopoiesis and mouse embryology.
		But the field has been transformed in the past few years by successes achieved in culturing human embryonic stem cells, the building blocks for every tissue we comprise, and in manipulating their differentiation in vitro.
		Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors.
	www.nature.com /nature/stemcells (514 words)

	Fight Aging!: Why Embryonic Stem Cell Research? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A critical part of the strategy is using somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate stem cells that are customized to the specific patients I mentioned earlier, kids with leukemia, immune deficiency, and sickle cell anemia.
		As for the criticism that no one has been cured with embryonic stem cells, the field of human embryonic stem cell research is a mere 7 years old, so it is premature to expect successful cell therapies to have already been delivered to patients.
		I believe it is only a matter of time before human embryonic stem cells are used in drug development research and become the basis for important new cell therapies.
	www.fightaging.org /archives/000541.php (871 words)

	Stem Cell Primer
		Now if one were to take the inner cells of a 5-day human embryo (less than 50 cells) and put them into a flask and give them the right vitamins, hormones, nutrients, and structural supports, they will keep on growing and dividing.
		The ability to form blood progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells would mean that blood cells would be available for people with leukemias.
		If I were to put a stem cell from a human embryo into you, your immune system would recognize it as foreign and would reject it, just as it would reject a skin graft.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/topics/ethics/01Gilbert.html (2359 words)

	Stem cell 'immortality' gene found - 30 May 2003 - New Scientist
		The key gene that keeps embryonic stem cells in a state of youthful immortality has been discovered.
		The gene found in mouse ESCs and some human equivalents appears to be the "master gene", co-ordinating other genes to allow stem cells to multiply limitlessly while still retaining their ability to differentiate.
		The pattern of gene activity co-ordinated by this master gene is typically seen in human ESCs about the fourth or fifth day of development, when the cells have not yet been committed to becoming any particular type of cell.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3786 (587 words)

	Bodyhack
		Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology have also reported success in deriving cells from embryonic stem cells that might repair retinas.
		He reports that scientists are moving away from using stem cells as therapies themselves, and more towards using the cells as tools to learn about disease and develop drugs.
		But cell therapy -- replacing damaged cells with new ones derived from stem cells -- is much quicker to capture the publics' imagination.
	blog.wired.com /biotech (1859 words)

	TIME.com - Stem Cells
		Scientists believe stem cells from human embryos could hold the key to treatments and cures for disease.
		The path of stem cells from an embryo to a specfic body tissue
		Stem cells from umbilical cords saved their lives
	www.time.com /time/2001/stemcells (415 words)

	Stem cell Literature - [Embryonic stem cells : Future perspectives.] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are able to differentiate into any cell type, and therefore represent an excellent source for cellular replacement therapies in the case of widespread diseases, for example heart failure, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injury.
		A major prerequisite for their efficient and safe clinical application is the availability of pure populations for direct cell transplantation or tissue engineering as well as the immunological compatibility of the transplanted cells.
		The expression of human surface markers under the control of cell type specific promoters represents a promising approach for the selection of cardiomyocytes and other cell types for therapeutic applications.
	www.stemcellscience.org /showabstract.php?pmid=16609891 (295 words)

	State Embryonic and Fetal Research Laws
		There are four primary sources for embryonic stem cells: existing stem cell lines, aborted or miscarried embryos, unused in vitro fertilized embryos, and cloned embryos.
		Approaches to stem cell research policy range from statutes in California, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts and New Jersey and an Executive Order in Illinois, which encourage embryonic stem cell research, to South Dakota's law, which strictly forbids research on embryos regardless of the source.
		Grants were awarded to 17 institutions for research on stem cells from embryos and other sources.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/health/genetics/embfet.htm (2127 words)

	Embryonic Stem Cell Research at UW-Madison
		This image depicts a colony of human embryonic stem cells grown over a period of 10 months in the absence of mouse feeder cells.
		The cell nuclei are stained green; the cell surface appears in red.
		Liquid crystals, the same phase-shifting materials used to display information on cell phones, monitors and other electronic equipment, can also be used to report in real time on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
	www.news.wisc.edu /packages/stemcells (533 words)

	CNN.com Specials
		A year after President Bush's decision on stem cell research, scientists say they are being hindered by federal rules governing the use of embryonic stem cells because access to stem cell lines approved for research is limited.
		But the director of the National Institutes of Health said the agency is "diligently working" to make more cell lines available.
		Stem cells show promise in treating neurological diseases
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2001/stemcell (83 words)

	Stem Cell Research at UCSF
		Understanding the promise of stem cells has become both a national and a personal priority.
		At UCSF, which produced two of the human embryonic stem cell lines now being studied in labs around the world, the UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine provides a framework for close collaboration between scientists studying everything from how brain cells develop to what causes reproductive failure.
		Stem Cell Institute Symposium to Explore Bone and Cartilage Growth and Repair
	stemcellfacts.ucsf.edu (521 words)

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