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Topic: Steno crater

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The Battle of the Crater

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	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla.
		Steno was born in Copenhagen, and after completing his university education in the city of his birth, set out to travel through Europe; in fact, he would be on the move for the rest of his life.
		Steno was not the first to identify fossils as being from living organisms; his contemporaries Robert Hooke and John Ray also argued that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms.
		Steno's life and work has been intensely studied, in particular since the late nineteenth century, and his piety and virtue have been especially evaluated with a view to an eventual canonization.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Nicolas_Steno (905 words)

	Relative dating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Relative dating is used to determine the order of events on objects other than Earth; for decades, planetary scientists have used it to deciper the evolution of bodies in the Solar System, particulary in the vast majority of cases in which we have no surface samples.
		Many of the same principles are used; for instance, if a valley on Mars cuts across a crater, the valley must be younger than the crater.
		Craters themselves are highly useful in relative dating; as a general rule, the younger a planetary surface is, the fewer craters it has.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Relative_dating (635 words)

	Can we see Apollo hardware on the Moon?
		The landing site is about 500 meters east of the rim of Spook Crater, which was visited by the crew during the first EVA.
		The first EVA included setting up the ALSEP station and an investigation of Steno Crater (the largest crater on the lower margin).
		The second EVA included traverses along the southern rim of Camelot Crater (large crater left of the landing site).
	www.tass-survey.org /richmond/answers/lunar_lander.html (520 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		Crater lakes are indeed able to favour the flow of the ejected material during eruption, while, during quiescent periods, they may act as storage reservoirs for huge amounts of CO2(CH4)-rich gases whose sudden release may result into the so-called “limnic eruptions”.
		The main aims are to i) describe the temperature and compositional patterns with depth of the crater lakes, ii) constrain the processes that control their physico-chemical features iii) evaluate, for each lake, the potential hazards that have to be taken into account.
		The chemistry of the Rincón Active Crater and Poás Laguna Caliente hyper-acidic lakes seem to be mainly related to the input of magmatic-related fluids, to which meteoric water and chemical compounds from intense rock leaching are added.
	www.citiesonvolcanoes4.com /abstracts/numerados/154.doc (422 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Apollo 17 Exploration
		Driving South towards Steno and its large boulder field they realised that, due to uncertainty of their precise landing point, they were unable to identify their correct position.
		Schmitt descended down the outer flank of the crater to inspect a large boulder; and as he turned to regain the height of the rim to take photographs he noticed that his footprints had exposed a different coloured soil.
		At 1,800 feet diameter Camelot was the largest crater in the dark central plain with a spread of rocks ejected onto its southern rim.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A481295 (4657 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Lascar \| Monthly Reports
		On 8 January, radiant flux from the crater was near the highest levels since 1984, as demonstrated by Open Univ researchers using data from Landsat TM bands 5 and 7 (1.55-1.75 and 2.08-2.35 µm wavelength, respectively) (figure 8).
		Most flows traveled ~4 km from the crater, but some to the NW were channeled by the upper Talabre gorge and reached Tumbres, a swampy ground 7.5 km from the crater where springs supply water for the village of Talabre.
		The present morphology of the crater is unknown, although this renewed activity suggests further subsidence of the crater floor due to conduit degassing.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1505-10=&volpage=var (16301 words)

	v51d in fm01
		Crater 3 showed the highest reflected radar power and the most regular activity with typical eruption intervals of 400 s and a mean particle rising velocity of 16 m/s.
		Mean particle diameters are13 mm for crater 1, 9 mm for crater 2 and 12 mm for crater 3 to but they vary strongly with time from about 5 to 30 mm.
		In addition the data suggest that between eruptions the position of the main jet moves somewhat inside the crater, as the proportions of the backscattered electromagnetic energy between the three instruments varies from eruption to eruption.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm01&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm01/fm01&maxhits=200&="V51D" (4385 words)

	Then
		Volcanoes were legitimate candidates as the cause of lunar craters: there was certainly evidence of immense lava flows in the vast but dry lunar seas, and there were even occasional reports of light in craters, as if molten lava were still being erupted.
		Shoemaker found several kinds of evidence that the rocks of the crater had been altered by extreme pressure, the sort of pressure that could only be naturally produced by an impact at cosmic speed.
		Later labeled by Walter Alvarez the "Crater of Doom," the Chicxulub crater was invisible on the surface of the earth because it was buried about a half-mile deep in sediments and limestone.
	www.dcn.davis.ca.us /go/dorritie/then.html (11261 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Barren Island \| Monthly Reports
		Two new vents were active, the first within the main crater near the SW corner, and the second ~50 m from the summit down the SW flank.
		The main crater was active, and both explosive and effusive activity had shifted N. Hot lava (seen as incandescent strips) was flowing down the slope of the cinder cone.
		Dense clusters of incandescent pyroclasts of various sizes ejected forcefully from the crater mouth "with ballistic trajectories." Apart from eruption from the main crater, a "glow of fire" from the N flank of the cone and thin layers of red hot materials on W slope were observed.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-01=&volpage=var (6306 words)

	Denver 2002
		The Prodromus on Solids (1 669) by Nicolaus Steno (1 638-1686) is generally acknowledged to be the foundational text of paleontology with its decisive critique of inorganic theories of fossil growth in situ, favored by many prominent scientists of the day.
		During the period of Steno's initial studies of fossils he collaborated closely with Francesco Redi, who was then engaged in his famous experiments refuting the spontaneous generation of insects.
		Steno was also in close contact with the microscopicists Jan Swammerdam and Marcello Malpighi, who were studying the reproductive biology of various invertebrates and plants.
	gsahist.org /Meetings/session56_mon_oct_28_2002.htm (3433 words)

	The Valley of Taurus-Littrow
		Elves (crater cluster) - "A field of small craters honoring all those who prepare the crew and their spacecraft for the journey." The center of the Elves cluster is about a kilometer north and bit west of the crater Mackin.
		Locke (crater)- "John Locke is representative of an age when interest grew in experimental science and observational philosophy as a substitute for the uncritical acceptance of the science and philosophy of the past." Cernan and Schmitt drove past Locke and the nearby crater Henry at the start of the third EVA.
		Snoopy (crater) - "Named for the sometime-aviator dog in Charles Schulz' Peanuts comic strip and the 'longtime' supporter of quality and humor in space exploration." Following the 1967 Apollo fire that took the lives of astronauts Grissom, Chaffee, and White, Snoopy became the symbol of the reinvigorated Apollo quality assurance program.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/alsj/a17/a17.site.html (4587 words)

	a20 Two fundamental geological principles due to Hutton
		An impact crater that obliterates part of another crater is the younger one.
		Steno in 1669 had said the same ("If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum.") but in a context that makes for confusion (see Topic a21) and so his priority can be denied.
		THE strata of the globe are actually found in every possible position: For from horizontal, they are frequently found vertical; from continuous, they are broken and separated in every possible direction; and, from a plane, they are bent and doubled.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/a20.htm (709 words)

	T-Zero Publishing: BLOG - T-Zero Publishing Volcanic Alerts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The main summit crater continued to release variable amounts of thin-to-thick white vapor during January-March 2003, and no activity was observed from the N valley vent that formed in May 2001.
		Crater 3 released thin white vapor gently on 9-10, 12-13, and 19 January, and during 3-4, 6-9, 14, and 16 February.
		Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most historical eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during the past century into the SE avalanche valley.
	www.iwaynet.net /~tzeropublishing/blog/gvn_200303.shtml (10555 words)

	Geological Sciences
		Nicolaus Steno is one of the most remarkable men in the history of science and deserves far more recognition than he has received.
		Steno became a bishop, committed himself to poverty and self-deprivation, and eventually lost his health because of his self-imposed life style.
		Crater origins and characteristics, types of meteors, and the historic development of our understanding of meteors is presented.
	www.calstatela.edu /dept/geology/greatbook.htm (8093 words)

	Berkeley Book List: Geology
		In The Seashell on the Mountaintop, geologist Alan Cutler tells the story of the 17th century Danish anatomist Nicolaus Steno, who was the first to understand that the history of the Earth is written in the rocks of the Earth's crust.
		Cutler explains how Steno came to his great scientific discovery, and he also treats with sensitivity and insight Steno's conversion from the Lutheran faith of his Danish birthplace to the Catholicism of his adopted home in Italy, his final years as a bishop, and his beatification by Pope John Paul II in 1988.
		A century after Nicolaus Steno showed that the Earth's history is written in rocks, the Scottish doctor James Hutton recognized evidence in the rock record for repeated cycling of the Earth's crust between land and sea.
	books.berkeley.edu /2003/geology.shtml (1017 words)

	GP 25 Web Book \| Chapter 10
		Gilbert sees that the crater does not resemble any of the known volcanic features in the region and the meteorite iron is strewn everywhere.
		A 200-km diameter crater clearly zapped organisms unlucky enough to be at ground zero.
		This had the desirable effect of dating a lot of impact craters, many of which are too small to have caused the clay layer.
	pangea.stanford.edu /courses/gp025/webbook/10_groundzero.html (5790 words)

	Apollo 17 Orbital Views of the Landing Site
		Littrow Crater is the partly flooded crater north of the valley.
		The crew discovered orange soil near the rim of Shorty Crater during the second EVA; later analysis of the soil revealed a large component of orange glass beads that were interpreted to be the product of volcanic eruptions.
		There is a cluster of small craters in the center of the valley.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo17/A17_LandingSite_viewsof.html (496 words)

	MER Update 063006 - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		All in all, the rovers are doing extremely well, although energy is low, which is somewhat frustrating the science team long spoiled by the resilience of these twin robot field geologists.
		With Beagle crater around the corner and the rim of Victoria now well in view, the prime directive is still to drive.
		This crater is about 35 to 40 meters in diameter and looks "quite fresh." The rover, however, has encountered some of the most treacherous terrains seen on the whole mission, "so it could take a while," he added.
	planetary.org /news/2006/0630_Mars_Exploration_Rovers_Update_Spirit.html (3839 words)

	List of craters on the Moon, R-S - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a subset of the list of craters on the Moon.
		Where a crater formation has associated satellite craters, these are detailed on the main crater description pages.
		This page was last modified 23:28, 23 June 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon,_R-S (73 words)

	Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 14
		The fist run was a mile and a quarter to Steno Crater and back, in the 4 o'clock position above.
		At station 4 near Shorty Crater we found the orange soil (see here).
		A new chemical rock group known as "very high aluminum basalts" could be defined, although its ancestry relative to other lunar materials was obscured by later events that gave the cratered highlands their present form.
	www.solarviews.com /history/SP-350/ch-14-4.html (1595 words)

	Apollo 17 p2
		It is reported to be simply a small crater half filled with slide debris from the massif.
		Naturally, it would have material in it deposited from up the slope given erosional processes at work on the moon, but the orbital images show it to be far more complex than that.
		A material slide off of South Massif of the magnitude needed to have reached as far out as is shown would have taken large portion of the massif with it, and surely filled a small crater in, not just partially filled one side of it.
	keithlaney.net /Ahiddenmission/A17HMp2.html (942 words)

	ceous-Tertiary Boundary Stratigraphy near San Antonio,
		This position is within the theoretical limit for continuous ejecta and secondary impact cratering as calculated by Melosh (1989) for a 300-km diameter crater (Pope, 1994).
		Diamictite in Belize is like direct ejecta from other craters in carbonate terrain, notably the 15-Myr old Ries Crater ejecta in Germany, in that high percents of both the matrix and large clasts are locally derived (Horz and Banholzer, 1980).
		It is also possible that secondary impacts of huge blocks ejected from Chicxulub crater played a role in determining the final stratigraphy of the ejecta layer.
	www.auburn.edu /~kingdat/kt_boundary_page.htm (9533 words)

	ALSEP - General
		The height of the pallets was at the limit for easy manual deployment on level terrain, and off-loading the pallets was hindered by a small crater 8 to 10 feet to the rear of the LM.
		Craters and slopes were avoided since they would degrade the thermal control of the unit.
		The time deficit resulting from these activities was compensated for by relocating the first traverse station to an area near the rim of Steno Crater.
	ares.jsc.nasa.gov /HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/ALSEP.htm (2897 words)

	THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO
		The largest impact crater we see preserved on Earth is located at ______________ _Sudbury__.
		Human population increase means that people are living in increasingly unstable environments; examples are flood plains, sea shores, hurricane-prone regions, earthquake-prone areas, etc.
		List 5 features you should see in and around a large impact crater.
	instruct.uwo.ca /earth-sci/240a/midans.htm (591 words)

	NASA - Opportunity Mission Manager Reports:
		Opportunity is healthy and is driving toward "Beagle Crater," which is about 50 meters (164 feet) away as of sol 884 (July 20).
		Opportunity is healthy and continuing to make its way toward "Victoria Crater." Opportunity made 108 meters (354 feet) of progress in two sols of driving and was approximately 1,000 meters (just over half a mile) from Victoria Crater at the end of Sol 823.
		Opportunity is healthy and is continuing to drive toward "Victoria Crater." Thanks to talented rover planners and sturdy construction, the rover covered a distance totaling about 170 meters (558 feet) during the week.
	www.nasa.gov /lb/mission_pages/mer/opportunity-update.html (6475 words)

	Apollo 17 p2
		It is reported to be simply a small crater half filled with slide debris from the massif.
		Naturally, it would have material in it deposited from up the slope given erosional processes at work on the moon, but the orbital images show it to be far more complex than that.
		A material slide off of South Massif of the magnitude needed to have reached as far out as is shown would have taken large portion of the massif with it, and surely filled a small crater in, not just partially filled one side of it.
	www.keithlaney.net /Ahiddenmission/A17HMp2.html (950 words)

	Apollo Mission Statistics at a glance
		Demonstrate a precision landing, sample the cratered mare plain, and retrieve part of Surveyor III
		Land on at the foot of a ridge in the hummocky terrain of the Fra Mauro Formation, and then trek up the ridge to sample rocks on the rim of 270-metre wide Cone Crater, in the hope of recovering rocks which would date the impact that created the Imbrium Basin
		its wall, and the substructure of the plain in the walls of the craters
	www.myspacemuseum.com /stats2.htm (721 words)

	Geology Station 1
		The crater can be seen in a portion of a pan he takes just before they leave the site.
		He has been balancing on his right foot, with the edge of the crater just to the right of that foot and with his left leg stuck out to the side as he hammers on the north corner of the rock.
		At Sunset Crater near Flagstaff, the last thing that happened, except for a little bit of ash, was the Bonito (Lava) Flow.
	history.nasa.gov /alsj/a17/a17.sta1.html (6728 words)

	Drive a Mars Rover Today! - Who We Are \| The Planetary Society
		With each Mars Station offering a different landscape, Internet visitors can visit a crater one day and the Martian south pole the next.
		Participants will come to a far greater understanding of the incredible diversity and richness of the Red Planet, and the technology that allows us to explore it.
		Mars Station Crater Gusev, Centro de Astrobiología, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
	www.planetary.org /about/press/releases/2003/1218_Drive_a_Mars_Rover_Today.html (578 words)

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