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Topic: Step Pyramid

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	Pyramid of Djoser - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pyramid originally stood 62 meters tall and was clad in polished white limestone.
		The step pyramid (or proto-pyramid) is considered to be the earliest large-scale stone construction.
		The complex surrounding the Step Pyramid consists of an outer wall, built in stone (some of which has been restored by Jean-Philipe Lauer), wrapping this, was a 'great trench', which was not continuous, but spiralled around overlapping at the south end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser (406 words)

	Step pyramid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, is one example of an enormous step pyramid.
		The earliest smooth-sided pyramid, located at Meidum, started out as a step pyramid under Huni, but was converted into a true pyramid by Sneferu by the expedient of adding a layer of smooth casing stones over the stepped structure.
		Sneferu's own later monuments, the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid at Dahshur, were the first true pyramids to be built as such from scratch, and it was with this innovation that the age of Egyptian stepped pyramids came to an end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Step_pyramid (353 words)

	Step Pyramid at Saqqara - Mastaba - Crystalinks
		The casing blocks on the step pyramid were set at an angle to take up the thrust of the successive layers.
		Djoser's Step Pyramid is generally considered the first tomb in Egypt to be built entirely of stone anywhere in the world.
		The Step Pyramid originally began as a mastaba, and it may have been visualized as a series of mastaba shapes, decreasing in size, stacked one on top of another.
	www.crystalinks.com /steppyr.html (1138 words)

	Bent Pyramid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bent Pyramid, located at the royal necropolis of Dahshur, approximately 40 kilometres south of Cairo, of Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu, is a unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt.
		The lower part of the pyramid rises from the desert at a 54 degree inclination, but the top section is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious "bent" appearance.
		This theory appears to be borne out by the fact that the adjacent Red Pyramid, built immediately afterwards by the same Pharaoh, was constructed at an angle of 43 degrees from its base.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bent_Pyramid (276 words)

	The Egyptian Dream, the pyramids (Explorer)
		The pyramid was built during the reign of Djoser, pharaoh of the third dynasty who ruled in the period between 2700 and 2600BC.
		The first pyramid is the pyramid of Dashur with its strange shape and the second one is the pyramid of Sneferu.
		Pyramids were built to help the pharaoh to reach the sky, they were considered as steps that the pharaoh would climb until he reaches the sky.
	www.geocities.com /TheTropics/Shores/7037/pyramids/pyramids.htm (1325 words)

	Djoser Step Pyramid Original height
		It is presently accepted that the Step Pyramid of Djoser (AKA Netjerykhet) represents the initial transition from mastaba to pyramid.
		Indeed, this pyramid actually started out as a mastaba, and was expanded in a series of stages that result in its present appearance which is a pyramid consisting of 6 distinct steps.
		Pyramids were not built as stand alone structures but were part of a complex that consisted of standardized components.
	www.guardians.net /egypt/pyramids/saqqara/DjoserStepPyramid.htm (950 words)

	Egyptian Pyramids
		It is referred to as the Red Pyramid, because of its colour, or the North Pyramid because of its position at Dashur south of Cairo.
		To the east of the pyramid, some of the smooth basalt paving of the mortuary temple remains and the causeway which led to the river temple is now buried with the valley temple being under modern buildings.
		Although being influenced by the Egyptian pyramids, the pyramids in Nubia had their own style and were built on a smaller scale and with steeper sides.
	homepage.powerup.com.au /~ancient/pyra1.htm (1018 words)

	Dynasty III
		While the first Step Pyramid built by Djoser is an incredible feat of engineering and consecutive planning by his architect Imhotep, the later step pyramids use increasingly larger stones and were designed to reach greater heights.
		The truer pyramids at Dashur, and the casing around the Meidum pyramid that gave it a true pyramid shape, was the next evolution in stone technology that was finally perfected in the construction of the great pyramids of Giza.
		The change from a north to east facing pyramid temple, causeway and valley temple in front of the pyramids indicated a rise in the religious importance of the sun god Re and the place of the king’s resurrection and afterlife.
	www.ghg.net /ritakarl/exodus/dyn3.htm (2395 words)

	Step Pyramid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The first pyramid was not the usual type of pyramid as we know it, but this 'step' pyramid, built in a series of steps.
		It is only when we see the Step Pyramid close-up that we realise how enormous it really is. It is tempting to believe that it must have been built by slave labour, but it was not like that at all.
		The Step Pyramid was set inside a vast walled enclosure: the walls, 10.5 m feet high, were built of all of stone and were no less than 1,645m - more than a mile - long, and the enclosure covered 15 ha (37 acres) the size of a large town in the 3rd millennium BC.
	www.cix.co.uk /~archaeology/civilisation/egypt/zoser/zoser.htm (597 words)

	[No title]
		But if the construction of a true pyramid had been envisaged while the stepped nucleus was being built, the proportions of the steps and hence the seked of the step faces, had to be determined in accordance with the profile chosen for the final pyramid-casing.
		Theorists of the Great Pyramid have always maintained that this profile was intended to "square the circle", such that the height of the pyramid would equal the radius of a circle, the circumference of which is given by the perimeter of the base.
		The 14:11 proportion of the Great Pyramid of Giza is known to have been employed earlier in the IVth Dynasty in the Pyramid of Meydum, and is conjectured to have originated in the stepped nucleus of this monument.
	www.legon.demon.co.uk /meydum.htm (1594 words)

	The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt, An Introduction
		The Great Step Pyramid Complex at Saqqara, known to the ancient Egyptians as kbhw-ntrw (libation of the deities), is one of those superstars of Egyptian monuments that is almost always on the itinerary of antiquity tours to Egypt, and for good reason.
		There was even a replica of the pyramid substructure, called the South Tomb, but the centerpiece was, of course, the Step Pyramid itself, rising to a height of about 60 meters (197 feet), in six steps and containing some 330,400 cubic meters (11,668,000 cubic feet) of clay and stone.
		The pyramid itself was perhaps not imagined, in its initial construction, as a step pyramid, but rather as a large, square mastaba.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/dsteppyramid1.htm (1608 words)

	SAQQARA
		The principal necropolis of the ancient city of Memphis, whose most famous monument is probably the step pyramid of Djoser, the oldest of Egypt's 97 pyramids.
		The architect of the Step Pyramid is thought to have been Djoser's son, Imhotep, who was later deified for his achievements.
		There is a relief depicting King Djoser in the Step Pyramid performing this rite, which involved him running a fixed course accompanied by Nekhen, 'the priest of the souls'.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /saqqara.htm (800 words)

	Step Pyramid of Djoser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pictured above is the heb-sed court and the step pyramid of the Step Pyramid Complex of King Djoser.
		The complex is dominated by the step pyramid, which rises to a height of 200 feet.
		The pyramid began as a mastaba tomb, the bench-like tomb typically used by earlier kings, but was expanded and heightened to provide the king with a symbolic staircase to the heavens - especially to the sun god.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~mah/step_pyramid_of_djoser.htm (129 words)

	Egypt - The Step Pyramid- Egyptvoyager.com
		The centrepiece of the Saqqara complex is the Step Pyramid of Djoser (The Horus Netjerykhet).
		Djoser’s Step Pyramid in its final stage rose in six steps to a height of 60m with a base measuring 121m x 109m.
		He was renowned in Egypt for his achievement in building the Step Pyramid and for using stone for the first time as building material instead of mudbrick.
	www.egyptvoyager.com /the_step_pyramid.html (153 words)

	Egyptian Journey 2003: Photos: Seila Step Pyramid
		There are seven of these small pyramids, which may mark the boundaries of the land, or were built for ceremonial purposes...no one really knows.
		Seila is the northernmost of these pyramids and may have been bult by Sneferu.
		We spent nearly a n entire day trying to find out where the pyramid was, trekking through the desert in a non-four-wheel drive van (when we should have had one!) and discovering that it was another hour's hike up into the hills to see it.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/egypt/photos/seila/pyramid-01.html (237 words)

	Chinese Pyramids
		One pyramid is as large as the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan in Mexico (which is as large as the Great Pyramid of Giza).
		The pyramid, which looks like a trapezoidal hill from afar, is located on a hill one kilometer north of Sijiazi Town, Aohan County.
		This step pyramid, 31.58 by 31.58 meters square and 12.4 meters high, is located at Ziban, now in China.
	www.crystalinks.com /pyramidchina.html (704 words)

	COLOR: The Egyptian Pyramids
		The Step Pyramid is the first known monumental structure made of stone anywhere in the world.
		The Step Pyramid is located in what is now Saqqara, Egypt, an immense necropolis (cemetery) just south of Cairo and west of the ancient city of Memphis.
		As its name suggests, the Step Pyramid is a series of six levels of stone decreasing in size as they ascend to about 200 feet/60 meters in height.
	www.saxakali.com /COLOR_ASP/historymaf4.htm (367 words)

	Learning Family Learns about Pyramids
		Pyramids were only a part of a complex ritual that was to ensure the eventual ressurection of the pharoah.
		The pyramid complexes included vast temples and tombs that were used in cult rituals and burials for the loyal followers.
		The Bent Pyramid was built by the Pharoah Snofru, the grandfather of Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid.
	www.learningfamily.net /reiser/9901-act/012pyramid.htm (1962 words)

	The Pyramid Builders
		Djoser's step pyramid at Saqqara, the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza and the Sphinx are among the most remarkable structures in the world.
		To the east of the pyramid stood a Mortuary Temple measuring 171 x 132 feet, and on the bank of the Nile a Valley Temple was built.
		In fact, most pyramids built after this time are either severely deteriorated to the point were they are impenetrable or are disintegrated to the point were they are nothing but a pile of stone chips and rubble.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/7357/builders.htm (2414 words)

	Encyclopedia Smithsonian: The Egyptian Pyramid
		The transition from the Step Pyramid to a true, smooth-sided pyramid took placed during the reign of King Snefru, founder of the Fourth Dynasty (2680-2560 B.C.).
		Pyramids did not stand alone but were part of a group of buildings which included temples, chapels, other tombs, and massive walls.
		As it became clear that the pyramids did not provide protection for the mummified bodies of the kings but were obvious targets for grave robbers, later kings were buried in hidden tombs cut into rock cliffs.
	www.si.edu /resource/faq/nmnh/pyramid.htm (1103 words)

	NOVA Online/Pyramids/Ancient Egypt
		The first pyramid was the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built for King Zoser in 2750 BC.
		The superstructure of the pyramid was made of small limestone blocks and desert clay.
		This is true of all of the pyramids at Giza, so very little is known about Khufu or any of his successors who were buried at Giza.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/age3.html (350 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - Meidum
		With the pyramid of Sekhemkhet at Saqqara and the pyramid at Zawyet el-Aryan credited to Khaba being left unfinished, the one at Meidum was the second large scale Step Pyramid to have been completed.
		It has often been assumed that the original builder of this Step Pyramid was Huni, the last king of the 3rd Dynasty.
		The fact that none of the mastabas surrounding the pyramid are older than the early 4th Dynasty and that several sons of Snofru were buried there also confirms that the pyramid must be dated to the beginning of the 4th rather than the end of the 3rd Dynasty.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /topography/meidum (1085 words)

	Article - The Step Pyramid - presented by ©NewsFinder.Org - All Rights Reserved
		At some point the decision was made to enlarge this monument until it reached its final form, a step pyramid of 6 stages rising to a height of over 60 metres on base 125 x 110 metres.
		Originally, this consisted of a vertical shaft 7 x 7 metres which was sunk to a depth of 8.5 metres and a passage running away from it to the north, beyond the edge of the mastaba.
		The Step Pyramid dominates Djoser's mortuary complex, which is 544m long and 277m wide and was once surrounded by a stone wall.
	www.newsfinder.org /more.php?id=586_0_1_0_M (1401 words)

	FUN ZONE - Fun Guides
		Pyramids are not the only large stone structures built by early Egyptians.
		Pyramids were the centerpieces for large building complexes of tombs and temples for worshipping their gods.
		Djoser's Step Pyramid is 204 feet high and was the largest known manmade structure of its time.
	www.seaworld.org /fun-zone/fun-guides/egypt/pyramid-power.htm (167 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Step Pyramid of Netjerykht Djoser is in Saqqara, Lower Egypt.
		The pyramid of king Djoser with a section of its central burial chambers.
		Brickwork of the pyramid and the mortuary precinct.
	lib.haifa.ac.il /www/art/djoser.html (171 words)

	The Seven Wonders: The Great Pyramid of Giza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of King Zoser (Djoser) at Saqqara by the famous Egyptian architect, Imhotep, illustrate this connection.
		Today, the Great Pyramid is enclosed, together with the other pyramids and the Sphinx, in the touristic region of the Giza Plateau.
		The overwhelming scientific and historic evidence still supports the conclusion that, like many smaller pyramids in the region, the Great Pyramids were built by the great Ancient Egyptian civilization off the West bank of the Nile as tombs for their magnificent Kings...
	ce.eng.usf.edu /pharos/wonders/pyramid.html (892 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| Dig days: Adventures in the Step Pyramid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although I had visited the substructure of the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara from the south entrance, which was opened in the XXVIth Dynasty, about 500 BC, this time I decided to enter from the original north entrance.
		The substructure of the Step Pyramid is known to be about three and a half square miles, and since it was cleared by Firth, Gun and Lauer we can see that many stones have fallen making it a very dangerous area to visit.
		We know that in later periods the wives, mothers and daughters were buried in small subsidiary pyramids located to the south of the main pyramid, except in the mortuary complex of Khufu where the queens' pyramids are located to the east.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/766/he2.htm (718 words)

	Uisong Pyramid : Ancient Art Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This step pyramid, on the way from uisong to anpyong, is located in soktap1ri, uisong, near taegu, korea.
		It is called 'soktap' in korean, means stone pagoda or stone (step) pyramid in small size.
		East closet is on the second step different from the south, west closet, but they have got the similar height, because of inclined.
	myhome.shinbiro.com /~kbyon/pyramid/uisong.htm (368 words)

	Evolution of Pyramids
		At the centre of it is the step pyramid, which is 70 m high.
		The pyramid of Unas is the first with religious texts inscribed on the walls of the internal chambers.
		From Senusret II on the pyramids were mainly built in mud brick.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /pyramids/shape.html (320 words)

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