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	God, Stephen Wolfram, and Everything Else
		Stephen Wolfram was born in London in 1959.
		At the center of Wolfram's research was a quest for a new level of simplicity, beyond even that of the Life game-a simplicity that, in a strange irony, could produce infinite amounts of complexity.
		And that's important to Wolfram because, as much as he wants his to be one of those great books on the shelf, he doesn't want it to share their fate of being respectfully unread.
	stephenpratt.com /poetry/wolfram.html (6973 words)

	Reflections on Stephen Wolfram's 'A New Kind of Science' (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Wolfram writes, "Biological systems are often cited as supreme examples of complexity in nature, and it is not uncommon for it to be assumed that their complexity must be somehow of a fundamentally higher order than other systems.
		Wolfram considers the complexity of a human to be equivalent to that a Class 4 automaton because they are, in his terminology, "computationally equivalent." But class 4 automata and humans are only computational equivalent in the sense that any two computer programs are computationally equivalent, i.e., both can be run on a Universal Turing machine.
		Wolfram has devoted a considerable portion of his efforts over the past decade to this notion, apparently with only limited communication with some of the others in the physics community who are also pursuing the idea.
	www.kurzweilai.net.cob-web.org:8888 /articles/art0464.html?printable=1 (6921 words)

	Stephen Wolfram's Science
		Wolfram's work contributed to the burgeoning science of complexity, but he grew frustrated with the direction in which his colleagues were taking the field.
		Wolfram applies this perspective to a broad range of subjects, from human thought to the underlying structure of the universe.
		Wolfram sketches a model for space-time as a special kind of network, in which events are discrete mathematical points, linked by abstract connections to the other events they influence.
	gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au /ESSAYS/ANKOS/Ankos.html (1594 words)

	Stephen Wolfram: Programs run the universe
		Stephen Wolfram believes the universe is composed not of particles and waves, but of simple tiny programs.
		Wolfram elevates the seemingly mechanistic computing tasks to the central role in the origin and functioning of the cosmos.
		Wolfram acknowledged that his computer-derived ideas are to an extent a product of his time, just as people began to believe that Mars had canals around the same time that canals were being built all over the world.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/2002/11/22.html (427 words)

	I agree that the "universality" theme is overstated in Wolfram's, but I would use a slightly different ...
		Wolfram’s Principle of Computational Universality does contain a very deep insight, one going beyond standard universal computation theory, which is: Almost any dynamical system that doesn't lead to random or transparently fixed or oscillatory behavior, is likely to be a universal computer.
		Wolfram, with his Computational Universality Principle, is taking a stab at laying the foundations for a “unified theory of complexity science.” It’s a fascinating and valiant effort.
		I also doubt that Wolfram's MO of visually identifying complexity via 2D patterns is going to take him to a real complexity-based physics theory, or a complexity-based theory of mind-brain, evolution or even fluid dynamics (to name just a few of of the disciplines he touches in his book).
	www.goertzel.org /dynapsyc/2002/WolframReview.htm (5452 words)

	Amazon.ca: A New Kind of Science: Books: Stephen Wolfram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Stephen Wolfram argues that, as soon as the situation we aim to model gets anywhere beyond such trivial statements, the power of mathematics breaks down and nothing can be predicted anymore.
		Stephen Wolfram argues that many of the fundamental laws of physics could in fact be untrue, or more exactly, true only in very limited contexts.
		Stephen Wolfram is making a lot of noise about his "new kind of science," and the revolutionary impact it will have.
	www.amazon.ca /New-Kind-Science-Stephen-Wolfram/dp/1579550088 (3242 words)

	Stephen Wolfram Biography \| World of Mathematics
		Stephen Wolfram shook up the scientific world from an early age, and has been recognized as a leading innovator in scientific computing since the first version of his computer program Mathematica was released in 1988.
		Stephen Wolfram was born in London on August 29, 1959.
		Wolfram's work with cellular automata became the foundation for a new field of science called complex systems research.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/stephen-wolfram-wom (584 words)

	Amazon.fr : A New Kind of Science: Livres en anglais: Stephen Wolfram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Wolfram wrote the book in a distinct style meant to make it easy to read, even for nontechies; a basic familiarity with logic is helpful but not essential.
		Wolfram went on to discover that the same vastly complex images could be produced by even very simple sets of rules and argues here that dynamic and complex systems throughout nature are triggered by simple programs.
		Wolfram vit depuis des années reclus de la communauté scientifique et prétend dans ce livre fonder "a new kind of science".
	www.amazon.fr /New-Kind-Science-Stephen-Wolfram/dp/1579550088 (1401 words)

	Forbes.com - Magazine Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		At the center of Wolfram's research was a quest for a new level of simplicity, beyond even that of the Life game—a simplicity that, in a strange irony, could produce infinite amounts of complexity.
		It called to him because he felt he'd left something undiscovered—and before long, Wolfram was working later and later at night exploring his new ideas in the field, arming himself with the latest computers and servers to speed up his quest.
		I am to be Stephen Wolfram's cellular automata—as are you—operating by Wolfram's rules, sent out into the world to create ever larger waves of complexity and discord.
	www.forbes.com /asap/2000/1127/162_print.html (6862 words)

	IT Conversations: Stephen Wolfram
		Stephen Wolfram not only addresses many fundamental questions about science and the universe, but also suggests major new directions for technology.
		Wolfram says he believes that "no system can ever carry out explicit computations that are more sophisticated than those carried out by systems like cellular automata and Turing machines." Um, that sounds fair.
		Wolfram argues that biological complexity can be generated by rather simple means.
	www.itconversations.com /shows/detail202.html (1082 words)

	SKEPTICS ON STEPHEN WOLFRAM
		Furthermore, Wolfram claims his work will shed light on a broad range of fundamental issues that have stymied scientists for ages, including the randomness found in nature, biological complexity, the nature of space-time, the possibility of a "theory of everything," and the scope and limitations of mathematics.
		Wolfram even claims his insights can be used to tackle the ancient paradoxes of free will and determinism, and the nature of intelligence.
		For example, Wolfram's most original ideas--such as the attempt to incorporate quantum theory and gravity using random network models and path independence--are too speculative to be of use to scientists.
	chem.tufts.edu /science/Shermer/E-Skeptic/SkepticsOnWolfram.html (2949 words)

	Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science
		As is well-known (if only from his own publicity), Wolfram was a child prodigy in mathematics, who got his Ph.D. in theoretical physics at a tender age, and then, in the early and mid-1980s, was part of a wave of renewed interest in the subject of cellular automata.
		Wolfram displays absolutely no understanding of evolution, or what would be necessary to explain the adaptation of organisms to their environments.
		What Wolfram wants to claim is that, since one universal computer is equivalent to another, by studying the behavior of one we learn things which are true of all others (true), therefore Rule 110 is as complex as anything in the universe, and all intelligent life, including, perhaps, the gods must have much in common.
	www.cscs.umich.edu /~crshalizi/reviews/wolfram (5071 words)

	MIT World » : A New Kind of Science
		Wolfram’s vast and penetrating research uses simple computations to generate complex computer models that resemble designs found in nature.
		Wolfram believes his work is already transforming the study of science, as well as making possible a host of new technologies.
		Stephen Wolfram is a MacArthur Prize winner, and world-renowned for his work in scientific computing.
	mitworld.mit.edu /video/149 (292 words)

	Wired 10.06: The Man Who Cracked The Code to Everything ...
		Word had been out that Stephen Wolfram, the onetime enfant terrible of the science world, was working on a book that would Say It All, a paradigm-busting tome that would not only be the definitive account on complexity theory but also the opening gambit in a new way to view the universe.
		That is, until Stephen Wolfram came along and uncovered what a few millennia's worth of scientists had somehow failed to comprehend.
		What happened to Stephen Wolfram in the interim has become sort of an urban legend in the scientific community.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.06/wolfram.html (960 words)

	Amazon.com: A New Kind of Science: Books: Stephen Wolfram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Wolfram mentions him in exactly one line (page 1026): "Konrad Zuse suggested that [the universe] could be a continuous CA." This is totally misleading.
		Wolfram suggests his simple programs will contribute to fine arts (page 11), neither mentioning existing, widely used, very short, fractal-based programs for computing realistic images of mountains and plants, nor the only existing art form explicitly based on simple programs: Schmidhuber's low-complexity art.
		Wolfram attempts to usurp all credit for the "computational perspective." Assertions such as "the discoveries in this book showing that simple rules can lead to complex behavior" are repeated to the point of exhaustion.
	www.amazon.com /New-Kind-Science-Stephen-Wolfram/dp/1579550088 (3963 words)

	Stephen Wolfram's Simple Science
		Wolfram posits that virtually everything -- the patterns on seashells, the ticks of financial markets, even the universe itself -- is the result of instructions as simple as an eight-step software program.
		Within a generation or two, Wolfram predicts, his new kind of science will be taught in schools along with chemistry and math.
		Wolfram also foresees a day, perhaps in his lifetime, when his name will be enshrined alongside those of Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, and Albert Einstein.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/2002/05/18.html (409 words)

	BW Online \| May 17, 2002 \| Stephen Wolfram's Simple Science
		Moments before, Wolfram and I were standing in front of one of the dioramas, studying a stuffed zebra.
		Wolfram makes his claims in such a matter-of-fact way, as if he were passing on the weather forecast, that it takes me a moment to grasp just how audacious they are.
		For Wolfram, the old science ended in 1984 when he was doing particle-physics research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. Fiddling around with cellular automata, he decided to write new rules for producing the successive lines of squares, or cells.
	www.businessweek.com /technology/content/may2002/tc20020516_7010.htm (2228 words)

	Stephen Wolfram on Natural Selection
		Wolfram's early scientific work was mainly in high-energy physics, quantum field theory, and cosmology, and included several now-classic results.
		Wolfram also easily adopts the notion that mutation is or can be an effective mechanism of positive change or growth in complexity.
		Wolfram acknowledges that he “believes that every feature of our universe does indeed come from an ultimate discrete model.” He is as aware as any of us, however, that he himself has not yet found it, and that it may not even be possible for it to be found with empirical methods.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/744536/posts (5763 words)

	Stephen Wolfram Biography \| Authors and Artists for Young Adults
		And Wolfram means everything, from biological evolution to free will to the activities of extraterrestrials.
		His book, the outcome of many years of research on a type of computer program known as cellular automata, has become something of a grail text to many, an explanation of a complex universe that has grown out of simplicity.
		For others it is a bit of hyped-up showmanship, and for still others it presents a challenge to the very foundations of traditional science.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/stephen-wolfram-aya (202 words)

	Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science
		Wolfram published his first scientific paper at age 15, received his Ph.D. from Caltech at 20, and was the youngest recipient of the "genius" MacArthur Award at 21.
		Wolfram's lecture was followed by an extended Q & A session from an enthusiastic audience.
		Here is the Stanford Daily (2/11/2003) report of Wolfram's lecture and some web links I've compiled on Stephen Wolfram and his revolutionary ideas of science.
	www.wisdomportal.com /Stanford/StephenWolfram.html (732 words)

	Stephen Wolfram
		As a boy, Stephen Wolfram was called a young Einstein.
		At 21, Wolfram became obsessed with cellular automata -- a field pioneered in the 1950s, and largely left to the geeks since then.
		Only 21 years old, Wolfram was already on the faculty at CalTech, cranking out a series of papers and singlehandedly reviving eggheads' interest in cellular automata.
	www.nndb.com /people/325/000022259 (348 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: A New Kind of Science: Books: Stephen Wolfram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Physics and computer science genius Stephen Wolfram, sets his sights on a daunting goal: understanding the universe.
		While I respects Wolfram's abilities this book does not do creidt to the field of cellular automata that it is supposedly trying to put forward as a new scientific paradigm.
		However, that is a difficult conclusion to reach, because Wolfram's undisciplined and badly structured prose style compares extremely poorly to most other popular science writers, and I confess to skipping large chunks.
	www.amazon.co.uk /New-Kind-Science-Stephen-Wolfram/dp/1579550088 (2047 words)

	Stephen Wolfram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(SMP was further developed and marketed commercially by Inference Corp. of Los Angeles during the period 1983–1988.) In 1981, Wolfram was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, not for any single achievement, but for the breadth of his work.
		In 1987 he co-founded a company called Wolfram Research, which continues to extend the program and market it with success.
		Video of Stephen Wolfram speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stephen_Wolfram (497 words)

	Amazon.ca: Mathematica Book: Books: Stephen Wolfram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It's a shame that the spotlight review for this book is a tirade by a frustrated student who envies Stephen Wolfram's ability to make money.
		i have a suspicion mr wolfram is committed to said mr.
		wolfram's pockets, and his new science pretty much amounts to using all manner of shenanigans to stuff 'em.
	www.amazon.ca /Mathematica-Book-Stephen-Wolfram/dp/1579550223 (1777 words)

	Stephen Wolfram ¤Ø³ÃÙé¨Ñ¡à¢ÒËÃ×Íà»ÅèÒ
		Stephen Wolfram ชื่อนี้เป็นชื่อของใครและมีความสำคัญอย่างไร ชื่อนี้คงเป็นชื่อของบุคคลหนึ่งที่ไม่น่าสนใจ ถ้ามันไม่ใช่ชื่อของ นักฟิสิกส์ผู้ชาญฉลาด นักธุรกิจชื่อดัง และนักคิดที่น่าสนใจ และผู้ให้กำเนิดโปรแกรม Mathematica
		Stephen Wolfram ได้ใช้ cellular automata ในการอธิบาย (แสดงหรือสร้างรูปแบบนั้นบนจอคอมพิวเตอร์) ปรากฏการณ์ธรรมชาติต่าง ๆ ทั้ง ฟิสิกส์ ชีววิทยา เป็นต้น ยกตัวอย่างเช่น รูปแบบเส้นทางเดินของ subatomic particle จากเครื่องเร่งอนุภาค โครงร่างของเส้นโค้งกาลอวกาศ (spacetime) ซึ่งเป็นผลลัพธ์จากสมการของ Einstein รูปแบบการแตกแขนงของวิวัฒนาการของสิ่งมีชีวิต หรือไม่ว่าจะเป็นลายบน เปลือกหอยหรือใบไม้ซึ่งเขาสามารถสร้างขึ้นได้บนจอคอมพิวเตอร์ของเขา
		(ทีี่่ Albert Einstein เคยทำงาน) และเป็นศาสตราจารย์ทางฟิสิกส์ คณิตศาสตร์ และวิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์ที่ University of Illinois มีเรื่องน่าขันอยู่ว่าราวปี 1984 Richard Feynman ได้พยายามจะพิสูจน์ว่า Stephen Wolfram ได้คิดในสิ่งที่ผิด เขาก็ยังได้รับจดหมายจาก Feynman ในปี 1985 ที่ได้เขียนแนะนำว่าเขาควรใช้ชีวิตอย่างไร มีใจความอยู่ว่า “ คุณ (หมายถึง Stephen Wolfram) ควรที่จะใช้ชีวิตเยี่ยงปุถุชนทั่วๆไปให้มากกว่านี้ ” ซึ่ง Stephen Wolfram นั้นแทบที่จะไม่รับฟังเลย (ความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียน: เหตุที่ Feynman กล่าวเช่น นี้น่าจะเป็นเพราะบุคลิกของเขาที่ตรงกันข้ามกับ Wolfram ซึ่งเป็นผู้ที่เชื่อ ถือคอมพิวเตอร์มาก ๆ) ราวปลายปี 1986 เขาก็ได้เริ่มพัฒนาโปรแกรม Mathematica
	www.geocities.com /pidokrajt/wolfram (234 words)

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