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Topic: Steppe Wisent

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Bison

Quaternary

Tertiary

Bison

	Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre - Steppe Bison
		Probably, steppe bison reached their maximum distribution and numbers during the last (Wisconsinan, about 90,000 to 10,000 years ago) glaciation:they are the typical bison of Yukon and Alaska during that period.
		For example, the stomach of a Siberian steppe bison carcass was full of grass, and associated pollen was dominated by grasses, composites, chenopods and crucifers.
		I suspect that steppe bison were active in the Dawson area (Nugget Gulch) even earlier, for a similar ring fracture has been identified on a bison upper foreleg (radio-ulna) radiocarbon dated to approximately 31,000 years ago.
	www.beringia.com /02/02maina8.html (1100 words)

	Ice Age Wild Park Neandertal: Tarpan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The tarpan was the Eurasian wild horse which used to live in the woods of Middle Europe and in the steppes of Eastern Europe and Russia.
		The natural forest and steppe habitat of these wild horses was reduced more and more by the expansion of agriculture.
		Steppe tarpans became extinct because of the reduction of their living-space as well as because of the crossing with domestic horses.
	www.wildgehege-neandertal.de /tarpan_e.htm (357 words)

	Steppe Wisent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Steppe Wisent (Bison priscus) was a steppe bison found on steppes throughout Europe, Central Asia, Beringia and North America during the Quaternary.
		The Steppe Wisent became extinct in the Late Pleistocene, as it was replaced in Europe by the Wisent and in America by the Bison.
		Steppe Wisent were over two metres high and probably resembled the Bison.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steppe_Wisent (141 words)

	Steppe Wisent Information
		The Steppe Wisent (Bison priscus) was a steppe bison found on steppes throughout Europe, Central Asia, Beringia and North America during the Quaternary.
		The Steppe Wisent became extinct in the Late Pleistocene, as it was replaced in Europe by the Wisent and in America by the Bison.
		Steppe Wisent were over two metres high and probably resembled the Bison.
	www.bookrags.com /Steppe_Wisent (118 words)

	Academy of Natural Sciences - Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection - Ancient Bison Fossils
		The ancient bison was somewhat larger than the modern subspecies, but a trend towards smaller body size is indicated by some early Holocene (10,000-6,000 years ago) intermediates that are usually assigned to a separate subspecies, the western bison (Bison bison occidentalis).
		Frequently depicted in Ice Age cave art from Western Europe (e.g., Altimira), the steppe bison entered North America via Beringia sometime between 300,000 to 150,000 years ago; its appearance in Alaska is regarded as the beginning of the Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age.
		Steppe bison became widely distributed south of the ice sheets following these migrations but were apparently replaced by the two native species, ancient bison (Bison antiquus) and the long-horned bison (Bison latifrons).
	www.ansp.org /museum/jefferson/otherFossils/bison.php (1066 words)

	Wisent - Wikipedia
		Der Wisent ist Europas schwerstes und größtes Landsäugetier und zudem der letzte Vertreter der Wildrindarten des europäischen Kontinents.
		Schon in der letzten Eiszeit wurden Wisente von Menschen gejagt; ihre Abbilder sind durch Höhlenzeichnungen überliefert.
		In mittelalterlicher Literatur ist der Wisent gelegentlich beschrieben, allerdings ist nicht immer klar, ob er oder der Auerochse gemeint ist, da beide oft als "Ur" bezeichnet worden sind.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wisent (1080 words)

	Pictures of the European bison or wisent\|Bison bonasus facts
		"The European bison is an integral part of leafed forest and forested steppe biomes, and re-establishing its wild populations is one of the necessary conditions for restoring the natural ecosystems in Europe with all their components," she added.
		The wisent (pronounced vee-zent), or European bison, is the relative of the North American bison.
		Wisent is the European bison (Bison bonasus) having a smaller and higher head than the North American bison [German, from Middle High German, from Old High German wisunt].
	www.thewebsiteofeverything.com /animals/mammals/Artiodactyla/Bovidae/Bison/Bison-bonasus.html (447 words)

	steppe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Related phrases: la steppe shrub-steppe steppe wisent kanar steppe ghost on the steppe the steppe steppe eagle steppe front karndiz steppe sagebrush steppe
		Een steppe is in het algemeen een boomloos graslandschap.
		In physical geography, steppe (from Slavic step') is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally reckoned as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be the norm in the steppe.
	www.vocamania.com /steppe.aspx (748 words)

	InfoHub - Bison priscus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bison priscus is often referred to as the "steppe bison".
		Steppe bison (Figure 1) were characterized by their large size [slightly larger than wood bison (Bison bison athabascae), with relatively long hindlegs like the European wisent (Bison bonasus], large horns with tips, and a second hump.
		The last known steppe bison survived near Zap, North Dakota until at least 8,000 years ago, though they seemed to have become extinct a few thousand years earlier in northwestern North America.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=3622 (310 words)

	Buffalo Vignettes
		Once in America, the steppe wisent evolved into new forms to exploit its new environment.
		Despite this physical or taxonomical similarity, the European bison, known as the wisent, was once considered a separate species from the American bison (plains bison/buffalo).
		By the end of the Middle Ages the wisent's continued survival was in doubt.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/3807/features/buffalo1.html (3841 words)

	InterUniversity Centre Canada
		I love the steppes, rolling hills of mostly aeolian deposits overlaying slightly tilted palaeozoic sedimentary deposits, so that most hills have a gentle slope on one end, and a rocky, eroding outcrop on the opposite end.
		The Khakassian steppes are different from the North American prairies, in that their annual wet season is in the summer, not the winter, which is very dry and very cold.
		Another major difference is that the Asian steppes are much more fragmented by mountain ranges, creating a lot of semi-isolated basins with their own conditions and flora and fauna.
	www.interuniversity.com /taiga/2002section8.htm (1124 words)

	Klaver4Dieren: Wetenschappelijke artikelen Peter Klaver
		The cytochrome oxidase II data favor an early split-off of the wisent, but this is not compatible with data of the control regions (table 1), which indicate an association of wisent with lineage (1).
		Interestingly, an introgression of bison bulls in wisent herds (fig.
		Like the extant wisent (Bison bonasus), it had relatively long hind legs, but it was larger in size and is not considered to be its ancestor.
	www.klaver4dieren.nl /publicw.htm (3827 words)

	Wisentprojekt Donaumoos
		Von dort dehnten sie ihr ursprüngliches Verbreitungsgebiet nach Norden und Westen aus, bis sie schließlich mit einigen Ausnahme den gesamten asiatischen und europäischen Kontinent besiedelt hatten.
		Der mächtige und mit weit ausladenden kräftigen Hörnern ausgestattete Wisent übertraf seine heutigen Verwandten deutlich an Größe.
		Andere gehen davon aus, dass der heutige Wisent über eine Zwischenform (Bison priscus mediator) aus dem großen Steppenwisent hervorgegangen ist.
	www.wisentprojekt-donaumoos.de /wisent-seiten/wisent-ursprung.htm (597 words)

	From The Encyclopedia Britannica
		In the formerly wooded steppe lying to the north of the grass steppe in both south central Russia and the lower Danubian lowlands, soils of somewhat less value are known as degraded chernozems and gray forest soils.
		On the more positive side may be noted the reclamation of marshlands and the soil improvement of hill grasslands and heaths, their wild vegetation being replaced by pasture and crops; in timber-deficient countries the afforestation of hillslopes, chiefly with quickly growing conifers, belatedly attempts to restore some of the former forests.
		With such endeavours are associated varieties of modes de vie, or "modes of livelihood." In the mountains as in the boreal forests, the environment is exploited by winter lumbering and by the transport of felled trees by river after the spring thaw.
	www.geography.uc.edu /~weisner/courses/216/britannica.html (6497 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		Deer and wild pigs roam the woods, elk are found in the coniferous forests of the northeast, and steppe rodents, such as the brindled gopher, are found in the south.
		Brown bear and wildcat live in the mountain woods, and the chamois and marmot are found at the highest levels.
		The great Bialowieza Forest, a national park contiguous with the Byelavyezhskaya Forest in Belarus, provides shelter for a small herd of wisent, or European bison, all that remain of the vast numbers that once roamed the continent.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=815 (550 words)

	Bison priscus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The steppe bison was common from western Europe to eastern Asia from about 400,000 years ago and comprised many races that were adapted to regional environmental differences.
		The bony horn cores alone could reach a span of 1.20 m and were therefore very large in comparison with those of the living Bison species.
		The horn sheaths added some length to this figure, so that the steppe bison was indeed unfit to live in forests.
	home.hetnet.nl /~alad/page14.html (239 words)

	Bison - encyclopedia article about Bison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Only two of these species still exist: the American Bison, which is the species commonly referred to as "buffalo" in American Western mythology, and the European Bison, or Wisent.
		Although common, it is technically incorrect to refer to bison as "buffalo," as true buffalo are native only to Asia (see Water Buffalo) and Africa (see African Buffalo).
		Both species were hunted close to extinction during the 19th and 20th centuries but have since rebounded, although the European Bison is still endangered.
	www.dr-science.org /wiki/Bison (191 words)

	FONT's Poland Birding Tour - April-May 2004
		However, the special attractions are the natural areas: forests, forests, marshes, and other interesting places such as meadows, highlands, and steppes, all now protected as reserves, and each with its special set of birds to see.
		The only other place where the bison occurs is in the nearby Caucasus region of Russia, where it has been reintroduced, and is now protected in several national parks.
		The Wisent is a browser, not a grazer as is the American Bison.
	www.focusonnature.com /PolandApr-May'04Itinerary.htm (1350 words)

	Geist, The Neanderthal Paradigm
		Then I noticed that Neanderthal's prey were predominantly "hairy" creatures - wooly mammoth, wooly rhinos, steppe wisent, horses - species whose hair was long and tough enough to grab and hang onto.
		Neanderthal ecology is based on killing very large creatures, storing large chunks of the carcass under ice, snow, possibly water and under sod and rocks, and thawing out or even cooking large joints in large fires and discarding the bones to the fire.
		Cro Magnon is primarily a reindeer eater, and the interstadial with its spread of scrub tundra and scrub forests favours reindeer over the grazers from the mammoth steppe.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/NeanderthalParadigm.html (3277 words)

	Mammals of Pan
		Like it, the Steppe Wolf is more heavily boned and jawed and eats more carrion than the Grey Wolf.
		Herd size varies from 10-12 animals in the far west to groups of 500 on the western steppes.
		Distribution: Eastern Steppes, still very common and herds of 2000-3000 are not unusual.
	www.geocities.com /nowapan/mammal.htm (2225 words)

	Bison Summary
		Such an action, however, would mean the eradication of most of the Yellowstone herd, even though no bison have not been known to infect a single local cow.
		It was nearly exterminated in the early 1900s, but today a herd of about 1,600 animals can be found in a forest on the border between Poland and Russia.
		The bison is commonly referred to as the "buffalo"; which is technically incorrect since true buffalo are native only to Asia (see Water Buffalo) and Africa (see African Buffalo).
	www.bookrags.com /Bison (1438 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		DEFINITION: The name of two species of wild oxen, the European bison or wisent and the American bison or buffalo.
		The great steppe wisent was present during both interglacials and cold period.
		The smaller wood wisent, was only present in Europe during interglacials.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=bison (125 words)

	Older Dryas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Northern Europe offered an alternation of steppe and tundra environments depending on the permafrost line and the latitude.
		Bison priscus, the steppe wisent or steppe bison
		The top of the food chain was supported by larger numbers of smaller animals farther down it, which lived in the herbaceous blanket covering the tundra or steppe and helped maintain it by carrying seeds, manuring and aerating it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Older_Dryas (1043 words)

	Older Dryas
		Northern Europe offered an alternation of steppe and tundra environments depending on the permafrost line and the latitude.
		In moister regions around lakes and streams were thickets of dwarf birch, willow, sea buckthorn, and juniper.
		The top of the food chain was supported by larger numbers of smaller animals farther down it, which lived in the herbaceous blanket covering the tundra or steppe and helped maintain it by carrying seeds, manuring and aerating it.
	older-dryas.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Older_Dryas (1800 words)

	Lebensformen am Rande des Eises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Wisent und Fellnashorn - wisent and wool rhinoceros
		The most striking animal species in the cold steppe during the icing were mammoth, cave bear, wisent and skin rhinoceros.
		A Cousin our contemporary elephant, however dense become hairy with kemps and an underskin from wool hairs as well as further cold adaptations in figure of small ears, anus lids and other.
	nibis.ni.schule.de /~hs-damme/Eiszeit5.htm (316 words)

	Explore - Part 20
		In this area one can meet many uncommon species of plants, insects, birds and animals, and, naturally, "the king of the forest," European Bison [Wisent], very rarely encountered roaming freely.
		The excursion to the Bialowieza National Park, strictly a nature reserve, should be supplemented by a visit to the Nature and Forest Museum in the village of Bialowieza.
		The countryside between Leczna and Wlodawa, to the northeast of Lublin, is sprinkled with clear-water lakes, which are excellent for recreation and water sports.
	www.poloniatoday.com /explore20.htm (1137 words)

	Megafauna - "First Victims of the Human-Caused Extinction" - book by Baz Edmeades
		Lynxes, wild cats, otters, badgers and other mustelids, bats, rodents and shrews of various kinds, foxes, wolves, bears, horses, cattle (called “aurochs” in their wild form) ibex, chamois, reindeer, roe deer, fallow deer, red deer, moose (called “elk” in Europe), and bison (“wisent”) are all in this category.
		Even though savanna elephants eat plenty of bark, branches and leaves, the grass which stimulated the development of their huge and complex molars is still a very important item on their menu.
		The Asian elephant and the cyclotis subspecies of the African elephant have returned to a forest-dwelling existence, but, regardless where they live, all existing elephants still possess the specialized tooth structure that made it possible for their suborder to take possession of the grasslands – the velds, steppes, pampas and prairies of the Pleistocene.
	www.megafauna.com /chapter4.htm (3166 words)

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