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Topic: Stereotypy

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	Tardive Stereotypies
		Stereotypies can be defined as an "involuntary, coordinated, patterned, repetitive, rhythmic, purposeless, but seemingly purposeful or ritualistic, movement or utterance".
		Stereotypies can be seen in a variety of medical conditions including autism, mental retardation, Rett's syndrome, restless leg syndrome and akathisia.
		Tardive stereotypies are accentuated by distraction such as writing or performing rapid alternating movements and like tics they are suppressible but to a much lesser degree.
	www.cmdg.org /Movement_/drug/tardive/tardive.htm (1723 words)

	Equine Stereotypies
		Selection experiments in rodents have shown that the propensity of the F2 generation to develop stereotypies is markedly related to the occurrence of stereotypies in their parents [13].
		Stereotypy prevalences were lower in Australian Thoroughbred horses kept at pasture compared with stabled horses [12].
		It may not be possible to reverse the process of stereotypy development in mature animals but the proportion of time they spend performing the stereotypy can clearly be manipulated by increasing opportunities for social contact [23] and foraging behaviour [32].
	www.ivis.org /advances/Behavior_Houpt/nicol/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 (2138 words)

	Enrichment for caged cynos
		Stereotypy and autoaggression were markedly reduced in the playpen, but reappeared on return to the home cage.
		In the present study, we have compared the prevalence of stereotypies and self-aggressive behaviours in cynomolgus monkeys observed either in a standard laboratory home cage or in a playpen equipped with a wide range of gadgets and materials of differing shapes and textures (foraging material, viewing panel, swing, rope, ball, glove, and telephone directory).
		Although we observed a trend for a reduction in stereotypies in the home cage as the study progressed, this may have been due to habituation to the experimental procedures rather than to a beneficial effect of the playpen regime on behaviour in the home cage.
	www.awionline.org /Lab_animals/biblio/jmp17-2.htm (3182 words)

	czym są stereotypy
		Stereotypy to żywione przez ludzi przekonania, które nie znajdują potwierdzenia w rzeczywistości, ale których niechętnie się pozbywamy, ponieważ ich istnienie zapewnia nam względne bezpieczeństwo umysłowe.
		Stereotypy bardzo trudno zwalczać, ponieważ nasze umysły lubią proste rozwiązania i nie chcą łatwo zgodzić się na komplikacje.
		Stereotypy na temat osób homo- czy biseksualnych i transseksualnych nie różnią się gatunkowo od innych stereotypów.
	www.homoseksualizm.pl /nauczyciele_tekst4.html (759 words)

	GARNER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Stereotypy is also seen in several human mental disorders, in humans and other animals treated with particular drugs and those suffering particular brain lesions.
		We investigated whether cage stereotypy was correlated with psychiatric measures of basal ganglia function; the range of behaviours and experimental paradigms affected by this disinhibition; and whether changes in stereotypy would correlate with changes in measures of basal ganglia function when the behaviour was 'treated' with environmental enrichment.
		Experiment 2a: we show that stereotypy in blue tits is correlated with poor performance on the 'gambling task' which measures disinhibited basal ganglia processing in humans, and is correlated with stereotypy in autistic and schizophrenic patients.
	www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp /meetings/2001/sccs/abstracts/garner2.html (326 words)

	What’s New in Research – Treating and Addressing Stereotypy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Stereotypy is usually maintained by the reinforcing properties of the behavior itself; for example, a child may spin the wheels of a truck because it is visually appealing.
		Stereotypy can be challenging to treat due to both its persistence and its tendency to occur in the absence of adult supervision.
		Summary: In this study, the experimenters determined that the hand flapping of a child with autism occurred in the absence of social consequences, and when the child was alone.
	www.asatonline.org /resources/library/stereotypy.html (955 words)

	apomorphine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Higher doses of the drug, that operate on postsynaptic receptors, produce stereotypy which is defined as the performance of an invariant sequence of movements with repetitive rearing and enhanced locomotor activity.
		Stereotypy and rearing, which have been described as effects due to a postsynaptic dopaminergic action were produced by higher doses.
		ED 50 for stereotypy induction was similar to the same route of administration ED 50 which caused decreasing of sedation, yawning, penile erection and grooming.
	webperso.easyconnect.fr /baillement/melis-ragiolas/apomorphie-barros.html (756 words)

	article
		Stereotypies are not including tics that are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, single muscular movements such as face twitching, tongue dragging, lips licking, etc. or vocalization.
		In this definition, a stereotypy is a symptom; it is not a diagnosis.
		A stereotypy is not physiological, it is a pathology.
	users.skynet.be /fa242124/a-english/stereotypies.html (2308 words)

	# 19 Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Decreasing stereotypy and increasing alternative or incompatible responses is often a primary goal for intervention.
		This study compared levels of stereotypy in 2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds with autism during structured and free-play activities when they entered treatment and one year later, and compared to age matched typically developing children.
		Given the sensory nature of stereotypy, it is not only difficult to find interventions that are effective in treating the behavior, but it is sometimes difficult to adequately quantify changes in the behavior after intervention.
	www.abainternational.org /conv2003/program/events/19.htm (1045 words)

	A measure of striatal function predicts motor stereotypy - Nature Neuroscience
		To estimate the relative gene induction in the two striatal compartments, we calculated an index of striosome to matrix predominance (ISMP), where the ISMP is the ratio between the density of Fos-positive neurons in the striosomes and the density of Fos-positive neurons in the matrix.
		Bars, coded for treatment, indicate the percent of increase or decrease in motor stereotypy, ISMP values, density of gene expression in striosomes and density of gene expression in the matrix elicited by chronic treatments compared to acute treatments with cocaine and amphetamine and by the high dose compared to the middle dose of apomorphine.
		Fog, R. On stereotypy and catalepsy: studies on the effect of amphetamines and neuroleptics in rats.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v3/n4/full/nn0400_377.html (5013 words)

	Other Tardive Movements
		Tardive dystonia differs from tardive stereotypy in that it affects the young and old in an equal distribution and there's no increase ratio of female to male.
		When tardive stereotypy is associated with tardive dystonia the use of anticholinergics can exacerbate the stereotypies.
		In one study it was found 34% of tardive akathisia occurred within one year and two-thirds of these patients had persistent tardive dyskinesia at a mean follow-up of 4.2 years.
	www.cmdg.org /Movement_/drug/other/other.htm (690 words)

	obsessive-compulsive behavior
		stereotypy beginning after a laser pointer was used for training or playing with the dog, as Jane mentioned.
		Although a stereotypy like this can increase in severity and can overshadow a dog's and owner's life, the good news is that what you have described is a well-known and identified disorder that usually responds to therapy with the types of drugs I mentioned.
		Anxiety and boredom may increase the frequency of a stereotypy, so it is important to exercise the dog well, challenge it mentally with food toys, play, training, or whatever other activities seem to distract it from its obsessive behavior.
	www.doglinks.co.nz /problems/barry_place/obsessive_compulsive_behavior.htm (656 words)

	Arabian Lines - Articles
		These studies support the idea that stereotypies arise from frustrated motivation and in fact may be replacement behaviours for those that the animal cannot perform due the environment that it is kept in.
		In addition, equine stereotypies are physically prevented using devices such as the crib-strap (Figure 2) and anti-weave bar (Figure 3) (77, 67 and 79% of racing, riding school and competition yards respectively), the implications of which are twofold.
		Firstly, if stereotypies are acting to allow that animal to cope with a stressful environment, then the restriction of such behaviours may prevent activation of the coping response, thereby placing the animal at risk from a welfare perspective.
	www.arabianlines.com /horse_health/wales_uni/equine_stereotypic.htm (1786 words)

	Creare P&T Newsletter Fall 2006
		An example of this movement, called stereotypy, is a rocking of the upper body back and forth while standing or sitting in a chair.
		Stereotypy may serve as a proxy for other behaviors or conditions, for example, anxiety or mood disorders.
		By obtaining a baseline for stereotypy movement levels, doctors may have a more accurate and objective way to measure a patient’s daily level of stereotypy and patient response to treatment for related anxiety and mood disorders.
	www.creare.com /newsletters/06autism.html (218 words)

	May - June 2003 research newsletter from The New England Center for Children
		Decreasing stereotypy and increasing alternative or incompatible responses is often a primary goal for intervention.
		This study compared levels of stereotypy in 2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds with autism during structured and free-play activities when they entered treatment and one year later, and compared to age matched typically developing children.
		Response redirection decreased vocal stereotypy for all participants and an increase in appropriate speech was observed for some participants.
	www.necc.org /research/newsletter_may_june_2003.asp (2383 words)

	Dana Gadaire - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		Stereotypy involves repetitive motor movements such as rocking or hand-flapping which serve no apparent function and are generalized to numerous settings (Berkson, 1983).
		Thus, the purpose of the current study was to analyze the effects of FCT as treatment for automatically reinforced SIB and stereotypy.
		This procedure was intended to experimentally identify the reinforcer or reinforcers responsible for maintaining Mark's SIB and stereotypy.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200002/papers/paper_gadaire.html (2163 words)

	Otter Enrichment
		Stereotypy in captive animals is of great concern to zoos, as the condition indicates that some essential environmental or social element is missing (Markowitz
		Stereotypies occur both in captive wild animals maintained in zoos and in domestic animals kept in high-density housing.
		Although it cannot be maintained that the enrichment apparatus decreased stereotypy (since data did not show an increase in foraging), the altered feeding regime was associated with a significant reduction in stereotyped behavior in the subjects.
	www.torontozoo.com /meet_animals/enrichment/otter_enrichment.htm (2745 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Sequential super-stereotypy of an instinctive fixed action pattern in hyper-dopaminergic ...
		Neuroethological studies of natural behavior in animals have shown that neostriatum, substantia nigra, and their connecting dopamine projections are critical to sequential stereotypy for complex serial patterns of instinctive behavior [26-35].
		Such rigidity of complex multiple-phase sequences contrasts with simpler repetition stereotypies (e.g., associated with D2 receptor activation), in which the same movement is repeated over and over again [46-50].
		It was important to determine whether any sequential stereotypy difference between mutant and wild-type mice in grooming behavior was a stable difference in action syntax strength, and not merely an artifact of testing conditions.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1741-7007/3/4 (7816 words)

	Interactions between response stereotypy and memory strategies on the eight-arm radial maze. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Interactions between response stereotypy and memory strategies on the eight-arm radial maze.
		Most of the subjects exhibited the same response stereotypy, regularly choosing 8 adjacent arms of the maze, then stopping in the center of the maze.
		Response stereotypy was prevalent on the radial maze, but response strategies were secondary to memory strategies.
	www.hvsimage.com /papers/PMID-%203954863.htm (218 words)

	October 2004 autism research newsletter from The New England Center for Children
		Stereotypy, though it is a common problem behavior in persons with autism, occurs with typically developing persons, individuals with developmental disabilities, and people with mental health problems.
		We have collected data in our preschool that implies that the older a child is when they first enter intensive behavioral instruction, the higher the level of stereotypy they are likely to have and the further away they are from the level of stereotypy we see in typically developing children.
		A few researchers have reported that stereotypy can also occur as a means of getting attention and as a means for escaping from unpleasant situations but these reports are clearly in the minority.
	www.necc.org /Research/newsletter_oct_2004.asp (1948 words)

	Free Parrots - Stereotypies in caged parrots, schizophrenia and autism: evidence for a common mechanism
		Stereotypies are abnormal repetitive, unvarying, and functionless behaviors that are often performed by captive and domesticated animals housed in barren environments.
		Stereotypies in human mental disorders are indicative of profound brain dysfunction involving the basal ganglia, and are associated with pervasive voluntary-motor impairments and psychological distress.
		As stereotypies in captive animals develop in response to the captive environment, these results also emphasize the role that the environment may play in eliciting or exacerbating stereotypy in human patients.
	www.freeparrots.net /article.php?story=20031221064329652 (543 words)

	The Psychological Record: The effects of schedules of reinforcement on operant sequential stereotypy in humans.@ ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The effects of schedules of reinforcement on operant sequential stereotypy in humans.
		The results showed that the level of stereotypy was greatest for behavior rewarded on a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule.
		In Experiment 2, responding was rewarded on a variable ratio (VR) 3 schedule for an extended number of trials or with a higher magnitude reward than in Experiment 1.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:15415227&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (200 words)

	Example Applications of Attractors and Fractals
		This finding suggests that stereotypy might, for many students, function as a strong attractor that is somewhat resistant to perturbations, and which interacts predictably with just a few other attractors (state conditions).
		In assessing the potential strength of stereotypy as an attractor (or for that matter, any state condition) it might be useful to measure elapsed time in which the system returns to that state after having been successfully perturbed.
		In support of this is the observation of Baumeister (in press) who noted that interventions on stereotypy are more successful when focus is placed on increasing the duration of time between episodes of these behaviors, and that once stereotypy begins, it is relatively impervious to external cues.
	faculty.tamu-commerce.edu /zelhart/chaos/chaos09.htm (904 words)

	Concurrent Activation of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors Is Required to Evoke Neural and Behavioral Phenotypes of Cocaine ...
		of stereotypy and the degree of striosome-predominant gene expression
		A, Stereotypy scores after acute administration of different dose combinations of SKF 81297 (0, 1, and 3 mg/kg) and quinpirole (0, 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg; indicated on x-axis).
		Haile CN, Hiroi N, Nestler EJ, Kosten TA (2001) Differential behavioral responses to cocaine are associated with dynamics of mesolimbic dopamine proteins in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/14/6218 (5797 words)

	Chronic Amphetamine Use and Abuse
		The characteristic presentation of this behavior after amphetamine dosing is an initial induction of stereotypy followed by a rapid fade of stereotypy and the emergence of the hyper-reactive fearful state (51).
		In summary, amphetamine-induced stereotypies are quite often comprised primarily of the postural-motor components of attending and examining patterns (53).
		The neuroanatomical substrates of stereotypy have been known for many years, in that infusion of DA into the caudate nucleus of rats produced stereotyped oral behaviors (i.e., grooming and gnawing), while dopamine-blocking drugs infused in the same area can prevent amphetamine-induced stereotypies (34).
	www.acnp.org /G4/GN401000166/CH162.htm (16249 words)

	Czytanie krzepi
		Starają się oni dać odpowiedź na trzy istotne pytania: jak powstają i rozwijają się stereotypy, jak funkcjonują oraz jak można je podważać i zmieniać.
		Wiedza ta jest gromadzona i wpływa na nasze reakcje na napotkanych przedstawicieli tych grup.
		Stereotypy płci są odzwierciedleniem odmiennych ról społecznych - mężczyznom przypisywana jest rola bardziej czynna czy sprawcza, kobietom - związana z tworzeniem wspólnoty i wyrażaniem emocji.
	www.vulcan.edu.pl /biuletyn/bi35/15czytanie_krzepi.html (1884 words)

	NIDA - Publications - NIDA Notes - Vol. 19, No. 2 - Research Findings
		Stereotypy, which involves repetitive actions such as head bobbing, was measured by counting repeated breaks of the same beam.
		Adolescent females showed increased stereotypy and locomotion in response to nicotine on their second exposure, signifying sensitization, which persisted over the 7 days of repeated administration.
		For females, previous exposure to nicotine was associated with cocaine sensitization as evidenced by cocaine-induced stereotypy—but not by horizontal movement.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_notes/NNvol19N2/Early.html (1502 words)

	NAPC Abstracts, Di - Fa
		J varies between 0 (all boreholes in one sector; maximum stereotypy) and 1 (boreholes evenly divided among all nine sectors; minimum stereotypy).
		J was calculated for 119 bivalve species of Cretaceous to Recent age from the Atlantic coastal plain; stereotypy decreased from the Cretaceous (mean J=0.61) to the Miocene (0.83) and then increased to the Recent (0.39).
		ANOVA indicates significant decreases in stereotypy from the Cretaceous to Eocene and increases from the Miocene to Pliocene and Pleistocene to Recent.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /napc/abs7.html (3299 words)

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