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Topic: Sterile atomic fly

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	CRP - Improving Sterile Male Performance in Fruit Fly SIT programmes
		Fly density and the amount of surface area available for flies to rest on are important factors to consider in order to avoid overcrowding and stressing the flies.
		In the case of aerial releases, the flies must be extracted from the temporary containers through the use of cold fly knockdown methods, and then transferred to aerial drop boxes, which are transported to waiting aircraft.
		Sterile males, between 3-11 days old, fed a methoprene containing diet, released significantly more pheromone and were significantly more attractive to fertile females than were sterile males denied hormone in the diet.
	www.iaea.org /programmes/nafa/d4/crp/d4-fruit-fly.html (3347 words)

	Sterile atomic fly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The sterile atomic fly, one kind of sterile insect technique, is an innovative solution to the problem of sleeping sickness, and is being developed by the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency, building on their experience of similar programs over past decades against the fruit fly in Australia and Africa.
		These sterilized male flies are then released into areas where Sleeping sickness is prevalent, and then mate with the females.
		Because the male is sterile, and the females mate only once, the population of Tsetse flies in the affected area will drop.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sterile_Atomic_Fly (327 words)

	Getting rid of the tsetse fly
		The Vienna-based International Atomic Energy Agency said in a statement the tsetse fly, which carries the parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, was killing three million livestock animals every year.
		"The impact of the fly is difficult to exaggerate," said John Kabayo, regional co-ordinator for the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, inaugurated by the Organisation for African Unity.
		Tsetse flies are bred in special centres and the males are exposed to a short burst of radiation, rendering them sterile.
	www.news24.com /News24/Archive/0,,2-1659_1146871,00.html (531 words)

	The development and application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) for New World screwworm eradication
		Sexual sterility is induced by exposing the pupae to gamma rays, which damage the chromosomes in the sperm.
		He realized that if sexual sterility could be induced in the males and if a means could be developed to rear, sterilize and release vast numbers of screwworm flies, the screwworm population in the United States could be reduced to insignificant numbers (Knipling, 1955, 1979).
		Initially, the release of 78 sterile flies per square kilometre per week had little impact, but by increasing the rate of release to approximately 150 sterile flies per square kilometre per week eradication was achieved in just seven weeks (Lindquist, 1955).
	www.fao.org /ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/FEEDback/War/u4220b/u4220b0j.htm (3494 words)

	UN To Use Nuclear Technology In Was Against African Tsetse Fly
		The Vienna-based International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said in a statement the tsetse fly, which carries the parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, was killing three million livestock animals every year.
		Tsetse flies are bred in special centers and the males are exposed to a short burst of radiation, rendering them sterile.
		After pesticides have sharply reduced the population, the sterilized males are released in large numbers into the breeding population, heavily outnumbering fertile males in the fight to mate.
	www.rense.com /general20/afri.htm (516 words)

	BBC News \| Despatches \| Zanzibar's sterilised tsetse flies
		The latest experiment -- to eradicate the tsetse fly from the island of Zanzibar -- has been declared a success and the IAEA believes the technique should be extended to other parts of the world.
		It was developed in the 1950s in the United States and involves using low doses of gamma radiation to sterilise insects, which are then released en masse into the wild.
		The Atomic Energy Agency say it is in fact environmentally friendly because it removes the need for insecticides.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/despatches/41538.stm (239 words)

	Clueless Christian » Atomic Theory, Woman’s Ordination, and “Little Plus Signs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Atomic “work” is the function of the protons.
		Atomic “stabilization” is the function of the neutrons.
		The two commandments are bound together as strongly as the proton and neutron are bound by the “strong atomic force”.
	cluelesschristian.classicalanglican.net /?p=73 (1159 words)

	Screwworm Program
		A screwworm infestation is caused by larvae of the fly Cochliomyia hominivorax.
		The sterile males mate with fertile wild females which results in non-viable egg masses and interrupts the insect’s life cycle.
		The sterile flies are dispersed at an altitude of 6000 feet at a rate of approximately 3000 per square nautical mile.
	usembassy.or.cr /screwwrm.html (947 words)

	Science, Sex, Superflies
		VIENNA 8 tsl is tailor-made to yield only male flies that stay strong enough after gamma sterilization to become virile agents of Medfly family planning.
		Once the sterile males are released into the wild, their mission is to compete in the mating game and win over willing females.
		The union is, of course, fruitless, and the outdoor fly population falls to nothing when systematically targeted over time.
	www.iaea.org /NewsCenter/Features/2007/Medfly/medflyvienna8.html (1156 words)

	UN Uses Atomic Technology To Fight Malaria Mosquito
		People in poor, remote villages are usually unable to get treatment and so Knols's research aims to nip the problem in the bud by destroying the mosquito that transmits the malaria parasite.
		The males they breed must be robust enough to survive when released from planes into the environment and tough enough to compete with fertile males during mating.
		He said the technique of sterilization could not be used all over Africa and would have to be combined with other population control techniques to eradicate the malaria pest.
	www.rense.com /general52/fight.htm (611 words)

	Overpopulation.Com » Plan to Eradicate the Tsetse Fly
		Gradually, the number of tsetse flies should begin to decline, and eventually it might be possible to eradicate the tsetse fly entirely from sub-Saharan Africa.
		The FAO and IAEA succeeded in eradicating the fly, and since the island is too far from the mainland of Africa for the insect to fly, it will remain tsetse-fly free unless the fly is accidentally reintroduced on shipments from mainland Africa.
		Tsetse fly eradicated on the Island of Zanzibar.
	www.overpopulation.com /articles/2002/plan-to-eradicate-the-tsetse-fly (600 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| New drive to root out deadly fly
		It is planning to flood areas with sterile male flies in the hope that they will reduce the size of the population.
		The flies are sterilised after being exposed to a short burst of gamma radiation in the laboratory.
		According to John Kabayo, the co-ordinator of the African Tsetse Eradication Campaign, the impact of the fly is difficult to exaggerate.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/africa/newsid_1824000/1824576.stm (395 words)

	Mystic Encyclopedia
		atomic time Atomic time is defined in terms of one revolution of an electron in the ground state orbit of the hydrogen atom.
		The atomic standard by the cesium clock is accurate to limits of 8 x 10 (exp -14).
		They are reported to fly, but don't have to flap their wings to do so.
	www.sacred-texts.com /ufo/mystic-e.htm (5586 words)

	The Sterile Insect Technique
		These sterile male flies are then released by air over infested areas, where they mate with wild females.
		These flies were transported by air in specially commissioned aircraft from the only available source in Mexico.
		FAO and the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) also helped Chile and Mexico to eradicate the Meditteranean fruit fly using the SIT, thereby overcoming barriers to the export of fruit to profitable markets in the United States and Japan.
	www.fao.org /News/1998/sit-e.htm (415 words)

	UN uses atomic technology to fight malaria mosquito. 25/04/2004. ABC News Online (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The United Nations is harnessing nuclear technology to try to eradicate the mosquitoes whose bite transmits malaria, a deadly disease devastating the African continent.
		Bart Knols, a Dutch entomologist at the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), estimates there are "three to 500 million cases of malaria every year on a world-wide scale, 90 per cent of which occur in sub-Saharan Africa".
		He said the technique of sterilisation could not be used all over Africa and would have to be combined with other population control techniques to eradicate the malaria pest.
	www.abc.net.au /news/newsitems/s1094407.htm (666 words)

	Chile´s Leading Edge
		Hundreds of marked bags, each filled with 8000 sterile male Medfly pupa, are dropped systematically by airplane to rain on target zones in orchards, fields, and backyards.
		The flies are factory-reared biological agents, sent as part of the area´s pest prevention programme to mate with any female Medflies around.
		The countries rely upon a method known as the sterile insect technique (SIT) that was developed with support of the IAEA and UN Food and Agriculure Organization (FAO).
	www.iaea.org /NewsCenter/Features/2007/Medfly/medflychile.html (869 words)

	CTV.ca \| Cdn. helping wipe out deadly fly in Africa
		The fly's range has expanded over the years; one-third of the continent is now infested.
		The process involves breeding male tsetse flies in a lab, and blasting them with radiation from a cobalt-60 source to sterilize them.
		Once a female tsetse fly mates with an infertile male, she stores the sperm in her abdomen and joins them with the five to eight eggs that she will produce over the course of her life time.
	www.ctv.ca /servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1024895574502_20304774 (532 words)

	A success story from Patagonia
		SIT involves sterilizing large numbers of insects by subjecting them to low levels of gamma radiation.
		Sterilized males are then released in infested areas, where they mate with fertile wild females but produce no offspring.
		Since the released insects are sterile, they cannot become established in the ecosystems and thus have no potential to cause future adverse effects on the environment," explained Walther R. Enkerlin, a member of the joint FAO/AIEA programme, which for many years has promoted the application of atomic energy in agriculture.
	www.fao.org /newsroom/en/news/2006/1000225 (722 words)

	Sterile sex conquers sleeping sickness - 29 November 1997 - New Scientist
		TSETSE flies, which spread sleeping sickness, have been eradicated from Zanzibar, an island off Tanzania's east coast, by the release of millions of sterile males.
		The sterile male technique had previously been used to control the medfly, which attacks fruit crops across the Americas, and the New World screw worm, whose larvae eat into the flesh of livestock.
		Now the plan is to extend the tsetse programme to the African mainland, where 300 000 people are infected with the trypanosome parasites that cause sleeping sickness.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg15621101.800-sterile-sex-conquers-sleeping-sickness.html (345 words)

	The Middle East´s Fruitful Valley
		No offspring means a dwindling fly population over time, through systematic and targeted campaigns combined with other strategic measures on an area-wide basis.
		The sterile flies are bred in a commercial mass-rearing facility in Israel called Biofly.
		She says that 20 million sterile male flies are produced there each week and released into the wild.
	www.iaea.org /NewsCenter/Features/2007/Medfly/medflymideast.html (988 words)

	Harnessing Atomic Energy For Social Benefit
		The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) has set up 14 reactors in the country which convert energy from the atom into electricity and are powering many homes, industries and agricultural operations.
		The Radiation Medicine Centre (RMC) of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai has become the nucleus for the growth of nuclear medicine in the country.
		The second radiation sterilisation plant has been established in Bangalore and the third one in New Delhi.
	mod.nic.in /samachar/oct15-01/html/ch13.htm (1429 words)

	Iran to curb UN atomic checks - World - theage.com.au
		Without snap inspections, the International Atomic Energy Agency's ability to monitor Iranian nuclear activities will be severely impaired, a serious blow to its safeguards regime under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
		Vaeedi said the IAEA decision also raised questions whether there was any point to talks on Russia's proposal to defuse Iran's standoff with the West by taking in Iranian uranium for enrichment, in theory preventing diversions to bomb-making.
		Iran says its nuclear work aims only to generate electricity and IAEA inquiries have found no hard proof of suspicions it is secretly trying to make atomic bombs in violation of commitments as a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2006/02/04/1138958949540.html (520 words)

	Isolation and Characterization of the Xanthine Dehydrogenase Gene of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata -- ...
		Isolation and Characterization of the Xanthine Dehydrogenase Gene of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata -- Pitts and Zwiebel 158 (4): 1645 -- Genetics
		Greece) with flies from the Southern Peloponnese (Greece) and
		sterile razor blades and DNA was isolated from the gel slices
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/158/4/1645 (6266 words)

	Japanese, UN to support Ethiopian Tsetse fly control campaign
		The money is being made available through the UN Trust Fund for Human Security, which has distributed $256 million since it was established in the UN Secretariat at the initiative of the Japanese Government in 1999.
		Ridding the Southern Rift Valley of the tsetse fly will reduce pressure on overcrowded hillsides to which farmers have retreated to escape the spread of the tsetse fly, leaving fertile river valleys unused.
		The programme in Ethiopia will integrate the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which involves the release of colony-bred sterilised flies with other control methods to suppress the wild population, coupled with the development of a programme for sustainable use of newly available land.
	www.fao.org /newsroom/en/news/2006/1000242 (337 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: SEX PHEROMONE OF THE TSETSE FLY, GLOSSINA AUSTENI (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): ISOLATION, ...
		Interpretive Summary: Tsetse flies are vectors of a debilitating and fatal disease called Nagana in African cattle, and its variant, long known in humans as sleeping sickness.
		It was active at 5 millionths of a gram and is the first sexual pheromone in a tsetse fly that is unsaturated.
		This information will be used to test factory-reared tsetse flies in large-scale rearing programs to ensure that wild flies and laboratory flies are compatible in large-scale sterile-male eradication programs.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=173061 (534 words)

	Thematic Planning: SIT Fruit Fly
		The development objective of the IAEA's SIT Programme in fruit fly control is to develop fruit fly free zones that make it possible to expand and identify new market opportunities as well as a mitigating technique for environmental and human health concerns about insecticide use.
		It involves the colonization and mass rearing of the target insect species, sterilization through the use of gamma radiation and releasing them into an area on a sustained basis and in sufficient numbers to achieve appropriate sterile to wild insect over-flooding ratios.
		No offspring results from the mating of the sterile males with fertile wild females which results in reduction of numbers and finally the elimination of the pest population.
	tc.iaea.org /tcweb/strategy/thematic/sitfruitfly/default.asp (359 words)

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