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Topic: Sterile insect technique

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	Sterile insect technique - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The released insects are normally male as it is the female that causes the damage, usually by laying eggs in the crop.
		Many fertile pest insects must be grown before sterilisation and must be housed securely to prevent their escape or release: in February 2003, the irradiation machinery at a plant in Mexico failed and 4 million fertile screwworms were released before the problem was spotted.
		A similar technique is the daughterless carp, a genetically modified organism produced in Australia by the CSIRO in the hope of eradicating the introduced carp from the Murray River system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sterile_insect_technique (625 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sterile insect technique
		Insects are sterilised with radiation, which can weaken the newly sterilized insects making them less able to compete with wild males.
		These sterile male flies are then released by air over infested areas, where they mate with wild females.
		The release of genetically modified insects with "Dominant Lethal" genes, which can only survive in controlled environments and pass on their death gene to the offspring of the individuals they mate with is a modification of the sterile insect technique which utilises recombinant DNA technology to manipulate insect genomes.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sterile-insect-technique (568 words)

	The Sterile Insect Technique
		The SIT involves mass breeding huge quantities of target insects in a "factory" and sterilizing the males by exposing them to low doses of radiation.
		The SIT was previously applied to eradicate the New World Screwworm (NWS) from North Africa in the early 1990s.
		The SIT was applied over a period of 20 years to eradicate NWS from North America and Mexico, and efforts to eradicate it from all of Central America are now under way.
	www.fao.org /News/1998/sit-e.htm (415 words)

	Bartlett & Staten: SIRM & Other Genetic Control Strategies
		These sterile insects are then released into the environment in very large numbers (10 to 100 times the number of native insects) in order to mate with the native insects that are present in the environment.
		Because of careful monitoring of the dye-marked sterile and native populations through the use of pheromone baited traps, the program was able to quickly adjust both the patterns of release and numbers of sterile insects released in a given area.
		Some disadvantages of this technique are the possible breakdown of the translocation stocks due to crossing-over, contamination of the strain by wild-type individuals, and partial sterility of the strain due to the translocation.
	ipmworld.umn.edu /chapters/bartlett.htm (3269 words)

	Sterile atomic fly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The sterile atomic fly, one kind of sterile insect technique, is an innovative solution to the problem of sleeping sickness, and is being developed by the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency, building on their experience of similar programs over past decades against the fruit fly in Australia and Africa.
		These sterilized male flies are then released into areas where Sleeping sickness is prevalent, and then mate with the females.
		Because the male is sterile, and the females mate only once, the population of Tsetse flies in the affected area will drop.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sterile_Atomic_Fly (317 words)

	Edward F. Knipling, March 20, 1909–March 17, 2000 \| By Perry Adkisson and James Tumlinson \| Biographical Memoirs
		These models convinced him that the sterile insect concept should work according to laws of probability if methods could be developed for sterilizing the males and mass rearing the flies in sufficient numbers to out-compete the fertile males when released into the field.
		This successful demonstration that the sterile insect release method could be used to eradicate insect pest populations not only excited Knipling and Bushland but also gave their work great impetus as it excited the livestock producers in screwworm-infested areas of the United States.
		The sterile insect release technique was employed, and the fly was successfully eradicated from Africa.
	www.nap.edu /html/biomems/eknipling.html (2644 words)

	1992
		SIT takes mass quantities of laboratory-reared, sterilized insects and releases them in infested areas where the sterilized males mate with native females.
		During the 1960s and 1970s, SIT was used to control the screw worm population in the United States, from the Southeast to the Southwest.
		Scientists believe SIT is an effective means of controlling outbreaks of a wide range of insect pests throughout the world, thus preserving a vast source of food for resident human populations.
	www.worldfoodprize.org /Laureates/Past/1992.htm (705 words)

	PIRSA Agriculture - Outbreak - Sterile Insect Technique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		SIT involves the release of large numbers of sterilised insects into the environment to mate with "wild" insects of the same species.
		The sterile insects mate with “wild” fruit flies and any eggs laid are infertile, eventually eradicating the fruit fly population.
		The sterile insects will be marked with a dye so that they can be separated from "wild" individuals if caught in the surveillance traps.
	www.pir.sa.gov.au /pages/agriculture/horticulture/fruitfly/ff2sit.htm (374 words)

	Luke Alphey
		SIT is a species-specific and environmentally non-polluting method of insect control that relies on the mass rearing, sterilization and release of large numbers of insects.
		SIT involves the deliberate release of large numbers of sterile insects, which mate with the wild population and so tend to reduce the size of the next generation.
		Indeed, since these insects or their progeny die in the wild, being kept alive in the laboratory only by the addition of a dietary additive, it is difficult to conceive of any realistic risk associated with their use.
	pewagbiotech.org /events/0920/bios/alphey.php (713 words)

	NZ Plant Protection 56 (2003), Applying the sterile insect technique for biosecurity: benefits and constraints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Sterile insect releases to manage or eradicate pests have been deployed increasingly in many countries against diverse targets, but have not previously been seriously considered in New Zealand.
		The success of the sterile insect technique is dependent on adequate understanding of pest biology, techniques for mass rearing of sufficient numbers to overcome the target population, mass sterility (with excellent quality assurance), competitive fitness of released insects, and release systems that ensure effective spatial targeting.
		The first use of the sterile insect technique in New Zealand is against the painted apple moth, and is a useful case study to demonstrate the potential of the approach in biosecurity.
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/nzpps/proceedings/03/03-021.htm (204 words)

	Sterile Insect Technique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		SIT's potential for other parts of Africa has been demonstrated on Zanzibar, where tsetse flies and trypanosomosis now appear to be problems of the past.
		SIT is now being considered in a number of affected countries as a new tool in integrated area-wide tsetse eradication campaigns.
		SIT could be the key missing link for integrated tsetse and trypanosomosis management in Africa.
	f40.iaea.org /worldatom/Periodicals/Bulletin/Bull394/sitbox.html (212 words)

	The development and application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) for New World screwworm eradication
		Sexual sterility is induced by exposing the pupae to gamma rays, which damage the chromosomes in the sperm.
		The sterile insect technique is the first involving insect genetics for population control, and it can be applied only to pest species that reproduce by sexual means.
		The application of the sterile male technique in attempting the eradication of a very mobile pest with a high reproductive potential requires all measures to be implemented with great thoroughness and timeliness.
	www.fao.org /ag/AGA/AGAP/WAR/Warall/u4220b/u4220b0j.htm (3494 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002
		Sterile insect technique involves the mass production, sterilization and sequential release of males of the target species to out compete the wild male population.
		The sterile insect technique is one way in which this can be achieved (Knipling, 1963).
		The sterile insect technique relies on the release of mass reared, sexually sterilized males and is environmentally benign.
	www.insectscience.org /3.13 (4491 words)

	Baumhover: Screwworm Eradication Programs Paper, 1997
		The sterile male technique involves mass rearing the parasite, irradiating them late in the pupal stage with gamma rays (Figs.
		In order to assist in evaluating the performance in the field of irradiated sterile males, I was reassigned from the USDA Grasshopper Control Division, first to the USDA's Insects Affecting Man and Animals Laboratory, Kerrville, Texas, and later to a sub-laboratory at Orlando, Florida.
		As Knipling's models show, this percentage of sterility is still not high enough to bring down the population when the potential for increase from one generation to the next is quite high, as it undoubtedly was in Broward and adjacent counties.
	www.flaentsoc.org /webbaum/baumhover.html (9071 words)

	The Eradication of the Tsetse Fly in Zanzibar: Application of the Sterile Insect Technique in Technical Co-operation
		Insects are mass reared in ‘factories’ and sterilized by gamma rays emitted by a cobalt-60 source.
		Mating between the released, sterile insects and native or ‘wild’ insects are infertile.
		The SIT component was rejected by FAO as being too complicated, too expensive and interfering with the effort to demonstrate the feasibility to eradicate tsetse by using insecticides on livestock.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/classes/intlmgt/sessions/iaea/Tsetse.htm (3300 words)

	Designing Insects by Thomas A. Miller
		To compensate for this, very large numbers of SIT insects are released in an attempt to counteract the mating vigor of the wild populations; in pink bollworm SIT, the ratio of sterile to wild insects is 60:1 (by contrast, the ratio is 100:1 in Medfly SIT).
		Laboratory rearing of insects naturally selects for traits and behaviors that are not compatible with competitive behavior in the wild, which is one of the dilemmas of the SIT approach.
		The use of transgenic insects to improve SIT is seen by many as the least risky test of this new technology because the aim is population collapse rather than the spreading of genes through a population.
	www.actionbioscience.org /biotech/miller.html (3238 words)

	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij: News - Opening of the Sterile Insect Technique Rearing Facility at ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The new sterile insect technique (SIT) rearing facility at ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij was opened on 22 February 2002.
		According to Dr Brian Barnes, manager of the SIT Programme at ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, SIT is a technique that uses sterilised insects in a form of insect birth control.
		He indicated that the goal of the industry is to commercialise SIT in order for it to be big enough to supply sterile insects to the whole of the Western Cape and hopefully extend to the rest of the country and other fruit kinds.
	www.arc.agric.za /institutes/infruit/main/news/sit_opening.htm (654 words)

	Mediterranean Fruit fly sterile insect technique
		The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a method of pest control that is being used to suppress medfly populations around the world.
		It is based on the premise that flooding a wild population of the target insect with sterile individuals will mean that a proportion of the wild, fertile insects will mate with the sterile individuals and therefore not reproduce successfully.
		The degree to which the population’s reproduction rate is lowered depends on how competitive the released sterile insects are, and the relative abundance of the sterile and the wild individuals.
	www.sardi.sa.gov.au /pages/entomolo/ffly_sterile_insect_te.htm:sectID=864&tempID=152 (351 words)

	Fly in the ointment?
		In 1999 New Agriculturist reported on a Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) project, that was just getting underway in the Hex River valley of the Western Cape.
		Sterile male fruit flies have now been released for two seasons, and the results are already impressive.
		Moreover, in contrast to chemical applications, SIT is harmless to the environment, and the harvested fruit can be sold with reduced chemical residues.
	www.new-agri.co.uk /01-4/develop/dev05.html (604 words)

	Don't Let the Bugs Bite: Science News Online, Aug. 14, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In a technique already in use, millions of factory-raised bugs are sterilized with radiation or chemicals and then released within a target area.
		His goal is to fashion male insects that are genetically unable to sire female offspring in the wild.
		In the United States, jurisdiction over genetically modified insects is poorly defined under the split authority of the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration, according to a report released in January.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20040814/bob8.asp (2167 words)

	Tsetse fly eradicated on the Island of Zanzibar
		Using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), the campaign succeeded in completely ridding the island of the flies that carry the parasitic cattle disease trypanosomiasis.
		The SIT was used in Zanzibar during a four-year campaign in which the Joint FAO/IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Division cooperated with the Government of Tanzania.
		Almost 8 million sterile male flies were released during the eradication campaign.
	www.fao.org /NEWS/1998/980505-e.htm (521 words)

	News: Grant boost for insect innovation
		The laboratory-reared insects are unable to reproduce in the wild because of small changes in their metabolism which make them dependent on a dietary supplement used in the rearing programme.
		Dr Alphey said: 'The idea of sterilising insects for pest control is not new, but the existing technology is unsatisfactory as it uses radiation which often damages the insects.
		Our technique improves on the current approach as the released insects will be sterile but not damaged by the treatment and so can effectively compete with wild insects.
	www.admin.ox.ac.uk /po/news/2003-04/oct/21a.shtml (256 words)

	FAMU Entomology - Kenneth A. Bloem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Sterile Insect Technique for codling moth eradication in British Columbia, Canada.
		Inherited sterility in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Effect of substerilizing doses of radiation on field competitivenesss.
		Oviposition by sterile codling moths and control of wild populations with combined releases of sterile moths and egg parasitoids.
	www.famu.org /ent/directory/bloemk.asp (257 words)

	Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia: Seasonal variation in recapture of mass-reared sterile ...
		In 1992, the Okanagan-Kootenay Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Programme was initiated to eradicate codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), from montane, fruit-growing valleys in British Columbia (BC), Canada.
		Weekly catches of sterile moths in these same orchards were always at their lowest in spring, and activity was correlated with seasonal air temperatures.
		Any critical assessment of the annual progress or success of a sterile insect programme in BC should be based on an analysis that reveals the extent to which appropriate S:W ratios are being achieved in individual sites and presented as a proportion of all orchards being treated.
	newssearch.looksmart.com /p/articles/mi_qa4139/is_200412/ai_n13486389 (1382 words)

	Integrated Codling Moth Management- Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Technique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although technically feasible in certain situations, sterile insect release has several limitations that govern success including geographic isolation of treated areas, mass rearing of large numbers of moths, regional coordination, the mandatory nature of treatment efforts, and high start-up costs for sterile insect production and release.
		Sterile insect release costs, estimated from a pilot project, were more than twice that of chemical sprays to control codling moth.
		The sterile insect release program has been started to eradicate the codling moth from the Okanagan valley in British Columbia (Canada) by the year 2000.
	ippc.orst.edu /codlingmoth/ipm/sir.html (272 words)

	ISO/ASTM51940-04 Standard Guide for Irradiation of Insects for Sterile Release Programs
		The primary use of irradiated, reproductively sterile insects is in the Sterile Insect Technique, where large numbers of sterile insects are released into the field to mate with and thus control pest populations of the same species.
		A secondary use of sterile insects is as benign hosts for rearing insect parasitoids.
		It is equally applicable to radiation sterilization of invertebrates from other taxa (for example, Acarina, Gastropoda) and to irradiation of live insects or other invertebrates for other purposes (for example, inducing mutations), provided the absorbed dose is within the range specified in.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/ISOASTM51940.htm (455 words)

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