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Topic: Sternal angle

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	eMedicine - Sternum, Fractures : Article Excerpt by: David A Fisher, MD
		Sternal fractures have an 18-62% risk of associated thoracic, mediastinal, or cardiac injury.
		Sternal fractures are also associated with compression fractures of the thoracic spine secondary to hyperflexion of the spine at the time of injury.
		It forms the sternal angle, which is also the level of the second rib.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/byname/sternum-fractures.htm (516 words)

	Anatomy - Upper Extremity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The junction between the manubrium sterni and the body of the sternum is marked by a raised ridge called the sternal angle or angle of Louis.
		This angle is at the level where the second rib articulates with the sternum.
		Sternal angle is at the level of the disc between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae.
	cats.med.uvm.edu /cats_teachingmod/gross_anatomy/thorax/pages/thoracic_wall.html (1099 words)

	XII. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings. 5. Surface Anatomy of the Thorax. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ...
		These muscles overlap the anterior surface somewhat, so that the whole width of the sternum is not subcutaneous, and this overlapping is greatest opposite the middle of the bone; the furrow, therefore, is wide at its upper and lower parts but narrow in the middle.
		Lower down on the subcutaneous surface is a well-defined transverse ridge, the sternal angle; it denotes the junction of the manubrium and body.
		At the back, the angles of the ribs lie on a slightly marked oblique line on either side of, and some distance from, the spinous processes of the vertebræ.
	www.bartleby.com /107/283.html (779 words)

	eMedicine - Sternum, Fractures : Article by David A Fisher
		Sternal fractures are often seen in association with deceleration injuries and/or direct blows to the chest, and they occur in approximately 3% of patients suffering blunt chest trauma.
		Sternal fractures have also been reported in association with sports activities such as golf and weight lifting but are less frequently seen in association with cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
		The joint between the manubrium and the body, the manubriosternal joint, forms the sternal angle, which is at the level of the second rib.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic654.htm (1347 words)

	Chapter 19: The skeleton of the thorax
		Rarely, however, the sternal angle is at the level of the third costal cartilages.
		It is at the apex of the infrasternal angle and is usually at the level of thoracic vertebra 10 or 11.
		The shaft, which is curved and twisted, presents an angle posteriorly, which indicates the lateral extent of the erector spinae and is the weakest part of the rib.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_4/chapter_19.html (1092 words)

	[No title]
		Fused cartilage articulates with rib 7, and the sternum.
		Sternal angle, angle of Louis, between vertebrae T4-5, marks the manubriosternal notch, the attachment of the 2nd ribs, and other important things to be learned later.
		Posterior: midvertebral and scapular (intersect the inferior angle of the scapula).
	www.musc.edu /comsc/resources/1st%20Year/Fall/Anatomy/Anatomy-DVG/Thorax/Thoracic%20Wall%20and%20Surface%20Anatomy%20of%20the%20Thorax%20Answers.doc (696 words)

	II. Osteology. 4a. The Sternum. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The lateral borders are each marked above by a depression for the first costal cartilage, and below by a small facet, which, with a similar facet on the upper angle of the body, forms a notch for the reception of the costal cartilage of the second rib.
		At the junction of the third and fourth pieces of the body is occasionally seen an orifice, the sternal foramen, of varying size and form.
		—The superior border is oval and articulates with the manubrium, the junction of the two forming the sternal angle (angulus Ludovici 19).
	www.bartleby.com /107/27.html (1302 words)

	Anatomy: Thoracic Cavity
		The angle of Louis (also called the sternal angle) is a useful place to start counting ribs, which helps localize a respiratory finding horizontally.
		The 2nd rib is continuous with the sternal angle; slide your finger down to localize the 2nd intercostal space.
		The angle of Louis also marks the site of bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi and corresponds with the upper border of the atria of the heart.
	www.rnceus.com /resp/respthoracic.html (301 words)

	Sternum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the junction of the third and fourth pieces of the body is occasionally seen an orifice, the sternal foramen, of varying size and form.
		The superior border is oval and articulates with the manubrium, the junction of the two forming the sternal angle (angulus Ludovici 19).
		Its anterior surface affords attachment on either side to the anterior costoxiphoid ligament and a small part of the Rectus abdominis; its posterior surface, to the posterior costoxiphoid ligament and to some of the fibers of the diaphragm and Transversus thoracis, its lateral borders, to the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sternum (1440 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Sternal angle
		The sternal angle is the angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum in the form of a secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis).
		The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landmark.
		It marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages and the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Sternal_angle (125 words)

	Bracket Ministernotomy For Adult Atrial Septal Defect Repair
		Sternal division was done with an oscillating saw.
		A 8 to 10 cm skin incision was done between 2 cm below the sternal angle and 3 cm above the xiphoid process of the sternum.
		The anterior ligamentous attachments of the pericardium to the sternum and thymus were mobilized so that superior aspect of the pericardium over the aorta and right ventricle could be pulled anteriorly towards the skin incision.
	www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijtcvs/vol7n2/bracket.xml (1323 words)

	Surface Markings of the Thorax - Wikimd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Surface Markings of the Thorax Bony Landmarks—The second costal cartilage corresponding to the sternal angle is so readily found that it is used as a starting-point from which to count the ribs.
		19 The position of the various orifices is as follows: The pulmonary orifice is situated in the upper angle of the third left sternocostal articulation; the aortic orifice is a little below and medial to this, close to the articulation.
		The left atrioventricular opening is opposite the fourth costal cartilage, and rather to the left of the midsternal line; the right atrioventricular opening is a little lower, opposite the fourth interspace of the right side.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=Surface_Markings_of_the_Thorax (1591 words)

	Cardiovascular Examination
		Sternal Angle - The sternal angle is taken to be 5cm above the right atrium.
		A jugular pulse 10cm above the sternal angle equates to a central venous pressure of 15cm of water.
		Left Sternal Border - The left 3rd, 4th, and 5th interspaces are considered the tricuspid area and are referred to as the Lower Left Sternal Border or LLSB.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year1/bcs96/clist/cardio.html (1129 words)

	[No title]
		The sternal angle is in a horizontal plane with the a.
		The sternal angle is typically at the level of.
		the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle b.
	medschool.slu.edu /ms2001/SLU-test1b.doc (2450 words)

	Anatomy Tables - Thoracic Wall, Pleura, & Pericardium
		sternal angle is the location of the attachment of t the costal cartilage of the 2nd rib to the sternum; an imaginary horizontal plane through the sternal angle passes through the T4/T5 intervertebral disc and marks the inferior boundary of the superior mediastinum
		it articulates via a costal cartilage with the sternum at the level of the sternal angle; its superior surface is roughened by the attachments of the scalene mm.
		it is located between the clavicular notches which articulate with the sternal ends of the clavicles
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/thorax/thorax_wall_tables.html (3089 words)

	The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations -- Kurihara et al. 19 (1): 105 -- RadioGraphics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		or the sternal angle as an anatomic landmark to determine the
		sternal angle, which is the joint between the sternal body and
		Sequential axial chest CT scans of the ribs and sternum show identification of the sternal angle (*) with the second costal cartilage and rib (2) followed by the counting of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs (3–5) in numeric order (a).
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/19/1/105 (5181 words)

	SURFACE PROJECTIONS OF THE PLEURAL CAVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Note that the pleural cavity extends behind the sternoclavicular joint and comes close to the midline, at about the level of the "sternal angle" (junction of manubrium and body of the sternum).
		(The "sternal angle" conveniently marks the position of the second costal cartilage).
		Useful landmarks are the spine of the scapula, which medially lines up with the third intercostal space, and the inferior angle of the scapula, in line with the seventh rib.
	www.ucalgary.ca /med/education/umeonly/pangolins/resp/RES1228.htm (863 words)

	Untitled Document
		92) Between the sternal ends of the 2 clavicles is a deep suprasternal (jugular) notch, at the bottom of which is the top of the manubrium or uppermost of the 3 sternal components.
		Returning to the sternal angle, locate the pair of ribs which attach to the sternum at that level.
		Using the sternal angle and second rib for orientation, identify and try to trace lateralward the uppermost rib and then the 10 lower ones.
	www.indstate.edu /thcme/duong/surfanatomy.html (2243 words)

	The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations -- Kurihara et al. 19 (1): 105 -- RadioGraphics
		It is important to identify the transverse portion of the costal cartilage (arrows), at which point one stops counting down and starts counting up (ie, moves from medial to lateral).
		Rib counting at CT with the sternal angle as an anatomic landmark.
		Rib counting at lateral chest radiography with the sternal angle as an anatomic landmark.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/figsonly/19/1/105 (2373 words)

	Physical examination of jugular venous pulse (JVP) is an integral part of cardiovascular examination... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		He observed that the top of the jugular veins of normal individuals (and the top of the fluid in the manometer) always came to lie within 1 to 2 cm of vertical distance from the sternal angle, whether the individual's position was supine, semiupright, or upright.
		The patient should lie comfortably during the examination: clothing should be removed from the neck and upper thorax; although the head should rest on a pillow, it must not be elevated at a sharp angle from the trunk.
		When the venous pressure is normal, the veins collapse when the dorsum of the hand reaches the level of the sternal angle of Lewis.
	www.indegene.com /Car/FeatArt/indCarFeatArt7.html (3442 words)

	Anatomy: Thorax and Mediastinum
		STERNAL ANGLE: The junction between the Manubrium and the Sternum body.
		The Bifurcation of the Trachea occurs directly posterior to the Sternal Angle.
		Sternal Pericardial Ligaments connect the fibrous pericardium to the sternum.
	www.themedicaldirectory.org /sciences/anatomy/thorax.shtml (4665 words)

	Sternal angle - definition from Biology-Online.org
		The angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum at the manubriosternal junction.
		Denotes level of aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea, and T4/T5 intervertebral disc.
		Synonym: angulus sterni, louis' angle, ludwig's angle, manubriosternal junction.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Sternal_angle (127 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		With the patient seated, use index and middle fingers to gently palpate the carotid artery medial to the sternal mastoid muscle in the lower half of the neck.
		With the client’s neck in a neutral position, lightly apply the bell of the stethoscope over the carotid artery at: the angle of the jaw, the mid-cervical area, and the base of the neck.
		Estimate the jugular venous pressure by measuring from the sternal angle to the highest level of venous pulsation.
	www.columbia.edu /media/itcmedia/hs/medical/cupex/cardio_text.rt (1427 words)

	Examination for CVP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Measure elevation of neck veins above the sternal angle (Lewis Method).
		Using a centimeter ruler, measure the vertical distance between the angle of Louis (manubrio sternal joint) and the highest level of jugular vein pulsation.
		A straight edge intersecting the ruler at a right angle may be helpful.
	depts.washington.edu /~physdx/neckveins/nvtech.html (155 words)

	Anatomy: The Thorax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		X-Rays are passed through at many different angles, and a 3D-image is generated as a result by a computer.
		Sternal Pericardial Ligaments connect the fibrous pericardium to the sternum.
		It branches off at a straighter angle, so things tend to lodge in the right Bronchus as opposed to the left.
	www.geocities.com /doctor_uae/thorax.htm (5543 words)

	Anatomy Atlases: Atlas of Human Anatomy in Cross Section: Topography of the Thorax and Abdomen
		The average position is at the level of the middle third of the fifth thoracic vertebra.
		Morris places the sternal angle at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, Piersol places it opposite the fifth, and Cunningham puts it at the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra.
		Eycleshymer and Schoemaker reported the range of variation in the level of the xiphosternal Junction to be from the seventh thoracic disk to the middle of the eleventh thoracic vertebra.
	www.anatomyatlases.org /HumanAnatomy/Topography/Sternum.shtml (568 words)

	Practice Quiz - Thoracic Wall, Pleura, & Pericardium
		The lowest extent of the pleural cavity, into which lung tissue does not extend, is known as the:
		The sternal angle is a landmark for locating the level of the:
		She began at the jugular notch, then slid her fingers down to the sternal angle.
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /cardiovascular_system/thorax_wall_questions.html (741 words)

	Breathing Coordination - Principles of Breathing Coordination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It also documents how it is possible to develop the diaphragm, showing its change in structure and increased excursion.
		It is this achievement that makes it possible to correct respiratory faults, abnormalities of the ribcage, such as a sternal angle, barrel chest, and flared lower ribs.
		Before the Stoughs isolated and identified the physiological principles governing the mechanical function of the respiratory system, no absolute standard for the mechanics of respiration had been described in the history of medicine.
	www.breathingcoordination.com /principles.html (227 words)

	Nursing 352 - Head and Neck - Jugular vein distention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Place a metric ruler on the sternal angle.
		Measure the distance in centimeters from the sternal angle to the top of the jugular pulsations.
		Five is added to this number to give you an estimate of the central venous pressure (right atrial pressure).
	classes.kumc.edu /son/nurs352/Module_5/jvd.htm (107 words)

	Shoulder Anatomy
		Costoclavicular ligament: short strong band from upper border of the 1st costal cartilage to the costal tuberosity of the sternal end of the clavicle.
		Interclavicular ligament: flat band from clavicle to clavicle across the upper margin of the sternum in jugular notch.
		Upward Tilt: tilting of the scapula so that the posterior surface faces upward and the inferior angle moves backward accompanied by rotation of the clavicle about its mechanical axis
	curry.edschool.virginia.edu /class/edhs/544/should.html (1002 words)

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