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	Stigand
		In 1043 he was consecrated bishop of Elmham and in 1047 was translated to Winchester; he supported Earl Godwine in his quarrel with Edward the Confessor, and in 1052 arranged the peace between the earl and the king.
		In this year the archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumieges, having been outlawed and driven from England, Stigand was appointed to the archbishopric; but, regarding Robert as the rightful archbishop, Pope Leo IX and his two successors refused to recognize him.
		Stigand is said by Norman writers to have crowned Harold in January 1066; but it is now probable that this ceremony was performed by Aldred, archbishop of York.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/st/Stigand.html (292 words)

	STIGAND - LoveToKnow Article on STIGAND
		In this year the archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumihges, having been outlawed and driven from England, Stigand was appointed to the archbishopric; but, regarding Robert as the rightful archbishop, Pope Leo IX.
		In 1070 he was deposed by the papal legates and was imprisoned at Winchester, where he died, probably on the 22nd of February 1072.
		Stigand was an avaricious man and a great pluralist, holding the bishopric of Winchester after he became archbishop of Canterbury, in addition to several abbeys.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/ST/STIGAND.htm (271 words)

	Stig6Walks
		Stigand was noted not only for his bravery and skill with a rifle but also for his unusual understanding of native people and their languages.
		Stigand is not in one of the squares the Major [posthumously] has opted to buy his men time and is jinking and and dodging a sleet of spears running and firing as the Aliab surround him and the first fluttering, humming, fluted blade slices home.
		How many Dinka were killed by Stigand is not recorded with their bodies being dragged away leaving only smears in the grass, it would be safe to bet the rent money however that one of the finest rifle shots in africa did not go cheaply and his discarded cartridge cases would later attest to this.
	www.ak.planet.gen.nz /~secprod/myname.html (489 words)

	Stigand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In this year the archbishop of Canterbury, Robert of Jumieges, having been outlawed and driven from England, Stigand was appointed to thearchbishopric; but, regarding Robert as the rightful archbishop, Pope Leo IX and his two successors refused to recognize him.
		Stigand is said by Norman writers to have crowned Harold in January 1066 and isdepicted at that coronation in the Bayeux tapestry ; but it is nowprobable that this ceremony was performed by Aldred, archbishop of York due to the controversy about Stigand's position.
		Stigand was an avaricious man and a great pluralist, holding the bishopric of Winchester after he became archbishop ofCanterbury, in addition to several abbeys.
	www.therfcc.org /stigand-111217.html (306 words)

	Osprey Essential Norman Conquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stigand was present at the deathbed of Edward the Confessor in the role of priest and witnessed the King's dying wish that Harold succeed him.
		Stigand also says that the old King wanted Harold to be magnanimous towards the Normans Edward had brought over to England after his exile in Normandy.
		Stigand was confirmed as Archbishop 1058 — but only by the antipope Benedict X. When Benedict was deposed in 1059, Stigand was excommunicated by Pope Nicholas II.
	216.168.37.48 /FMPro?-DB=osehnc.FP3&-FORMAT=/scribe/osehnc/osehncoct04.html&ReferenceNumber=OSEHNC195&-Max=1&-Find (516 words)

	S Y N T H E S I S - The English Church After 1066
		William’s first task was to deal with Archbishop Stigand, a figure who - at least prior to the Conquest - had been fiercely loyal to Edward the Confessor and implacably hostile to the aims and objectives of the incoming Norman usurpers.
		Stigand, however, was committing a flagrant breach of canonical tradition by simultaneously stamping his authority over the sees of Winchester and Canterbury.
		But when Ealdred passed away on September 11th, 1069, it soon became apparent that Stigand was at the helm of the only metropolitan see left in the country and that Pope Alexander II was naturally eager to have him replaced.
	www.rosenoire.org /articles/hist11.php (1819 words)

	EBK: Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stigand was Chaplain to Kings Canute the Great and Harald Harefoot, and adviser of Queen Emma.
		In 1058, Pope Benedict X consented to send him a pallium but this only served to intensify the difficulties of his situation; for, in 1059, Benedict was declared uncanonical and was deposed.
		Stigand was condemned, deprived of his dignities and imprisoned at Winchester, where he died of voluntary starvation on 21st February 1072.
	www.earlybritishkingdoms.com /adversaries/bios/stigand.html (172 words)

	AllRefer.com - Stigand (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: General Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stigand, Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: General Biographies
		He has generally been cast as an opportunist, useful to Edward the Confessor (he negotiated the peace between Edward and Earl Godwin in 1052).
		Stigand welcomed William I and continued in his offices until a papal commission under Alexander II replaced him (1070) with Lanfranc.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Stigand.html (198 words)

	Stigand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stigand es dicho por los escritores norman para tener Harold coronado en enero de 1066 y representado en esa coronación en la tapicería de Bayeux; pero ahora es el probable que esta ceremonia fue realizada por Aldred, archbishop de York debido a la controversia sobre la posición de Stigand.
		Stigand sometido a Guillermo, y asistido en su coronación.
		Stigand era un hombre avaricioso y un gran pluralist, sujetando el bishopric de Winchester después de que él hizo archbishop de Cantorbery, además de varias abadías.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/st/Stigand.htm (311 words)

	[No title]
		STIGAND Verily, I say unto ye, he that entereth the sheepfold alone, he is a thief and a robber.
		STIGAND Yonder are Edwin and Morcar, whose sister was the usurper’s lady.
		Stigand frowns apologetically, then turns and proclaims: STIGAND My lords, the wise men of England are gathered to petition William, Duke of Normandy and heir to the late king, to accept the kingship and all the rights and duties appertaining thereto.
	www.writesafe.com /storage5/Tc2.doc (12903 words)

	How accurate is the statement that the eleventh century saw ‘a great religious revival’ in England, and to ...
		Stigand, famously excommunicated by five successive popes, was at first recognized as archbishop of Canterbury, and for his deposal of 1070 political reasons (in light of the recent revolt) seem more likely than spiritual ones.
		Marjorie Chibnall even alledges that he was at first perceived, like Harold, as entirely respectable, and that before it became necessary to demonise him at least one Norman source states that he even played a role in William's coronation.
		Perhaps as gesture of conciliation to those elements resentful at the removal of Stigand, this was Lanfranc, formerly abbot at Caen, whose piety was beyond question.
	www.coursework.info /i/5467.html (687 words)

	Books of Rhodesia Zimbabwe - Hunting the Elephant in Africa and other Recollections of Thirteen Years' Wanderings - ...
		Chauncey Hugh Stigand was born in France in 1877 while his father was the the British Consul there.
		He demonstrated early academic talents and was exposed to the maturing benefits of foreign travel at a youthful age.
		In this wide-ranging and at times amusing work Stigand draws upon his wealth of experience to write upon a diverse range of African topics.
	www.booksofzimbabwe.com /ahrs8.html (366 words)

	The Battle of Hastings - A Virtual Tour of the battlefield
		Some of their hesitation was no doubt based on Edgar's age, but perhaps the rest can be accounted for the by fact that William had the papal blessing and, after all, Harold had lost.
		Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, came over to William's cause, and was soon removed from power.
		Stigand had replaced the Norman Archbishop Robert before these events, and in Norman eyes, his election was uncanonical.
	www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu /~dvess/ids/medieval/hastings/hastings3.htm (1376 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The case of Stigand was a major factor here.
		Stigand was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1051, after the Norman Robert of Jumieges was expelled by Earl Godwine.
		His installation was a flagrant example of all they were fighting against -- the violation of church law and ecclesiastical independence by powerful members of the laity.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/muhlberger/norm_church.html (1990 words)

	Stigand -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He mediated the peace between Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwine (1052) and was made archbishop of Canterbury when the Norman archbishop fled.
		He was not accepted until 1058, and then only by the antipope Benedict X, after whose deposition Stigand was excommunicated by Pope Nicholas II.
		Stigand's continuance in office was one of the reasons for papal support of the Norman Conquest (see William I) in 1066.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9379590 (351 words)

	Sandra Hill - The Blue Viking Excerpt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He had known Stigand as a child back in the Norse lands, though he had not met up with him again till a few years past.
		Throughout their three-year quest, they'd constantly had to restrain Stigand, lest a sheepherder or unwary wayfarer get in his path when he was in a dark mood.
		They all shook their heads at Stigand's thinking, even though it had a ring of validity to it.
	www.sff.net /people/shill/blueexcerpt.htm (5165 words)

	TimeRef - History Timelines - Medieval People Starting With S
		The death of Robert was a blow to Matilda's attempts to fight for the English throne.
		Stigand assumed the title of Archbishop of Canterbury.
		Robert appealed to Leo IX and Stigand was excommunicated (repeated by Victor II & Stephen IX, repealed by Benedict X, reintroduced by Nicholas II and Alexander II).
	www.timeref.btinternet.co.uk /hprs.htm (1447 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stigand of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York blessed the Confessor and assured Edith her former husband would be sainted.
		Stigand of Canterbury finally settled the matter by edict.
		It was close enough for Stigand, the witnesses and eventually the Witan.
	www.john.e.trivett.dial.pipex.com /21coronation.htm (2186 words)

	Medieval English urban history - Norwich - Effects of the Conquest
		By 1065 Norwich had become one of the most populous boroughs in the country, with 1,238 burgesses on the land jointly owned by the king and earl Gyrth Godwinson, 50 in the soke of archbishop Stigand, and 32 in that of Harold Godwinson (a former earl of East Anglia).
		The private sokes of Stigand and Harold, however, gradually disappeared when cathedral, castle and Mancroft were raised on the sites of the sokes.
		The king still shared his lordship with the earl, who took the "third penny" of all dues until at least 1191; but that was probably his only surviving right in the borough, the sheriff having absorbed the earl's administrative duties.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/norwich3.html (2771 words)

	The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - Part 5: A.D. 1052 - 1069
		Then advanced Bishop Stigand with God's assistance, and the wise men both within the town and without; who determined that hostages should be given on either side.
		Then Bishop Stigand interposed with God's help, and the wise men as well within the town as without; and they decreed that hostages should be set forth on either side: and thus was it done.
		In the same year died Bishop Godwin at St. Martin's, on the seventh before the ides of March; and in the self-same year died Wulfric, Abbot of St. Augustine's, in the Easterweek, on the fourteenth before the calends of May. Pope Nicholas also died; and Alexander was chosen pope, who was Bishop of Lucca.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/england/saxons5.htm (9197 words)

	the Last 2£
		He was forced to submit, warrior leaders and Stigand having defected and run away, but he did try.
		When William reached the outskirts of the city he was faced with the young æþeling and his supporters.
		Earls Edwin and Morcar had melted away after promising support and Stigand was a broken reed.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/3532/edgar.htm (3360 words)

	Stigand -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Stigand was consecrated bishop of Elmham in 1043, but was deposed later in the year when Queen Emma, mother of Edward the Confessor, fell into disgrace, because he was her adviser.
		Sees were reorganized, and most came to be held by continental clergy.
		In 1070 Lanfranc replaced Stigand as archbishop of...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9069695?tocId=9069695 (345 words)

	Denton, Norfolk - A Village in South Norfolk, England - Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stigand had the jurisdiction of 9 of these in Earsham and they had 60 acres; St Edmund had the jurisdiction of 4 and they had 40 acres, so that they could neither grant nor sell their land outside the church.
		But Roger Bigot added them to Earsham on account of the customary dues, because the jurisdiction was in the Hundred.
		Stigand - Bishop of Winchester from 1047 and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1052.
	www.denton-norfolk.co.uk /modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1 (863 words)

	The 6.5 x 54 Mannlicher-Schoenauer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Left to right -.243 Win, 6.5 M-5, 7 x 57 Mauser, 30-60,.375 H and H. The professional hunters in Africa, prior to the first world war, sang its praises loudly.
		“Karamojo” Bell and Captain Stigand were two professional ivory hunters who used it with some success on elephant and wrote about their successes, whilst Banks (elephant control officer -Uganda) and Blaney Percival (first game warden-Kenya) were also enthusiastic proponents.
		The long 160 grain bullets had a very high sectional density, and in solid form penetrated adequately for brain shots on elephant or ‘through the shoulder’ shot on buffalo, whilst the frangible soft points gave lightning quick kills on small buck like impala or gazelles.
	www.cybertorpedo.com /africanhunter/classcart/65x54manscho_01.htm (302 words)

	Anglo Saxon Chronicles 1040 - 166 AD
		And soon after this the king determined to invest all the land that his mother had in her hands, and took from her all that she had in gold and in silver and in numberless things; because she formerly held it too fast against him.
		Soon after this Stigand was deprived of his bishopric; and they took all that he had into their hands for the king, because he was nighest the counsel of his mother; and she acted as he advised, as men supposed.
		This year died Elfwine, Bishop of Winchester, on the fourth day before the calends of September; and Stigand, Bishop of Norfolk, was raised to his see.
	www.webmesh.co.uk /a-s-chronicles7b.htm (15585 words)

	Norwegian Invasion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Not for this insane Englishman the decision of a public choice, but, on that sorrowful day when the best of kings was buried and the whole nation mourned his passing, he seized the royal throne with the plaudits of certain iniquitous supporters and thereby perjured himself.
		He was made king by the unholy consecration of Stigand, who had been deprived of his ministry by the justified fervour of papal anathema.
		The irregularity of these circumstances meant that his appointment was not recognised until 1058, and then only by the antipope Benedict X. After Benedict's deposition, in 1059, Stigand was excommunicated, by Pope Nicholas II, although he remained in office.
	www.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk /harold.htm (3512 words)

	Chapter 25.
		Stigand, the archbishop who had crowned Harold, refused to crown William, and William in wrath retorted that he was no true bishop, and that he did not wish to be crowned by him.
		Yet William forced Stigand to be present at the coronation.
		Once again, as so short a time before, the voice of the bishop rang through the great church, "Do you take William of Normandy to be your king?" Once again the answer came, "We do." But this time the question was asked and answered in French, and the English voices were silent.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/marshall/england/england-25.html (1584 words)

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