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Topic: Stikine Volcanic Belt

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	MSN Encarta - Alaska
		It is bounded on the north and west by the Alaska Range, a belt of mountains 80 to 100 km (50 to 60 mi) wide that is connected with the Saint Elias Mountains on the east.
		Southwestern Alaska is composed of the narrow Alaska Peninsula, the Aleutian Islands, and Kodiak Island.
		Wrangell remains the port for the Stikine River.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569148/Alaska.html (2055 words)

	CVO Website - Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics
		The Anahim Volcanic Belt, which extends from the coast near Bella Bella easterly across central British Columbia to the eastern boundary of the Intermontane Belt, is interpreted to be the trace of a mantle hot spot.
		The Stikine Volcanic Belt, which forms a broad zone through northwestern British Columbia and the southern Yukon, is thought to be a zone of extension developed in response to shear along the adjacent, transcurrent boundary between the continent and Pacific crust.
		The central segment of the Garibaldi Belt (Souther, 1980) is defined by a group of eight volcanoes on the height of land east of Squamish River, and by remnants of basaltic flows preserved in the adjacent Squamish valley.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Canada/description_canadian_volcanics.html (4935 words)

	FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA - Volume 1, Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Volcanic rocks are encountered mainly in the Aleutian Archipelago, in the interior of British Columbia, in the Columbia-Snake plateaus, and in various areas of the Basins and Ranges physiographic province (fig.
		It is bordered on the west by the Coastal Mountains, on the north by the Stikine Plateau, and on the east by the Liard Plateau and the northern Rocky Mountains.
		The Chugach and Kenai mountains are composed of metamorphics and volcanics (fig.
	www.fna.org /FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter01.shtml (14557 words)

	NA4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In southern British Columbia, the Pemberton and Garibaldi volcanic belts and the Chilcotin Group plateau are related to the subduction of the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates beneath the North American continent.
		The Stikine Volcanic Belt forms a broad zone of volcanoes in northwestern British Columbia and the southern Yukon.
		The Wrangell Volcanic Belt is an arc of continental volcanoes associated with the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/top_101/NA/NA4.html (208 words)

	TEXT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By Middle Pennsylvanian, the Antler orogenic belt was buried under a widespread overlap assemblage.
		Therefore, an ocean basin between the Stikine and NAM subduction zones is subducted under both; as this occurs, the ocean basin shrinks and Stikinia moves towards NAM.
		Volcanic arc activity began to subside, perhaps in response to subduction zones jumping westward past newly accreted terrane.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~rcb7/Text_WUS.html (2470 words)

	TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
		The Omenica Belt is the region of overlap between the Intermontaine Belt to the west and the Foreland Belt to the east.
		The Intermontaine Belt is composed of the Cache Creek, Nisling, and Stikine terranes.
		The Coast Belt is the suture zone between the Intermontaine Belt and the Insular Belt and is composed of plutonic and metamorphic rock.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/student/seigel1/Tectonic_Evolution.htm (1555 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, North American Continent-Ocean Transects Program (1989) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Intermontane and Insular belts are mainly low-grade metamorphic and unmetamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic strata and comagmatic granitic rock of mainly Late Paleozoic to Tertiary ages.
		The Omineca and Coast belts are welts of high-grade metamorphic and granitic rocks of mid-Mesozoic to Tertiary ages that developed in regions of tectonic overlap and/or crustal thickening and incorporated the little metamorphosed strata in the flanking belts.
		Subsequently, an assemblage of noncontinental terranes of the Intermontane and Omineca belts accreted to the Kootenay.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309041775/html/34.html (7902 words)

	Paleogeography
		To the west, the Stikine and Quesnell elements of the McCloud arc are colliding and in turn collapse the Havallah back arc basin as the Sonoman orogeny continues.
		The Stikine and Quesnell elements are separated by the Cache Creek interarc basin.
		Volcanism continues widespread and streams continue to gnaw at the Colorado Plateau.
	thenaturalamerican.com /paleogeography.htm (1170 words)

	Geological Atlas Sedimentary Basin - Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kootenay Terrane consists of lower Paleozoic pelite, feldspathic quartz wacke and grit, and basic and acidic volcanic rocks that commonly are deformed and intruded by Devonian granites, and unconformably overlapped by upper Paleozoic pelite, conglomerate, sandstone, limestone and basic volcanic rocks.
		Figures 2.6 and 2.7 illustrate a palinspastic reconstruction of the Rocky Mountain Foreland Thrust and Fold Belt at 49° 45' N latitude.
		These 'loads' include both the effects of cooling and thermal contraction of hot lithosphere that had been emplaced beneath and adjacent to the newly formed margin during rifting and sea-floor spreading, and of the weight of the sediments that were deposited along the continental margin during and after the rifting.
	www.ags.gov.ab.ca /publications/ATLAS_WWW/A_CH02/CH_02_F.shtml (6852 words)

	IAVCEI/CNC - IUGG 1999
		These young volcanic centers are just the "tip of the ice berg" of Quaternary volcanism in Canada (Figure 1).
		Stretching northward from the Cascades, the Garibaldi volcanic belt culminates in a 20 km wide caldera complex at Mount Silverthrone.
		Growing awareness of volcanism, especially the threat from volcanoes to the south and north, have lead to a number of changes in the way Canadians are dealing with volcanic hazards.
	www.cgu-ugc.ca /cnc-iugg/IAVCEI99.htm (1176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The ages of the felsic volcanic rocks hosting the deposit are close to the Permo-Triassic boundary (Childe and Thompson, 1995; in press).
		The Kutcho Creek felsic volcanic rocks are comparable in composition to those recovered by the Ocean Drilling Project from the fore-arc portion of the Tonga Ridge in the southwest Pacific, and from the rifted Izu-Bonin arc south of Japan, both primitive island arc systems devoid of continental influence.
		Kutcho Creek felsic (and mafic) volcanic rocks are also chemically similar to those hosting VMS deposits in the Paleozoic West Shasta district in California, and in parts of the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon belt of the Canadian Shield, areas which also have been interpreted as primitive island-arc settings.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09641823/articles/5/4/S096418239600023.abstract.en (680 words)

	NOVAGOLD RESOURCES INC - NG Report of Foreign Issuer (6-K) EXHIBIT 99.2
		The nearest point on the Stikine River to the property is the mouth of the Anuk River, which lies 16 kilometers west of the camp.
		The oldest stratigraphy in the area is known as the Stikine assemblage and comprises Permian and older argillites, mafic to felsic flows and tuffs.
		Orthoclase-bearing volcanics are predominantly fine and coarse crystal lithic tuffs with possible subordinate flows and are common in the southern part of the Central Zone, where they crop out on surface and are often seen in drill core.
	sec.edgar-online.com /2004/07/02/0001062993-04-001053/section4.asp (15632 words)

	Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes - Stikine volcanic belt
		This large area of volcanism stretches from just north of Prince Rupert, into the Yukon Territory and the Alaska border.
		It is the most active volcanic region in Canada, containing more than 100 volcanoes, 3 of which erupted in the last few hundred years (2 witnessed by people).
		These volcanoes formed due to extensional cracking of the crust in response to the Pacific Ocean plate dragging northward along the edge of the North American plate, on its way to the Aleution subduction zone.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php (142 words)

	ABSTRACT: Volcanic hazards in Canada: a review
		Separated into four belts (Souther, 1977) and one volcanic field (Hickson et al., 1995) the volcanoes are the result of differing tectonic origins.
		The Garibaldi and Wrangell belts are subduction related, and the Anahim belt is associated with a mantle hotspot (Souther, 1986; Hickson, 1987).
		The document, called the “Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan” or IVENP for short, is a coordination plan involving all concerned agencies, though in the short term the most important facet of the plan is warnings for aircraft.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/HicksonVolcanicThe.html (887 words)

	UBC - Mineral Deposit Research Unit
		The Stikine terrane is a large volcanic arc that trends NNW form B.C. into Alaska, and accreted onto the west coast of North America by the latest Jurassic.
		The volcanic rocks generally flat lying and are dominantly comprised of pyroclastic rocks with andesite and trachyte alternating with lesser amounts of dacite and rhyolite (Figure 2).
		The primary focus of this project is to develop an understanding of the chronologic events that led to the formation of the late Cretaceous volcanoplutonic complexes and their relationship to the various hydrothermal events at the Thorn property.
	www.mdru.ubc.ca /home/research/hd-thorn.php (832 words)

	Roca Mines Inc. - Foremore Project - Project Review 2003 - Fri Apr 14, 2006
		The outcropping massive pyrite mineralization is hosted in limestone and occurs at a limestone/mafic volcanic contact, in the vicinity of felsic volcanics slightly higher in the sequence.
		Gold grades as high as 93.7 g/t (1m chip by Cominco) and 81.7 g/t (Roca grab) are present in a base metal rich vein on the north slope of the valley.
		The interlayered limestone and felsic volcanics are now recognized as likely equivalents to the stratigraphy hosting the SG Zone.
	www.rocamines.com /s/ForemoreProject.asp?ReportID=76452 (2301 words)

	Interior Watershed Assessment Procedure Guidebook - Appendix 13
		Volcanic tuffs, lahars and pyroclastic rocks of Eocene and Miocene age are very common in the Cariboo, Prince George and Kamloops forest regions.
		These volcanic rocks, in particular, are often altered to clay.
		Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Garibaldi volcanic belt (Vancouver Forest Region) and the Stikine volcanic belt (Prince Rupert Forest Region) are also included in this group.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /tasb/legsregs/FPC/fpcguide/IWAP/iwapp13.htm (623 words)

	ALASKA - Online Information article about ALASKA
		In the Alaskan Range and the Aleutian Range there are more than a dozen live volcanoes, several of them remarkable; the latter range is composed largely of volcanic material.
		BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger.
		The Stikine, Taku and Alsek rivers all cross the mountains in deep-cut canyons.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /AJA_ALL/ALASKA.html (6224 words)

	[RiverInfo]July 13, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Stikine, 'The Great River' in the = Tlinglit language, is a world class wild landscape containing ancient rainforests = and some of the most productive grizzly bear and wildlife habitats in North America.
		Most Tahltan, the indigenous people of the Stikine, want a measured pace = of responsible development - one large project at a time -so that their = culture and language won't be overwhelmed by massive, concurrent industrial development.
		Members of the Stikine Alliance will be = contacting you in regard to this issue and asking you to sign on to a Stikine Declaration.
	rapids.rivernetwork.org /pipermail/riverinfo/2005-July/000331.html (3304 words)

	Open File 1999-11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Within the Cache Creek terrane is the Sitlika volcanic belt considered to be prospective for Kutcho Creek type massive sulphide deposits.
		This belt is well exposed at several localities within the map area.
		Prior to the current mapping, this belt was believed restricted to the Takla Lake area to the north.
	www.em.gov.bc.ca /Mining/Geolsurv/publications/summs/of99-11.htm (223 words)

	Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The compositional differences between rocks of the three belts reflect their differences in age and in the lithotectonic terranes and tectonic zones into which they were emplaced.
		The western metamorphic belt is part of the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex of western Canada and southeastern Alaska which was created by compresional thickening of crustal rocks during collision of the Alexander terrane and Gravina belt on the west against the Yukon prong and Stikine terranes to the east.
		These data suggest that equilibrium compositions were attained in the high-grade amphibolites and confirm high-pressure metamorphism (9.2-10.0 kbar) of the western metamorphic belt in the Juneau area documented by the earlier study of pelitic schists.
	minerals.usgs.gov /west/pubs/alaska/b2107.shtml (5371 words)

	VOLCANOES IN CANADA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Such a region is found in north western British Columbia and forms a chain of volcanoes referred to as the Stikine Volcanic Belt.
		The most recent activity in these belts was a few thousand years ago at a cinder cone called Nazko Cone.
		Although we in Canada have not experienced a major volcanic eruption in many centuries, the processes which created the volcanoes are still active.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /earth/waton/s921.html (446 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		To the W of the Canadian Rockies is a region occupied by numerous isolated ranges, notably the Cariboo, Stikine, and Selkirk mountains, and a vast plateau region.
		Flanking this central belt on the W and generally parallel to the Pacific Ocean is another great mountain system.
		N of the Saskatchewan a broad belt of rather small and sparse trees extends from Hudson Bay to Great Slave Lake and the Rocky Mts.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/canada.html (7924 words)

	Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond: Alaska & Northwest Canada
		The Wrangells are a volcanic range, containing several of the largest land-based shield volcanoes in the world such as Mounts Wrangell, Sanford, and Blackburn, all encased in a series of massive glaciers and icefields.
		The volcanism here is due to extensional fracturing of the Earth's crust, as the Pacific Plate grinds past the edge of the North American Plate along the Queen Charlotte Transform Fault on its way to subduction beneath Alaska and the Aleutians.
		This region is generally known to volcanologists as the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province or the Stikine Volcanic Belt, and it contains Canada's largest volcanoes, far larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascades Arc.
	www.skimountaineer.com /ROF/Region.php?region=AlaskaCanada (739 words)

	The Nisutlin-Nisling-Yukon/Tanana-Teslin/Taylor problem
		Dusel-Bacon, C. and Aleinikoff, J.N., 1985, Petrology and tectonic significance of augen gneiss from a belt of Mississippian granitoids in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, east-central Alaska.
		The Douglas Island volcanics; basaltic-rift--not andesitic-arc--volcanism of the "Gravina-Nutzotin Belt", northern southeastern Alaska.
		The Boundary Ranges suite, and therefore the Stikine assemblage, are also tenatively correlated with parts of the Yukon-Tanana terrane in Yukon (Aishibik Lake area), parts of the Taku terrane in southeast Alaska, and undivided metamorphic rocks in west-central British Columbia.
	instruct.uwo.ca /earth-sci/300b-001/cord3.htm (5166 words)

	ACCRETE Abstracts 1997
		The Skeena Fold Belt is a thin-skinned fold and thrust belt which occupies much of the width of the northern Intermontane Belt of the Canadian Cordillera.
		The fold belt roots to the west in the Coast Belt and is Cretaceous and possibly earliest Tertiary in age.
		In the region northwest of the Skeena Fold Belt the age of north-northeast trending structures is limited to between 135 Ma and 106 Ma.
	geoweb.princeton.edu /research/ACCRETE/abstracts97.html (4966 words)

	July 20, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Stikine, =91The Great River=92 in the = Tlinglit language, is a world class wild landscape containing ancient rainforests = and some of the most productive grizzly bear and wildlife habitats in North America.
		At stake is a wild transboundary river = and 1.75 million acres of grandeur on the scale of Canada=92s majestic Banff National Park =20 For the past three years, an ad hoc grouping of ENGOs and individuals = has worked together to raise the profile of the region and the threats to = it.
		Most Tahltan, the indigenous people of the Stikine, want a measured pace = of responsible development =96 one large project at a time =96so that their = culture and language won=92t be overwhelmed by massive, concurrent industrial development.
	rapids.rivernetwork.org /pipermail/riverinfo/2005-July.txt (9299 words)

	Geological Society of America - Highlights from GSA Bulletin
		At the western end of the mountain belt, deformation is associated with huge earthquakes like the M 9.2 Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964, where the Yakutat Terrane is subducted beneath south-central Alaska.
		With new radiometric dates and mapping of key volcanic ash beds, this record of extinction and climate change is carefully recalibrated.
		The blueschist minerals were extruded southwestward onto a long-lived arc (Stikine) as it collided with another arc (Quesnel) that had been welded to the continental margin about 7 million years prior.
	www.geosociety.org /news/pr/04-19.htm (3481 words)

	USGS Open-File Report 99-168, pamphlet
		The low temperatures and high pressures support rapid burial and imbrication of the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous Gravina-Nutzotin belt rocks in southeastern Alaska, possibly doubling the thickness of the Alexander terrane along its eastern margin, which is currently estimated at 14-36 km based on seismic transects near Vancouver Island (Dehler and Clowes, 1992).
		The bimodal volcanic rocks are associated with voluminous dikes, and are attributed to regional extension associated with translation, in a tectonic environment of wrench basins.
		Trhv Hyd Group volcanic rocks (Triassic): Massive greenstone, pillow greenstone, pillow breccia, and volcanic breccia, with lenses of mafic to intermediate tuff, felsic tuff with quartz crystals (observed on Woewodski Island), limestone, conglomerate, sandstone, argillite, and rare bedded chert.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /open-file/of99-168/of99-168-pamphlet.html (11096 words)

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