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Topic: Stimulant

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	stimulant - Encyclopedia.com
		stimulant any substance that causes an increase in activity in various parts of the nervous system or directly increases muscle activity.
		A second class of stimulants that affect the medulla and spinal cord includes derivatives of niacinamide (nicotinic acid amide) and other chemically diverse compounds; they are sometimes used to speed the return to wakefulness after anesthesia or to counteract barbiturate poisoning.
		Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system, such as pilocarpine, physostigmine, and neostigmine, cause contracted pupils, salivation and sweating, slowed heartbeat, and lowered blood pressure.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-stimulan.html (493 words)

	Stimulant Medication and AD/HD
		When we talk about the use of stimulant medications in psychiatry, we generally are referring to methylphenidate (Ritalin) amphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall) methamphetamine (Desoxyn) and pemoline (Cylert.) The first two are by far the most commonly prescribed.
		The stimulant medications increase the release or block the reabsorption of dopamine and norepinephrine, two brain neurotransmitters.
		Some have used stimulant medications to energize individuals who are apathetic and lethargic due to a severe medical illness.
	www.baltimorepsych.com /Stimulants.htm (3025 words)

	Stimulant laxatives for constipation and soiling in children
		There is insufficient evidence on the use and effectiveness of stimulant laxatives for the treatment of childhood constipation.
		Stimulant laxatives for constipation and soiling in children.
		The objective of the review was to determine the effect of stimulant laxative treatment in children with chronic constipation who may also suffer from soiling / encopresis.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab002040.html (297 words)

	eMedicine - Stimulants : Article by Krishna Divadeenam, MD
		Stimulants that have been studied and classified by the DEA and several OTC drugs and herbal medications with active stimulant ingredients are discussed.
		Phenmetrazine is a stimulant that was widely prescribed for treatment of obesity in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s and in several European countries such as Sweden and Germany.
		Use of MDMA is distinguished from stimulant intoxication by the propensity for calmness and empathy.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3094.htm (4290 words)

	Stimulant Laxative Precautions
		Stimulant laxatives are not to be taken for a period of time longer than 1week unless directed by a doctor.
		Do not use stimulant laxatives when abdominal pain, nausea, fever or vomiting is present unless directed by a doctor.
		Do not use stimulant laxatives if you have signs or symptoms of appendicitis or inflamed bowel (such as stomach or lower abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, soreness, nausea, or vomiting); or when abdominal pain of unknown origin is present unless directed by a doctor.
	www.fruit-eze.com /precautions/stimulant_lax.html (575 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1989 Issue 1 - 006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Law enforcement efforts were intensified, supported by the criminalization of stimulant abuse with the enactment of the Stimulant Control Law in 1951 and subsequent amendments to it that were rigorously enforced, resulting in more arrests, indictments and relatively harsh penalties for stimulant offences, as well as an increase in the number and volume of confiscations.
		A second epidemic of stimulant use began in Japan in 1970, during a period characterized by economic growth and prosperity and by a new student youth movement.
		In 1985, 90 per cent of those taken into custody for stimulant violations were indicted, compared with 77 per cent in 1970; 61 per cent were sentenced to terms of imprisonment of from one to two years, representing a marked increase in the length of sentence compared with 1972, 1974 and 1979 (see table 6).
	www.unodc.org /unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1989-01-01_1_page007.html (3111 words)

	Stimulant Laxatives
		Stimulant laxatives irritate the intestinal wall stimulating intense intestinal contractions as the body works urgently to rid itself of the irritating agent and any else in its path.
		Stimulant laxatives are more likely to have side effects than other forms of laxatives.
		Stimulant laxatives are not intended for long term use because they over-empty the bowel thereby promoting laxative dependency.
	www.fruit-eze.com /stimulant_lax.html (290 words)

	Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Stimulant Therapy
		Stimulant therapy is the most commonly used treatment for ADHD.
		Stimulants are an effective way of managing ADHD symptoms such as short attention span, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity.
		Stimulants regulate impulsive behavior and improve attention span and focus by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which help transmit signals between nerves.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/89/100384.htm (739 words)

	Stimulant Drugs Information on Healthline
		Stimulants are used for the treatment of certain psychiatric conditions and also used (and abused) for recreational purposes, enhanced levels of energy, and weight loss.
		Whatever their form, stimulants increase respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, and their abuse can cause adverse physical effects and endanger a person's health and even his or her life.
		Also unlike stimulants that are abused for recreational purposes, caffeine and nicotine produce only an increased energy level but not a feeling of intoxication.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/stimulant-drugs (651 words)

	Ritalin Helps...but what about the side effects?
		If the caffeine cessation happens at the same time as the start of the stimulant, the caffeine withdrawal headache may be mistaken for a stimulant side effect.
		Now that there are more long-acting stimulants on the market, one can often eliminate this problem by using one of the more intermediate-length stimulants.
		If the irritability is truly due to the stimulant, one might reduce the stimulant dose, switch to a different stimulant, add an SSRI, (paroxetine, sertraline) an alpha agonist (clonidine/guanfacine) or use another class of medications to treat the AD/HD.
	www.ncpamd.com /Stimulant_Side_Effects.htm (1322 words)

	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) > ADHD and treatment with stimulant medication
		Stimulant medication appears to work by altering the availability of particular brain chemicals or neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) in regions of the brain involved with behaviour inhibition, impulse control, attention and working memory.
		Stimulant medications are classified as ‘drugs of addiction' under NSW law and have the potential to be abused.
		Atomoxetine is quite a different compound to the stimulant drugs and the effects it produces on chemicals in the brain is different to that of the stimulants.
	www.health.nsw.gov.au /public-health/adhd/treatment.html (2500 words)

	Stimulant Abuse By School Age Children: A Guide for School Officials
		The pattern of abuse is characterized by escalation in dose, frequent episodes of binge use followed by severe depression and an overpowering desire to continue the use of these drugs despite serious adverse medical and social consequences.
		Methylphenidate and amphetamine are potent stimulants associated with high abuse potentials and psychological dependence profiles.
		That does not mean that a child or young adult who is properly diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed a stimulant as part of his or her treatment would become "addicted" to his/her medication.
	www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov /pubs/brochures/stimulant/stimulant_abuse.htm (1444 words)

	Study of stimulant therapy raises concerns: Science News Online, July 29, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stimulant treatment helped kids with ADHD but had no effect on parent-reported symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity that didn't qualify as ADHD.
		The prevalence of stimulant treatment among all the children doubled over 4 years to nearly 10 percent, supporting other evidence from medical databases of rises in numbers of stimulant prescriptions.
		Evidence of extensive stimulant treatment among children who don't have ADHD is "surprising and perplexing," remarks psychiatrist Benedetto Vitiello of the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Md. Researchers should do larger studies of kids in different communities to probe this issue, he says.
	www.sciencenews.org /20000729/fob2.asp (611 words)

	Stimulant - Psychology Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A stimulant is a drug that increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or the feeling of being more awake.
		Stimulants can be used as recreational drugs or therapeutic drugs to increase alertness.
		Antidepressants are not considered stimulants, as they do not act directly on the sympathetic nervous system and generally do not produce an immediate effect on mood.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Stimulant (882 words)

	Stimulant - Whats New
		Stimulant will officially be releasing their first full length CD on Fri Aug 30th at Copperfields in Boston...
		Stimulant will be on RadioBoston.com on June 13th, and broadcast live by RadioBoston.com at the Lucky Dog on June 15th.
		Stimulant will be hosting a CD Release party for "Underground" at Bills Bar on Lansdowne Street in Boston on April 17th Marathon Monday (the Boston Marathon :) The party will also officially kick-off an East Coast tour of the United States that will run through June.
	www.empireunderwater.com /stimulant/news/oldnews.shtml (2346 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Minutes of the Special Working Group on Stimulant Laxative Substances in Foods of the FDA Food Advisory ...
		She noted that the same ingredient may appear in both foods and drugs, and that it is the labeling and intended use which drive a determination of regulatory status.
		He first described three conditions of use that pose concerns: use by individuals with medical conditions that compound potential risks, such as being nutritionally compromised; prolonged use that might lead to dependency; and short-term or single-use situations that may be accompanied by acute gastrointestinal effects.
		The members sought to better understand the uses of identical materials in both foods and drugs, the full range of health ramifications from the use of stimulant laxative materials (particularly the issues of the impact on blood potassium levels and of chronic use), and the finer points of FDA's legal authorities with respect to labeling.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/ds-lax1.html (2711 words)

	Detoxification of the Body with Fruit, Citrus Fruit, Detox. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A stimulant is a substance that quickly changes a symptom in an unnatural way.
		These are incredibly stimulating and it is impossible to remove all of them from the meat (and milk).
		Soft-drugs as hashish and pot stimulate the kidneys and the blood circulation and can't be overdosed but also contain a lot of polluting elements that can cause cancer, like cigarettes.
	www.thefruitpages.com /detoxification.shtml (1149 words)

	Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 33
		The development of pharmacotherapies for the treatment of stimulant use disorders is a major priority of the current research efforts, and it is likely that these efforts will provide some important new options in the near future.
		For purposes of this TIP, the substances included in the category of "stimulants" include the derivatives of the coca plant (cocaine hydrochloride and its derivatives) and the synthetically produced amphetamines, with emphasis on the major illicitly produced and abused drug of this category, MA (in its various forms).
		Certainly there are other stimulants that are more widely used (e.g., caffeine) and that produce major health and social problems (e.g., nicotine); however, an extensive discussion of issues associated with these substances is beyond the scope of this document.
	ncadi.samhsa.gov /govpubs/BKD289/33d.aspx (5527 words)

	Ephedrine is an over the counter herbal stimulant stemmed from the Chines plant ma huang
		The Chinese discovered this stimulant over two thousand years ago for the purpose of treating asthma, cold and flu symptoms, chills, lack of perspiration, headache, and edema.
		Because it is a stimulant, ephedrine motivates thermogenesis in the body.
		All the while, lean body tissue is increased and body fat is reduced by stimulation of lipolysis and energy expenditure.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/psychology/health_psychology/Ephedrine_wtloss.htm (1829 words)

	Stimulant - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Stimulant, any of a group of drugs that excite the central nervous system, increase alertness, and alleviate fatigue.
		Amphetamines act by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine that increase brain activity and raise blood pressure.
		Stimulant : plants with stimulant properties: coca (picture)
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Stimulant.html (124 words)

	A Ritalin and Stimulant Medication Information Page
		If stimulant medications do not help, or cause side effects that are a problem, you can discuss other medications with the doctor.
		As such, it is more “selective” than the “stimulants.” Preliminary data suggest that it may not increase tics, insomnia, or anxiety in ADHD patients; and that it may have a role in improving family interactions over a 24-hour period.
		In many children, when a stimulant medication is used, they become more focused on their sense of anxiety regarding school performance, social performance, etc. There are many occasions when starting him/her on treatment with Tofranil or a similar agent may be useful even before initiating a trial of stimulant medicine such as Ritalin.
	www.pediatricneurology.com /ritalin.htm (2003 words)

	Stimulant Medication Abuse and ADD
		Most cases of stimulant abuse are among adolescents and adults who are not being treated for AD/HD.
		Stimulant medication is taken orally, at specific times, in dosages that do not create a "high" or euphoria.
		Stimulant medication such as Adderall, Dexedrine, and Ritalin are abused by those who are drug seeking, or addicted.
	www.add.org /articles/med_abuse.html (1232 words)

	Delayed-release stimulant used to treat ADHD may be less subject to abuse
		A team led by Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) researchers has found that a delayed-release stimulant used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be less likely to be abused than other stimulant drugs.
		Methylphenidate and other stimulant drugs used to treat ADHD act by blocking the dopamine transporter, a molecule on brain cells that takes up the neurotransmitter dopamine, raising its level in the brain.
		While stimulants are effective for controlling ADHD symptoms, the drugs are also subject to abuse, so the current study was designed to compare the abuse potential of two formulations of methylphenidate.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-03/mgh-dsu022806.php (773 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Stimulant Laxatives
		Stimulant laxatives are used to treat constipation or before rectal or bowel examinations or surgery.
		Stimulant laxatives come in many different forms, including liquids, powders, granules, tablets, and suppositories.
		Most stimulant laxatives are taken at bedtime, with results by morning; however, some products may take up to 24 hours to produce a bowel movement.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601112.html (832 words)

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