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Topic: Stimulus physiology

	Chapter 4 - Receptor Properties: Receptor Potentials and Coding
		If a mechanical stimulus is applied to a mechanoreceptor, a generator potential is recorded such that the amplitude of the generator potential is a function of the amount of deformation of the receptor surface.
		Stimulus C is applied at another place on the receptor at the same time as A in the second set of records.
		Complementary to the principle of the adequate stimulus is a notion formulated by Johannes Müller.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann4.html (5208 words)

	Stimulus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physiology, a stimulus is something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response.
		In other fields, a stimulus is anything that may have an impact on a system; for example, an economic stimulus.
		In most contexts, a stimulus can be described as "stimulating", thereby causing "stimulation" or "over-stimulation".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stimulus (165 words)

	Stimulus (physiology) Summary
		The stimulus for neuroepithelial cells in taste buds on the tongue are chemical molecules which, when mixed with saliva, initiate action potentials which synapse to the medulla, the thalamus, and the postcentral gyrus, allowing us to taste.
		In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment.
		When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction.
	www.bookrags.com /Stimulus_(physiology) (402 words)

	Stimulus (physiology) - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment.
		When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction.
		A stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Stimulus_%28physiology%29 (116 words)

	Stimulus (physiology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Journal of Physiology The Journal of Physiology publishes papers in all areas of physiology including work at the molecular, cell membrane, single cell, tissue or organ and system physiology.
		Southern Illinois University Carbondale Undergraduate Physiology The Department of Physiology is administratively based in theSchool of Medicine.
		Iowa State University Animal Physiology Two areas of specialization (Reproductive Physiology and Muscle Biology) are available to graduate students in Animal Physiology at both the M.S. and Ph.D. level, including the nonthesis option:.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Stimulus_(physiology).html (409 words)

	Synaptic physiology of the flow of information in the cat's visual cortex in vivo -- Hirsch et al. 540 (1): 335 -- The ...
		We reasoned that if there were a unique synaptic physiology at the first cortical stage, then it should emerge in the responses of all cells in layer 4, whether the spatial structure of their receptive fields was simple or complex.
		B and C, 3 individual responses to the stimulus flashed in the peak of the receptive field (inset, grid spacing is 0.8 deg) and the average of all 16 trials in bold at bottom; stimulus duration is marked by bars beneath the traces.
		B and C, 3 individual responses to the stimulus flashed in the peak of the receptive field (inset, grid spacing is 0.8 deg), with the average of all 16 trials in bold; bars under the traces mark stimulus duration.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/540/1/335 (8597 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When attention was directed to a stimulus inside the receptive field of a neuron, responses in MT and MST were enhanced an average of 20 and 40% compared with a condition in which attention was directed outside the receptive field.
		Even stronger average enhancements (70% in MT and 100% in MST) were observed when attention was switched from a stimulus moving in the nonpreferred direction inside the receptive field to another stimulus in the receptive field that was moving in the preferred direction.
		This decrease was not due to increasing the effective stimulus area as a control experiment that increased the area of a single grating did not show a similar improvement in thresholds.
	dbpubs.stanford.edu:8091 /~testbed/interbib/bibliographies/mt-1.ref (4478 words)

	Igor, Fetch the Electrodes: Electrical measurements of vision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The stimulus that is used is often a Ganzfeldt, which is German for "empty field".
		The pattern stimulus often consists of fl and white checks whose size can be determined and these checks are alternated once or twice a second so that the mean luminance of the screen remains the same.
		The important parameters of the VECP are the amplitude and the latency (delay from the onset of the stimulus) of these various waves, particularly the P100, the N75 and the N135.
	www.brad.ac.uk /acad/lifesci/optometry/resources/modules/stage1/pvp1/Electro.html (2384 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Pavlov (1927) Lecture 8
		The stimulus of the rotating object which is given prior to the application of the tactile stimulus remains unreinforced.
		The effect of the compound stimulus is found nearly always to be equal to that of the stronger component used singly, the weaker stimulus appearing therefore to be completely overshadowed by the stronger one.
		If, however, the stronger stimulus is even at long intervals of time, repeated singly without reinforcement by the unconditioned reflex, while the compound stimulus is constantly reinforced, the stronger stimulus by itself becomes completely ineffective, whereas in the stimulatory compound there is no diminution in its effect.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Pavlov/lecture8.htm (6152 words)

	Stimulus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In physiology, a stimulus (physiology) is something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response.
		In general, a stimulus may affect other things than living creatures; for example, one speaks also of economic stimulus, or stimulating a discussion.
		Deal may be in works on stimulus bill [CNN]
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Stimulus.html (185 words)

	Physiogrip Lab (Dr. Ross's Biol 217 Human Anatomy and Physiology)
		Have the subject grasp the pistol grip (no stimulus) with the third finger on the trigger in such a way as to put slight pressure on the trigger which will lift the screen plot up off the bottom of the screen.
		As you increase the frequency of stimulus; the individual responses (waves) of the muscle begin to fuse and later merge to show a continuous line indicating tetanic contraction of the muscle.
		When a single, brief stimulus is applied to a muscle fiber, either naturally in the form of a nerve impulse, or artificially in the form of an electrical stimulus, a type of muscle contraction called a twitch contraction occurs.
	www.cbu.edu /~aross/AP-I/Physiogrip_lab.htm (1580 words)

	Physiology of laughter and tickling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Stearns (1972) discusses the physiology of laughter and tickling; a few of his points are summarized here.
		This representation of the stimulus is painless by itself; it is a representation of a normal contact with a stimulus, N. The fact that tickling requires a sensation of pain as well as a ``normal'' touch sensation, is a remarkable piece of evidence that appears to support the present theory of humor.
		The physiology of tickling is actually a restatement at the physiological level of the present theory of humor.
	www.tomveatch.com /else/humor/paper/node33.html (651 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The strength of motion is controlled by the proportion of spatiotemporally correlated dots, which we term the correlation of the stimulus.
		The relationship was evident within 50 ms of response onset, and persisted throughout the stimulus presentation.
		The modest relationship between behavioral choice and the discharge of any one neuron, and the prevalence of the relationship across the population, make it likely that signals from many neurons are pooled to form the data on which behavioral choices are based.
	dbpubs.stanford.edu:8091 /~testbed/interbib/bibliographies/mt.ref (2764 words)

	Webvision: Ganglion cell Physiology
		Adrian pioneered the measurement of impulse discharges from individual peripheral nerve axons and was principally responsible for the discovery that nerve fibers transmit signals in the form of a temporal sequence of 'all or none' impulses.
		Cells were found to respond to relatively dim spots when the stimulus was positioned in the 'center' of the receptive field but brighter stimuli were required as the spots were moved away from this region.
		Stimulus wavelength in nm is given to the left of impulse discharge responses.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /GCPHYS1.HTM (14339 words)

	Sensory Physiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The purpose of receptors is to convert a non-electrical stimulus into changes in membrane potential of nerves.
		A stimulus in an area with two receptive fields localizes the stimulus to the area shared by the afferent neurons.
		The simplest neural pathway between a stimulus and a response is a reflex arc.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/dgromis/muscles/sensoryphysiology.htm (819 words)

	Stimulus
		About.com: Bush's 2003 Economic Stimulus Plan - Discussion of Bush's 2003 tax cutting plan with George M. von Furstenberg, Professor of Economics in the College of Arts and Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington.
		A number of ideas which can be used as a stimulus for creative writing lessons.
		Stimulus - Ein Programm zur Elektrostimulation von WAV-Files.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Stimulus.html (393 words)

	Stimulus (physiology) - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The assessment of stimulus parameters for blink response to related light flash in neonatal behavioral studies
		The electrical response of nerve to a single stimulus investigated with the capillary electrometer: Preliminary communication (Proceedings of the Royal Society.
		Combined stimulus control of peak frequency and source level in the echolocating dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /stimulus_(physiology).htm (116 words)

	Stimulus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In (The branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms) physiology, a (Any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action) stimulus is something external that elicits or influences a physiological or (Click link for more info and facts about psychological) psychological activity or response.
		In other fields, a stimulus is anything that may have an impact on a (Instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity) system; for example, an (Click link for more info and facts about economic) economic stimulus.
		In most contexts, a stimulus can be described as "stimulating," thereby causing " (Any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action) stimulation." Although related, the word's meaning is distinct from that of " (A drug that temporarily quickens some vital process) stimulant."
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/st/stimulus.htm (184 words)

	The Physiology of Perception
		The number of activated receptors indicates the intensity of the stimulus, and their location in the nose conveys the nature of the scent.
		Because of turbulence in nasal air flow, only a few of the many receptors that are sensitive to an odorant are excited during a sniff, and the selection varies unpredictably from one sniff to the next.
		In other words, the salient information about the stimulus is carried in some distinctive pattern of bulbwide activity, not in a small subset of feature-detecting neurons that are excited only by, say, foxlike scents.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /FLM/MS/Physio.Percept.html (5261 words)

	BME 7610 - PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This means that under normal circumstances each nerve is primarily sensitive to one type of stimulus; light to the retina, pressure to the fingertips, salt taste to receptors on the tongue.
		Elevation of pain threshold: Morphine elevates pain threshold by reducing the detectability of painful stimulus and elevating the criterion the subject uses to determine whether the stimulus is painful or not.
		An adequate stimulus leads to receptor potentials which lead to action potentials which are transmitted to the sensory nervous system.
	ttb.eng.wayne.edu /~cavanau/chap2324.html (1839 words)

	Cellular & Molecular Physiology Course Descriptions - Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences - UMASS Medical School
		The objectives of the course are to provide a fundamental understanding of the basic biophysical principles of cell physiology; the ability to relate cellular function to whole organ physiology; and the cellular mechanisms underlying disease.
		This course covers the main aspects of membrane physiology and biophysics: passive membrane characteristics; gating and permeation properties of membrane channels; structure and mechanisms of control; and regulation of channels.
		The objectives of the course are to provide a fundamental understanding of the basic biophysical principles of physiology; the relationship between cellular function and whole organ physiology; the integration and regulation of the major organ systems of the human body; and the mechanism of pathogenesis and disease.
	www.umassmed.edu /gsbs/course/cmp.aspx (434 words)

	Human Physiology \| Chapter Summary
		Sensory receptors may be categorized on the basis of their structure, the stimulus energy they transduce, or the nature of their response.
		Stimulation of the sensory nerve from a receptor by any means is interpreted in the brain as the adequate stimulus modality of that receptor.
		The magnitude of the potential change of the generator potential is directly proportional to the strength of the stimulus applied to the receptor.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070272352/student_view0/chapter10/chapter_summary.html (2685 words)

	eMedicine - Cochlear Function, General : Article by Michael J Ruckenstein, MD, MSc, FACS, FRCSC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The focus of this article is applied physiology of the inner ear, emphasizing the processes involved in transduction and the homeostatic mechanisms necessary for maintaining the inner ear in a functional state.
		Inner hair cell depolarization is proportional to displacement of the basilar membrane, which, in turn, is dependent on 2 factors: the magnitude of the acoustic stimulus and the amplification of this signal by outer hair cell motility.
		Guinan JJ Jr: Physiology of the olivocochlear efferents.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic361.htm (6130 words)

	Impaired gastrocolonic response and peristaltic reflex in slow-transit constipation: role of 5-HT3 pathways -- ...
		In the healthy volunteer (A and B), stimulus balloon inflation to 60 ml evoked a decrease in volume of the orad colonic recording balloon, whereas the constipated subjects (C and D) exhibited a paradoxical increase in balloon volume indicating relaxation.
		Descending responses consisting of a volume increase followed by a volume decrease in the caudad colonic recording balloon were similar in the healthy volunteer and constipated patient.
		Stimulus balloon inflation produced biphasic responses in the distal colonic recording balloon in both the healthy volunteers
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/2/G400 (4585 words)

	Encyclopedia: Stimulus-response model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The stimulus-response model describes a statistical unit as making a quantitative response to a quantitative stimulus administered by the researcher.
		The object of this kind of research is to establish a mathematical function that describes the relation f between the stimulus x and the expected value (or other measure of location) of the response Y:
		A stimulus is the following: In physiology, a stimulus (physiology) is something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Stimulus_response-model (352 words)

	Basic Sensory Receptor Physiology
		In brief, the energy contained in the stimulus is used by the receptor to change the conductance of its membrane for one or more ions.
		Thus, it is the frequency of action potentials being sent to the brain by the Pacinian Corpuscle that 'informs' the brain about the strength of the stimulus (i.e., the amount of pressure being applied to the corpuscle).
		First, note that the x-axis is a logarithmic scale, meaning that each unit increase along the x-axis is equivalent to a 10-fold increase in the strength of the stimulus.
	www.unm.edu /~toolson/Receptor_Function_Handout.html (1161 words)

	PAVLOV
		By the age of 41 Pavlov was given the position of professor of pharmacology and head of a physiology department.
		Conditioned Stimulus (CS): This is the stimulus that brings on a particular response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
		When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired over and over again with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it eventually elicits a response, equivalent to an unconditioned response (UCR), that is now a conditioned response (CR).
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/HBrown/pavlov.html (716 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Wundt (1874/1902/1904) Chapter 3
		Whether, for instance, a chemical stimulus arises primarily in the blood in which the nerve-elements are bathed, or makes its way to them from the environment, is indifferent for the intrinsic character of the process.
		Where the stimulus employed is so weak that it cannot release any contraction at all or where the muscle is so overloaded that the contraction is entirely suppressed, the increase of excitability is just as noticeable as it is when the muscle is allowed to contract.
		Repetition of stimulus, that is, always and everywhere brings with it an alteration of the nerve-substance, which thereby loses the power of exerting the inhibitory influence connected with restoration of its internal forces.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Wundt/Physio/chap3.htm (19105 words)

	stimulus - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about stimulus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sometimes the receptors are found in an organ which is so specialized for this purpose it is called a sense organ – for example the eye.
		So I forced myself from my lethargy of despair and grief; and this thought, the sweetest thought of all my life, may or may not have been my unrealized stimulus ere now; it was in very deed my most conscious and perpetual spur henceforth until the end.
		The consummating death I show unto you, which becometh a stimulus and promise to the living.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /stimulus (240 words)

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