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Topic: Stipules

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	Rubiaceae - LoveToKnow 1911
		The stipules are very varied in form; they generally stand between the petioles of a pair of leaves (interpetiolar).
		The two stipules of adjacent leaves are usually united, and in the Galieae, as well shown in the British species, are enlarged and leaf-like, forming with the two leaves an apparent whorl; by fusion or branching of the stipules the number of leaves in the whorl varies from four to eight or more.
		The flowers are rarely solitary, terminal or axillary, as in Gardenia; generally they are arranged in cymes or panicles or crowded into heads, and are often showy; in British members of the family they are very small, but may be conspicuous from their numbers, as in lady's bedstraw (Galium verum).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Rubiaceae (645 words)

	Stipule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In botany, stipule refers to outgrowths borne on either side of the base of a leafstalk (or petiole).
		A pair of stipules is considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many species the stipules are inconspicuous or entirely absent (and the leaf is then termed, exstipulate).
		Stipules are morphologically variable and might appear as glands, scales, spines, or laminar (leaf-like) structures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stipule (150 words)

	Rubus sect. Malachobatus in Flora of China @ efloras.org
		Abaxial surface of leaflets pilose; stipules and bracts leaflike, 20–35 mm, not divided, serrate.
		Stipules broadly ovate or oblong, 1.5–3 cm; leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate to narrowly ovate, with broad obtuse or acute lobes; inflorescences and calyx villous or tomentose.
		Stipules broadly ovate or broadly oblong, 1.5–2 cm; leaves 5–7-lobed, lobes acute apically; inflorescences and calyx villous.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=304121 (2888 words)

	Stipules and Stipels
		Stipules are relatively easy to observe and diagnose when these appendages are attached to the base of the petiole (i.e., the proximal end), but often the stipules deceptively appear to arise from the stem (interpetiolar stipules; Examples: Tithonia diversifolia and a geranium), although technically they are not part of the stem.
		Always the best place to look for stipules is among the immature, developing leaves at the shoot tip, because in many plant species the stipules die, shrivel, and are abscised relatively soon after the leaf has finished it growth (Example: a lupine).
		Stipules that are green may be leaf-like (Examples: flowering quince, a geranium, and a sycamore), linear, thread-like, or reduced to minute scales, thereby requiring a hand lens to see.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/shootfeatures/generalstructure/stipules/index.html (919 words)

	Chapter Stimulate <i>to</i> Stipule of S by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		Of or pertaining to stipules; resembling stipules; furnished with stipules; growing on stipules, or close to them; occupying the position of stipules; as, stipular glands and stipular tendrils.
		The act of stipulating; a contracting or bargaining; an agreement.
		That which is stipulated, or agreed upon; that which is definitely arranged or contracted; an agreement; a covenant; a contract or bargain; also, any particular article, item, or condition, in a mutual agreement; as, the stipulations of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of troops.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1210/24139/6.html (251 words)

	Leaf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In some species, paired stipules are not obvious or are absent altogether; a petiole may be absent; or the blade may not be laminar (flattened).
		A stipule, present on the leaves of many dicotyledons, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole, resembling a small leaf.
		They may be lasting and not be shed (a stipulate leaf, such as in roses and beans); or be shed as the leaf expands, leaving a stipule scar on the twig (an exstipulate leaf).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leaf (2571 words)

	Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stipules adnate to the leaf blades for a distance of 10 mm or more, the free portion projecting as a ligule; floating leaves absent.
		Stipules free of the blade or adnate for a distance of less than 10 mm, often early deteriorating; floating leaves present or absent.
		Stipules adnate to submersed leaf blades for mostly 1-4 mm; embryo coil plainly visible through the papery thin walls of the fruit; small elliptic floating leaves usually present, 5-40 mm long.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/1999/vascplnt/genpotam.htm (976 words)

	Legumes - Summarize the distincitve physical characteristics of legumes. - National Forage and Grasslands Curriculum
		Stipules are leaf structures located at the base of the leaf where it attaches to the stem.
		Stipules or stipule scars where stipules once were are distinctive and can be helpful in identification.
		The stipules tend to be serrated and the seed pods are curved.
	forages.oregonstate.edu /nfgc/topics.cfm?ID=102 (1165 words)

	Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris)
		Stipules are small, leaf-like appendages at the base of a leaf stalk.
		In roses, a pair of stipules usually extends along the leaf stalk from the base nearly to the first leaflet (arrow).
		In swamp rose, the stipules are very narrow; they barely extend out from the leaf stalk until they flare out at the end.
	www.ct-botanical-society.org /galleries/rosapalu.html (111 words)

	Macaranga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stipules small and narrowly triangular, to very large and ovate to rounded, sometimes recurved and forming an enclosed hollow inhabited by ants.
		Stipules broadly ovate, apex rounded to acuminate (to acute).
		Stipules erect, persistent, surrounding the twigs, apex rounded.
	www.nationaalherbarium.nl /euphorbs/specM/Macaranga.htm (2602 words)

	Morphological Interpretation of Exbucklandia Populnea Images Obtained In the course of Training to use Scanning ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The "lips" in Figure 5 and the more developed stipules in figure 6, arising on either side of the upper leaf zone, are in the position of lateral stipules, suggesting that the mature stipulate structure is the result of appression of two fused lateral stipules, rather than the proliferation of a median stipule.
		If the structrue were derived from a median stipule, one would expect to see the stipule primordia arise on the adaxial surface of the leaf near the boundary of the upper leaf zone and the lower leaf zone.
		It is unknown if the tissues of the stipules intercalate to form pseudoparenchyma, but it is impossible to come to a conclusion about this aspect of stipule development from the electron micrographs obtained, thus the term "appressed" is used instead of "fused".
	biology.berkeley.edu /EML/class/DavidBaker/DavidBaker.html (1876 words)

	Life Of Trees
		Linden stipules are green and red—two con-cave, oblong leaves, like the two valves of a pea pod.
		Most stipules shield the tender leaf during the hours of its helplessness, and fall away as the leaf matures.
		With this second vernal leaf fall (for stipules are leaves) the leaves assume independence, and take up their serious work.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles25/trees-1.shtml (1658 words)

	[Key to North American Drosera] image #0077.gif
		Stipules adnate, fimbriate on the margins, formig matted brown wool at the base of the leaves.
		Stipules adnate at the base for the first millimeter, then breaking into several setaceous segments 2-5 mm.
		Stipules free, or adnate for the first millimeter, then breaking into numerous setaceous segments 3-5 mm.
	www.omnisterra.com /botany/cp/pictures/drosera/0077.htm (519 words)

	Fabaceae: Astragalus (Draft) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		4 cm; stipules lanceolate, 3-4 mm, free; leaflets 7-15, obovate to oblong-obovate, 6-10
		Leaves 5-6 cm; stipules triangular, 6-7 mm, free; leaflets narrowly obovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.8¡Á0.6-0.8 cm, adaxial surfaces glabrous, abaxial surfaces with scattered, white, appressed pubescent.
		10 cm; stipules ovate to ovate-oblong or lanceolate supra medium, 5-7 mm; leaflets 9-13, obovate, 2.2
	flora.huh.harvard.edu /china/mss/volume10/Fabaceae-MO-Astragalus_edited.htm (9958 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 1, 9, November, 1914 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Nodal Anatomy and the Morphology of Stipules, 441-453
		The character of the leaf margin is also important in governing the occurrence of stipules, for stipules are generally absent in entire leaves families, even though the latter are trilacunar.
		Stipules, sheaths, ligules and similar modifications of the base of the petiole are dependent in position and character on the anatomy of the node, and seem thus to be essentially homologous.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001126.html (697 words)

	Fabaceae: Astragalus (DRAFT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stipules green or membranous, adnate to the petiole or free, often vaginate-connate behind the stem.
		Stipules shortly adnate to the petiole, otherwise free.
		Stipules triangular to narrowly triangular or narrowly ovate-acuminate.
	flora.huh.harvard.edu /china/mss/volume10/Fabaceae-MO-Astragalus-part1_coauthored.htm (12519 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stipules.- In Pontederiaceae, the structures variously described as stipules or ligules are outgrowths of the lower leaf zone above the insertion of the upper leaf zone (Richards, 1980).
		As defined by Richards, "stipule" includes the "ligule" of grasses, the tonguelike outgrowths between sheath and blade.
		Although less elaborate, such ligules are developmentally homologous with the stipule in Pontederiaceae, and are therefore coded identically (state 0).
	ag.arizona.edu /systbiol/SSBWeb/issues/47_4/grahamapp1.html (369 words)

	Malpighiales
		Achariaceae can be recognised by their stipulate leaves, often entire leaf blades and pulvinate petioles, and flowers in which the number of sepals and petals is often clearly not the same, and/or the perianth is not simply biseriate, and/or the petals have basal, adaxial scales.
		Salicaceae can be recognised by their alternate, serrate, stipulate leaves and flowers with many often spreading stamens and a commonly three-carpellate gynoecium with parietal placentation and either separate styles or a single, long, persistent style; the fruit is often a capsule.
		Quiinaceae are evergreen trees that may be readily recognised, even when sterile, by their opposite or whorled, sometimes compound (especially in seedlings), strongly stipulate leaves with toothed margins; the secondary veins are well-developed, the fine venation is like the strokes of a paint brush, and the stipules are more or less persistent.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/malpighialesweb.htm (10108 words)

	Mallotus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stipules early caducous to semi-persistent, obovate to ovate to narrowly triangular, 2--13 by 1--4 mm, venation not visible or inconspicuous.
		Stipules semi-persistent to caducous, narrowly triangular to triangular to ovate, usually widest at insertion, margins curled inward or not, with or without long hairs along margin, apex usually acute, usually creamish-brown when dried.
		Stipules semi-persistent, ovate to obovate, 8--22 by 2.3--9 mm, margin irregular wavy to entire, apex (rounded to) acute (to acuminate), hairy, especially along margin.
	www.nationaalherbarium.nl /euphorbs/specM/Mallotus.htm (3899 words)

	KEY TO THE GENERA OF INGEAE
		Stipules not modified into spines, the stem-nodes armed with: 3.
		Inflorescence otherwise, the peduncles axillary to coevally expanding or fully expanded lvs; stipules lanceolate, subulate, linear, or 0.
		Stipules foliaceous 1--2.5 cm, caducous but at full anthesis some of them usually remaining at proximal nodes of panicle; Asiatic, planted in Neotropics............
	www.nybg.org /bsci/res/keygen.html (2022 words)

	Potamogeton in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
		The stipule may be adnate to the blade for 1/3 or less the length of the stipule.
		Venation in the stipule is parallel, and veins may appear coarse as distinct ridges on the stipule (fibrous), or they may be much less obvious, even difficult to observe (delicate).
		Leaf blade broadly lanceolate, orbiculate, or ovate, 0.9--7.6(--9.7) cm, veins 3--25; stipules deciduous and deteriorating, absent on proximal portion of stem.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126627 (1694 words)

	Ric029 - 21
		1-submersed leaves with stipules adnate to the base of the leaf and forming a sheath around the stem, leaves thus not attached directly at the nodes.
		3-floating leaves may be present, adnate portion of the stipule up to 5 mm long and shorter than the free portion, rare.
		11-submersed leaves up to 9-nerved, stipules and petiole of floating leaves various, width to length ratio of submersed leaves from 1 to 10 or narrower.
	srmwww.gov.bc.ca /risc/o_docs/aquatic/029/029tran-21.htm (984 words)

	[Key to African Drosera] image #0075.gif
		D. cistiflora Stipules present, conspicuous (inconspicuous in D. hilaris); leaves petiolate with the petiole decurrent or distinct; scape axillary: Leaf-blade confluent with the petiole, narrow-lanceolate; stipules setaceous, hidden amongst the rusty woolly pubescence.................................
		Leaves apetiolate; stipules represented by 2 minute filaments, one on each side of the margin at the base, deciduous; lamina obcuneate, c.
		Leaves of South African Drosera species showing shape, types of tentacles and stipules; all X 1, except where otherwise stated; where known the seeds are also depicted.
	www.omnisterra.com /botany/cp/pictures/drosera/0075.htm (6369 words)

	Magnolia Society
		Stipules adnate to (mostly) the entire length of the petiole.
		Stipules adnate to 50% to 100% the length of the petiole.
		Stipules attached to > 50% of the petiole.
	www.magnoliasociety.org /classifications_home.html (1029 words)

	The questionable affinities of Lactoris: evidence from branching pattern, inflorescence morphology, and stipule ...
		Stipules are lateral appendages of the leaf base.
		lobe, the ochrea-like stipule, or the intrapetiolar stipule
		stipules and sympodial growth, are consistent with this position.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/88/12/2143 (3414 words)

	Unknown #42 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Stipules at base of leaves (stipules with dark veins).
		Inflorescence composed of dense cluster of numerous flowers.
		Pair of stipules at the base of leaves.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /unknowns/unknow42.htm (270 words)

	Salicaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - Salix glauca L. var. acutifolia (Hook.) C. Schneider
		Stipules present (linear to lanceolate); leaf-like; apex acuminate.
		Its leaves are glaucous abaxially and moderately to very densely hairy abaxially and sparsely hairy to glabrate adaxially, stipules are usually prominent, 4–17 mm long; catkins are densely flowered and borne on a leafy flowering branchlet.
		The leaves are narrowly elliptic with slender leaf-like stipules.
	www.mun.ca /biology/delta/arcticf/sal/www/wlsaga.htm (869 words)

	What Old Rose is This? - by Mrs. Frederick L. Keays, 1943 American Rose Annual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The bract is usually a small linear leaf-form showing up in the inflorescence of clustering sorts where a peduncle breaks away from the flowering shoot or within the cluster itself, where the pedicels (lesser flower-stems) carry their bloom away from the main stem.
		The distinguishing feature, however, is a growth of imbricated bracts on the very short peduncles of the many solitary white flowers, with a halo of stamens surrounding the disc, and with sepals and calyx--tube tomentose.
		It does not have the laciniated stipules of Multiflora; rather they are edged with glands and have free spreading tips.
	w3.goodnews.net /~kkrugh/books/keays/annuals/1938/what_old_rose_is_this.htm (5624 words)

	[No title]
		Leaves opposite, simple, in ours unlobed; stipules present between the leaves or represented by a line or membrane between the leaf bases.
		Leaves ovate to elliptic-lanceolate or sometimes obovate or oblanceolate (especially on the lower portion of the stem), thin-textured, (1.5)2.5 to 5 cm long, to 2 cm broad, apically obtuse to acute, basally cuneate, glabrous or the margins and sometimes the nerves slightly scabrous, short-petiolate, well-spaced; stipules very small.
		Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, lance-ovate, or ovate, 2 to 6(8) cm long, apically acuminate to obtuse, basally tapered to a petiole 3 to 15 mm long or the upper leaves sometimes sessile, entire, thin-textured, glabrous; stipules represented by small ovate-triangular lobes.
	www.csdl.tamu.edu /~sangita/wholeast.htm.out (14056 words)

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