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	Stoicism
		The Stoics agree to put in the forefront the doctrine of presentation and sensation, inasmuch as the standard by which the truth of things is tested is generically a presentation, and again the theory of assent and that of apprehension and thought, which precedes all the rest, cannot be stated apart from presentation.
		Stoic ethics is an outflow of Stoic cosmology: the ethical goal is to live in a way that is consistent with the way that the cosmos is. According to the Stoics, since the active principle is Reason, then all things unfold according to Reason, which is called providence (pronoia) or fate (heimarmenê).
		According to Stoic ethical theory, the stage in which a human being merely keeps himself alive leads to the stage in which he chooses the good and rejects the bad; this leads to the exercise of choice out of a sense of duty of which he is not fully conscious.
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/GrPhil/Stoic.htm (5980 words)

	The Ecole Initiative: Stocisim
		Indeed, the very word 'stoic' has, in the popular sense, become synonymous with 'philosophical' and has come to represent that courage and calmness in the face of adverse and trying circumstances which was the hallmark of the ancient Stoics.
		Stoic epistemology was decidedly empiricist and nominalist in spirit.
		Stoic ideas regarding the natural order of things and of each rational soul as a divine element provided one basis upon which later ideas of natural law were erected.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/articles/stoicism.html (1481 words)

	Ancient Roman Philosophy - Crystalinks
		The contents of the philosophy were particularly amenable to the Roman world view, especially since the Stoic insistence on acceptance of all situations, including adverse ones, seemed to reproduce what the Romans considered their crowning achievement: virtus, or "manliness," or "toughness." The centerpiece of Stoic philosophy was the concept of the logos.
		Of all the philosophies of antiquity, this is perhaps the most familiar to you: the skeptic principle of doubting everything became, in the modern era, the fundamental basis of the scientific method.
		For the Stoic, the meaning (logos) of each individual life, action, and situation is determined by its place in a larger whole, which is, of course, the whole course of history.
	www.crystalinks.com /romephilosophy.html (1124 words)

	Stoic Philosophy of Mind [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The Stoics held that the soul is nourished from the exhalations from the passive elements.
		The Stoics, however, did not hold that this excluded the possibility that we are born with innate characteristics and psychological impulses.
		"The Stoic notion of lekton", in Everson 1994: 109-128.
	www.iep.utm.edu /s/stoicmind.htm (7003 words)

	"The Stoic Way" by Dr. Peter H. Samson
		The Stoic philosophy appeared in a time when people were looking not to the years ahead but to the past for their ideals, expecting little of the future but more weariness and futility.
		The Stoic philosophy is founded on metaphysics, on a theory of the ultimate nature of things, of what the universe is in its essence.
		This is the foundation for one of the soundest philosophies ever evolved from human experience with the vagaries and disappointments of life: man is part of the universal order, an inseparable part of nature, and everything that takes place in his life is to be understood in that larger perspective.
	www.theosophy-nw.org /theosnw/world/med/me-sams.htm (2208 words)

	MySpot.org: Stoicism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The foundation of Stoic ethics is the principle, proclaimed earlier by the Cynics, that good lies in the state of the soul itself, in wisdom, and restraint.
		Stoic ethics stressed the rule "Follow where Reason leads"; one must therefore resist the influence of the passions—love, hate, fear, pain, and pleasure.
		The four cardinal virtues of the Stoic philosophy are wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance, a classification derived from the teachings of Plato.
	www.myspot.org /stoic (995 words)

	IU South Bend News: Stoic Philosophy Lecture
		Philosophy Day 2005 at Indiana University South Bend will address Stoic philosophy and how it guides the actions of many in the military, on Thursday, Feb. 3.
		She will explore what the Stoic philosophy actually is, the role it has played in the character of the military - both modern and ancient — and its value as a philosophy of life.
		The events are presented by the IU South Bend Philosophy Department with the support of the Addison Locke Roache Memorial Lectureship Fund, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Departments of Political Science and Women’s Studies.
	www.iusb.edu /~sbocm/jan05/stoic.shtml (296 words)

	Stoicism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The Stoics did, in fact, hold that emotions like fear or envy (or impassioned sexual attachments, or passionate love of anything whatsoever) either were, or arose from, false judgements and that the sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo them.
		Stoic ethics achieves a certain plausibility within the context of their physical theory and psychology, and within the framework of Greek ethical theory as that was handed down to them from Plato and Aristotle.
		Since the Stoics stress the systematic nature of their philosophy, the ideal way to evaluate the Stoics' distinctive ethical views would be to study them within the context of a full exposition of their philosophy.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/stoicism (11567 words)

	Stoicism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Thus in the market-place at Athens the stoa poikile (Painted Colonnade) was decorated with Polygnotus's representations of the destruction of Troy, the fight of the Athenians with the Amazons, and the battles of Marathon and Oenoe.
		The fundamental proposition of the Stoic physics is that "nothing incorporeal exists." This materialism coheres with the sense-impression orientation of their doctrine of knowledge.
		The Stoic ethical teaching is based upon two principles already developed in their physics; first, that the universe is governed by absolute law, which admits of no exceptions; and second, that the essential nature of humans is reason.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/s/stoicism.htm (2444 words)

	Stoicism and Astrology
		The Stoic believed that none of these things could, in themselves, make one happy, yet it was important to consciously choose which path one would tread on the basis of one's own individual nature and act appropriately on the path.
		Thus, in practice, the Stoic found that it was of central importance to know his own nature and the natures of those around him in order to act appropriately.
		What is clear is that the Stoics held that the Evolutional Pattern of the Individual was discernable from his/her natal figure (the individual modification of the macrocosmic Zodiac) just as the Fate of the world was declared by the Zodiac itself.
	www.geocosmic.org /articles/stoicism.shtml (2174 words)

	PTypes - Stoic Practice
		The Stoic Foundation’s Course comprises six Papers which are offered with full tutor support, and which introduce the student to the main principles of Stoic philosophy.
		The Stoic Foundation was established in 2000 by Keith Seddon, the current Director of the Foundation, as an educational trust, offering advice, support and a correspondence course in practical Stoic philosophy to anyone interested in taking up Stoicism as a philosophy to live by.
		Stoic Voice Journal is a monthly e-mail/online publication featuring contemporary and classic works on the history, theory, practical application, creative expression, and modern experience of Stoicism.
	www.ptypes.com /practice.html (2205 words)

	Crosswalk.com
		The problem of exploitative philosophy in Colossians 2:8 is not simply an aversion toward a theory of analysis underlying deportment, thought, knowledge, and the constitution of the universe.
		In contrast to Epicurean philosophy, individuals achieve well-being and peace through their consonance with nature (which was in a constant state of change) by having the qualities of bravery, justice, self-control, and a competent intellect.
		The form of Stoic philosophy found in the New Testament was amalgamated with Roman polytheism.
	bible.crosswalk.com /Dictionaries/BakersEvangelicalDictionary/bed.cgi?number=T554 (1291 words)

	The Rebirth of Stoicism
		Epictetus’ Stoic philosophy, which influenced the likes of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, is basically that the goal of life is to live in harmony with nature.
		Stoic happiness, unlike the life of conspicuous consumption and consumerism, does not depend on luck.
		For the Stoic, to lose one’s wealth is not to lose any part of his or her true self.
	puffin.creighton.edu /phil/Stephens/rebirth_of_stoicism.htm (2456 words)

	Stoicism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		B.C. The first Stoics were so called because they met in the Stoa Poecile [Gr.,=painted porch], at Athens, a colonnade near the Agora, to hear their master Zeno lecture.
		Among the acknowledged leaders of the Stoics in the following period was Panaetius of Rhodes, who in the 2d cent.
		The Stoics, especially Chrysippus, are renowned for their logic, which contains the first systematic analysis of how the truth value of a compound proposition depends upon the truth values of its components.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/Stoicism.html (468 words)

	Amazon.com: Stoic Warriors: The Ancient Philosophy behind the Military Mind: Books: Nancy Sherman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Retired Adm. James Stockdale, a student of philosophy, used stoic tenets to keep himself from breaking during seven years as a POW (and was awarded the Medal of Honor).
		Thus, "Stoic Warriors" must be viewed, I believe, in the same vein as a treatise on brain surgery I might write should be viewed: the account of an observer with no actual experience and subject to errors of perception.
		Admiral Stock-dale serves the iconic prototype of the consummate stoic, demonstrating one's inner ca-pacity to remove the self from the externals of pain and torture.
	www.amazon.com /Stoic-Warriors-Ancient-Philosophy-Military/dp/0195152166 (3176 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: George Long: Philosophy Of Antoninus
		He was a man, says Cicero, who embraced the Stoic philosophy from conviction; not for the purpose of vain discussion, as most did, but in order to make his life conformable to the Stoic precepts.
		The emperor's moral philosophy was not a feeble, narrow system, which teaches a man to look directly to his own happiness, though a man's happiness or tranquillity is indirectly promoted by living as he ought to do.
		The Stoics maintain man's free will as to the things which are in his power; for as to the things which are out of his power, free will terminating in action is of course excluded by the very terms of the expression.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/long-anton.html (7550 words)

	The Archives
		TIM ANSTISS, Anstiss.Shl@btinternet.com, is member of the Stoic Council and a physician, interested in health psychology, cognitive psychology (especially rational-emotive-behavior-therapy), sports and exercise medicine, healthcare improvement, stoicism, the history of science, the open society, and the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhaur.
		Member of the Stoic Council, Peter Baysdell is a Senior Non-Commissioned Officer in the US Military who states he has been a practicing Stoic for nearly 20 years and welcomes the opportunity to be in contact with like-minded students of Virtue.
		ERIK WIEGARDT (1945-), cyberstoic@aol.com, Founder and Director of the Stoic Registry, former Chairman of the Stoic Council, and author of The Path Of The Sage: An Introduction To Stoic Philosophy, Erik is currently a student of the mystical philosophers, beginning with Heraclitus.
	www.members.aol.com /cyberstoic/names.html (7383 words)

	Greek Philosophy: Hellenistic Philosophy
		So there were no longer small communities of self-governing citizens, but great administrative organizations controlling taxes, the judiciary, water and corn supplies, etc. In a time of universalism and individualism the world expanded, linked by a common language (Greek).
		Cults of the Olympian gods yielded to worship of the ruler; educated men turned to philosophy, others to the mystery-cults and private religious associations.
		Athens became a university city, especially for the study of philosophy; Rhodes specialized in rhetoric.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/GREECE/HELLPHIL.HTM (650 words)

	Open Court: The Stoic Art of Living
		Tom Morris is the former Notre Dame philosophy professor whose classes became a campus legend and whose nationwide speaking engagements have electrified the audiences of corporate America.
		Divided into three accessible sections, the book focuses on three leading Stoics: the slave Epictetus, the lawyer Seneca, and the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius.
		Philosophy buffs and fans of Morris's other works will appreciate this latest application of ancient wisdom to new concerns.
	www.opencourtbooks.com /books_n/stoic.htm (107 words)

	The Stoa: Epictetus and Stoic Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Our primary goal is to put Stoic Philosophy into practice so that we achieve happy, meaningful and flourishing lives.
		Zeno of Citium taught Stoic Philosophy at the Painted Porch (stoa poikile) on the north side of the Ancient Agora of Athens.
		Stoic Philosophy derives its name from this "stoa" having first been expounded there.
	www.thestoa.org (164 words)

	Untitled Document
		Stoic philosophy flourished in the time after Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, from the fourth century BCE to the second century CE, beginning in Athens (especially with Zeno of Citium and Chrysippus of Soli) and ending in Rome and elsewhere (especially with Epictetus, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius).
		Through much of medieval and modern philosophy, the Stoics were regarded as a standard and important part of the history of the tradition (sometimes more so than Plato and Aristotle).
		The Roman Stoics have sometimes been regarded as philosophically less significant than their Athenian predecessors, but a reassessment of their philosophical importance is now underway.
	www.fordham.edu /philosophy/graduate/7014_description.htm (585 words)

	stoic - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Stoicism, school of philosophy, founded in ancient Greece, opposed to Epicureanism in its views of life and duty.
		- ancient philosophy: a member of an ancient Greek school of philosophy that asserted that happiness can only be achieved by accepting life's ups and downs as the products of unalterable destiny.
		enduring, tolerant, patient, indifferent, apathetic, resigned, passive, stoical
	ca.encarta.msn.com /stoic.html (157 words)

	Free Essays - Explanation And Analysis Of Stoic Philosophy
		Stoicism is, without a doubt, one of the most widely misunderstood schools of Philosophy ever established and followed by a wide number of people.
		The common opinion of Stoic adherents is that they are merely cold, somber individuals dedicated to the idea that happiness is evil, emotion is to be avoided at all costs and pleasure is wicked.
		The Stoic seeks to lead a life at peace with himself and the world around him, governed at all times by moderation and Virtue.
	www.freeessays.tv /d4816.htm (353 words)

	Powell's Books - Stoic Warriors: The Ancient Philosophy Behind the Military Mind by Nancy Sherman
		Stoic Warriors is the first book to delve deeply into the ancient legacy of this relationship, exploring what the Stoic philosophy actually is, the role it plays in the character of the military (both ancient and modern), and its powerful value as a philosophy of life.
		Sherman concludes by recommending a moderate Stoicism, where the task for the individual, both civilian and military, youth and adult, is to temper control with forgiveness, and warrior drive and achievement with humility and humor.
		Delving deeply into the ancient legacy of this relationship, this book explores what the Stoic philosophy actually is, the role it plays in the character of the military (both ancient and modern), and its powerful value as a philosophy of life.
	www.powells.com /partner/28734/biblio/0195152166 (524 words)

	Correspondence Course
		The Stoic Foundation’s Course comprises an introductory paper plus six study papers which present to the student the main principles of Stoic philosophy.
		The Course is designed to have practical application to daily living, just as a course in Stoic Philosophy would have had in ancient times.
		Stoic philosophy does not tell you about life, but shows you ways to live life in a more satisfactory way.
	www.btinternet.com /~k.h.s/sfcorrespondencecourse.htm (307 words)

	Stoic Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was called a Stoic philosopher because he taught at place called the Stoa.
		It was man's duty to accept cheerfully whatever came - poverty, disease, or even death - secure in the knowledge that it was all for the best.
		A Stoic would ask wether or not each event was in his power.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/persons3_n2/stoic.html (118 words)

	Stoic Foundation Home Page
		The Foundation is happy to advise on any aspect of Stoic philosophy, including advice on primary source literature (including the ancient Stoic writers), secondary source literature, and by offering our own correspondence course.
		He has taught philosophy at university and a wide range of Liberal Arts topics in further education colleges, and currently mentors students via distance learning at a number of international institutions, including Warnborough College (Ireland) where he mentors the MA program and the PhD program in Ancient Philosophy.
		His primary concern is in finding ways of using philosophical knowledge and techniques to promote the betterment of the individual and thereby of the wider community; his main areas of interest are in Stoic philosophy, philosophy as therapy, and applied philosophy generally.
	www.btinternet.com /~k.h.s/stoic-foundation.htm (851 words)

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