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Topic: Stoicism

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	Stoicism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The term "Stoicism" derives from the Greek word "stoa," referring to a colonnade, such as those built outside or inside temples, around dwelling-houses, gymnasia, and market-places.
		Stoicism is essentially a system of ethics which, however, is guided by a logic as theory of method, and rests upon physics as foundation.
		Briefly, their notion of morality is stern, involving a life in accordance with nature and controlled by virtue.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/s/stoicism.htm (2444 words)

	Zeno of Cittium: founder of Stoicism. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Stoicism had a powerfully developed system of philosophy, which covered logic, ethics and physics.
		The central beliefs were that the cosmos was a divine being, endowed with a soul that was made of a refined form of matter.
		Scientific Pantheism was partly inspired by Stoicism and is honoured to consider Stoicism a predecessor.
	members.aol.com /Heraklit1/zeno.htm (1251 words)

	Stoicism (Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Stoicism is that Hellenistic philosophy which sought to make the personal and political lives of men as orderly as the cosmos.
		They brought some aspects of Platonism into Stoicism: Posidonius, the pupil of Panaetius, faces back to the time when the Stoa was building a universal system; Panaetius faces forward to the time when Stoicism became involved in the military, social, and political life of Rome.
		This old whetstone, on which twentieth-century scholars of Stoicism have sharpened their tools, is, despite the many criticisms leveled at it for minimizing Stoic logic and the like, one of the most useful summaries of Stoicism available.
	zork.cs.uvic.ca /quotes/stoics_encyclopedia.html (3158 words)

	Stoicism
		Stoicism is a school of philosophy founded (308 BC) in Athens by Zeno of Citium (Cyprus).
		Stoicism also teaches independence, or more specifically, independence from society, regarding it as a chaotic and unruly entity that should be guarded against.
		Stoicism became the most influential school of the Graeco–Roman world, and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities, such as Cato the Younger and Cato the Elder.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/Stoicism.html (1910 words)

	[No title]
		In this case the equivocation was in a sense a fecund one, providing a fund of conceptual material which Christian thought made use of; but at the same time this very conceptualization was to bear the mark of certain misapprehensions which for a time obscured profounder truths or hindered their expression.
		Stoicism, which generally disappeared as the official School, was the most important of the Hellenistic elements in the semi-oriental religions of vanishing paganism.
		STOICISM RELIGION One is adversely affected in their emotions, feelings, and actions toward themselves and others because of their beliefs in a philosophy.
	www.lycos.com /info/stoicism.html (726 words)

	[No title]
		Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco-Roman world and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities.
		Stoicism teaches that the universe is rational, that it can be explained rationally, and organized rationally.
		Stoicism takes its name from the Stoa Poikile Academy which in turn means "Painted Colonnade", the place where the founder of the academy usually lectured.
	www.lycos.com /info/stoicism--miscellaneous.html (401 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Stoicism first appeared in Athens in the Hellenistic period around 301 BC and was introduced by Zeno of Citium.
		Stoicism became the most influential school of the Graeco–Roman world, and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities, such as Cato the Younger and Epictetus.
		Although Stoicism was considered by many early Fathers of the Church to be a part of the philosophical decline of the ancient world, many of its elements were held in high esteem, in particular, the natural law, which is a major part of the Roman Catholic and early American doctrines of secular public morality.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=stoicism (2546 words)

	Ziniewicz on Epictetus and the Stoics
		Stoicism is based on a Heraclitean-like (following the philosopher Heraclitus) interpretation of Nature, for whom the logos (reason) is the stable ordering principle within the flux of a constantly changing and moving universe.
		Stoicism is a dualism (view that radically separates mind and body, freedom and determinism into two compartments).
		Stoicism is the dualism of internal stability and external flux.
	www.fred.net /tzaka/stoics.html (1356 words)

	The Ecole Initiative: Stocisim
		Stoicism was one of the most important and influential traditions in the philosophy of the Hellenistic world.
		It is one of the ironies of history that Alexander, once a student of Aristotle, was in large part responsible for undermining the Hellenic political climate to which the classical Greek thought of Plato and Aristotle was inextricably tied.
		This practical aspect of Stoicism is especially prevalent in the Roman Stoic, Epictetus (c 50-138 CE), who developed the ethical and religious side of Stoicism.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/articles/stoicism.html (1481 words)

	Stoicism - ReligionFacts
		Stoicism was one of the two principal schools of the Hellenistic era (the other being Epicureanism).
		Stoicism was founded by Zeno of Citium (Cyprus), who was born in 335 BC and came to Athens around 313 BC.
		Stoicism died out, as the popular saying goes, "because everyone became a Stoic." Everything Stoicism had to say became common property in Late Antiquity, and what was of value was absorbed into the Neoplatonic synthesis.
	www.religionfacts.com /a-z-religion-index/stoicism.htm (1351 words)

	Stoicism
		Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period.
		The influence of Stoicism on Greek and Roman culture was enormous.
		The influence of Stoicism on the subsequent history of philosophical and religious thought is hard to evaluate directly.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/win2000/entries/stoicism (10617 words)

	Stoicism and Astrology
		Stoicism was, perhaps, the major philosophical force in the Roman Empire.
		In many ways, the story of Stoicism is a story of how Semitic (in this case, Phoenician) and Indo-European philosophical influences merged to produce a highly sophisticated and elevating system of thought that, in many ways, profoundly influences our civilization today.
		Practical Stoicism (if we may be permitted to denominate it such) consisted of living a life consistent with Nature, avoiding emotional extremes which would cloud the reason, discriminating appropriate actions from those which led to unworth and ultimately acquiring wisdom.
	www.geocosmic.org /articles/stoicism.shtml (2174 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Stoicism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		stoicism • noun she accepted her sufferings with remarkable stoicism synonyms : patience, forbearance, resignation, fortitude, endurance, acceptance, tolerance, phlegm.
		After Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, Chrysippus is considered the most eminent of the school.
		Stoicism: its relation to gender, attitudes toward poverty and reactions to emotive material.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Stoicism (752 words)

	Steven K. Strange (ed.), Jack Zupko (ed.) - Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations - Reviewed by Jon Miller, Queen's ...
		In keeping with Stoicism's emphasis on the responsibility that each person has for the state of her or his own soul, Epictetus encouraged students to "engage in dialogue with their individual selves and to use this as their principal instrument of moral progress" (23).
		In Stoicism, the pre-emotion is not a genuine emotion, because it does not involve an evaluative reaction by the agent; instead, it is the involuntary "jolt" which all humans experience upon the reception of certain powerful impressions.
		As one would expect, though, the Stoicism of c.1600 was substantially different from classical Stoicism, which is a key reason historians tend to call it "Neostoicism." In "Constancy and Coherence," Jacqueline LagrÃ©e tackles the job of determining "what specific effects Neostoicism had in the moral sphere" of that time (149).
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=2221 (2770 words)

	Stoic Home Page
		Stoicism advocates a resigned attitude to the difficulties of life and the need to maintain personal standards of conduct in an imperfect world.
		Stoicism subsequently became popular in the Roman empire, although for a long time it was thought of as potentially subversive and dangerous to Roman values.
		Stoicism appeals particularly to people who are disturbed and dislocated by the flow of events.
	www.stoics.fsnet.co.uk (3086 words)

	Stoicism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period.
		The influence of Stoicism on Greek and Roman culture was enormous.
		The influence of Stoicism on the subsequent history of philosophical and religious thought is hard to evaluate directly.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/stoicism (11580 words)

	Stoicism Summary
		Stoicism Stoicism was a philosophical movement founded in Athens in the late fourth century BCE by Zeno of Citium.
		STOICISM is a philosophy related to the ancient Greek Stoic school, which took its name from the painted "porch" (stoa) on the northern side of the Athenian Agora (now ruins partially excavated along Hadrianos Street), where teachers and st...
		Stoicism is a school of philosophy the founding of which is associated with Zeno of Citium.
	www.bookrags.com /Stoicism (266 words)

	Theology WebSite: Church History Study Helps: Stoicism
		Stoicism was founded by Zeno of C'tium (Cyprus), perhaps a Phoeniclan by race, who came to Athens about 313 B.c.
		Chrysippus (C. Chrysippus of Soll (Cilicia) succeeded to the headship of the Stoa in 232, and saw a rebirth of Stoicism.
		It was largely in the form given by Chrysippus that Stoicism was transmitted in the anclent world.
	www.theologywebsite.com /history/earlystoicism.shtml (890 words)

	Stoicism
		Stoicism arose in the Hellenistic period, the period after the conquests of Alexander the Great, and became the philosophical preference of many Greeks and non-Greeks.
		Their works were still available, however, to Diogenes in the third century, who synthesizes the contents of these works in his attempt to provide a brief outline of Stoic philosophy; occasionally he quotes from their works.
		For Stoicism, the state of being in conformity with nature is virtue (aretê); according to Chrysippus, virtue "is a harmonious disposition, choiceworthy for its own sake, and not from hope or fear or any external motive" (Lives, 7.89).
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/GrPhil/Stoic.htm (5980 words)

	Stoicism
		It was founded by Zeno of Citium (or Cyprus) (335-263 BC) and became one of the two principal philosophical schools of the Hellenistic world (the other being Epicureanism).[1] The development of the teaching of Stoicism is divided into three periods, the Early Stoa, the Middle Stoa and the Later Stoa (or Roman Stoicism).
		The teachings of Stoicism changed significantly thought the centuries, so it is difficult to generalise about what the Stoics taught, especially as none of their works survive.
		Runar M. Thorsteinsson, "Paul and Roman Stoicism: Romans 12 and Contemporary Stoic Ethics," Journal for the Study of the New Testament 29.2 (2006): 139-161.
	www.earlychurch.org.uk /stoics.php (640 words)

	MySpot.org: Stoicism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The four cardinal virtues of the Stoic philosophy are wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance, a classification derived from the teachings of Plato.
		He was the son of a merchant and a merchant himself until the age of 42, when he started a philosophical school.
		Named for his teaching platform the stoa (gk for porch), his teachings were the beginning of Stoicism.
	www.myspot.org /stoic (995 words)

	Stoicism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Romans, who had received Stoicism more cordially than they did any other Greek philosophy, can claim the third period as their own.
		Stoicism, with its roots in earlier doctrines and theories of the human person and the universe, built up an ideal of the virtuous, wise man. Regarding philosophy as divided into physics, logic, and ethics, the Stoics made logic and physics a foundation for ethics.
		The Stoics, especially Chrysippus, are renowned for their logic, which contains the first systematic analysis of how the truth value of a compound proposition depends upon the truth values of its components.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/Stoicism.html (468 words)

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