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Topic: Stoke Mandeville Games

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	World Wheelchair and Amputee Games - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The World Wheelchair and Amputee Games, formerly known as the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games, the Stoke Mandeville Games, and the World Wheelchair Games, are a multi-sport, multi-disability athletic competition for athletes with a disability.
		The Games were originally held in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who organized a sporting competition involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries at the rehabilitation hospital in Stoke Mandeville, England.
		While the Paralympic Games evolved to include athletes from all disability groups, the Stoke Mandeville games continued to be organized as a multi-sport event for wheelchair athletes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Games (301 words)

	Past Paralympics
		These Games in Rome were also the first Games for the disabled held in the same venue as the able-bodied Games.
		The Paralympic Games were supposed to be held in Munich, Germany, but they were not able to accommodate the 1,000 athletes that would be participating.
		Stoke Mandeville and New York due to the splitting of disability categories.
	library.thinkquest.org /J0112424/pastparalympics.html (1082 words)

	Against The odds - The History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Stoke Mandeville Games were the brainchild of Dr Ludwig Guttman, a neurologist and neurosurgeon and director of the spinal injury unit.
		In 1958, Professor Antonio Maglio, director of the INAIL spinal injuries centre in Rome, proposed that the 1960 games be held in his city, the venue for the 1960 Olympics.
		The concept of the Paralympic Games was born, and since then the Paralympics have been held every four years, whenever possible in the same city or in the same country as the Olympics.
	www.eventnz.co.nz /swim98/history/oddshistory.htm (1012 words)

	Britain Today
		After the war, and to coincide with the Olympic Games in London in 1948, Dr. Guttmann organised a programme of wheelchair games at Stoke Mandeville in which 16 athletes participated.
		In Manchester, for example, all the buildings intended for the Commonwealth Games in 2002 (some are already in use) are designed to be suitable for the Paralympic Games, for which the city made an unsuccessful bid in 1994.
		Many of them are still held at Stoke Mandeville, though others are to be found in cities and small towns throughout the country.
	www.britannia.com /newsbits/handsprt.html (916 words)

	1999 World Wheelchair Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The 1999 Games provided elite competition for wheelchair athletes in a wide range of sports, focusing on Paralympic qualifying opportunities for athletes aiming for participation in wheelchair events in Sydney.
		One team from the Stoke Mandeville Spinal Injury Unit and the other from the Star and Garter Home for disabled ex-servicemen.
		This was the first year the games have been held outside England and it provided an excellent opportunity for the athletes to compete in world class competition in the southern hemisphere before the Paralympic Games are held in Sydney in the year 2000.
	www.eventnz.co.nz /wwgames (156 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| sports Page \| The struggle is what counts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, gave a German the inspiration for the Paralympic Games.
		In fact, it was four years later the Games took on an international flavour when a small team of paralysed Dutch war veterans crossed the English Channel to join their British comrades in the Games in 1952.
		The year 1960 saw the realisation of Sir Ludwig's dream when the International Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome, the city of the Olympic Games.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2000/503/sp1.htm (475 words)

	Australian Paralympic Committee
		On July 28th 1948, the day of the Opening Ceremony of the 1948 Olympic Games in London, the Stoke Mandeville Games were founded and the first competition for wheelchair athletes was organised.
		The idea of merging together to create a platform for co-ordinating the international games emerged and four years later at the Arnhem Games, at which cerebral palsied athletes made their debut, the four international organizations met to discuss the way forward.
		The "International Coordinating Committee" was originally composed of the four presidents of CP-ISRA, IBSA, ISMGF and ISOD, the general secretaries and one additional member (in the beginning it was the vice-president, and later on the technical officer).
	www.paralympic.org.au /apc_sub.asp?id=112 (777 words)

	www.eyes-2004.info: Paralympics
		The Paralympic Games have come a long way since the first Games for athletes with a disability were held in 1948 in Stoke Mandeville, England.
		On the day of the opening ceremony of the 1948 Olympic Games in London, the Stoke Mandeville Games were launched and the first competition for wheelchair athletes was organised.
		The Seoul Paralympic Games assigned a significant change in 1988, as both Olympic and Paralympic Games were held at the same venues.
	www.eyes-2004.info /11140.0.html (323 words)

	Paralympics: Where Heroes Come - Chapter 2
		It is generally agreed that the Paralympic movement towards competitive sports for individuals with a disability began in 1948 in Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom.
		The Stoke Mandeville Games were held yearly after 1948, and became international in 1952 with the addition of a Dutch team of competitors.
		That same year the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation, or ISMGF (later the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation, or ISMWSF) was created; it decided the games should be held in the country hosting the Olympics.
	www.melazerte.com /library/paralympics/chapter2.htm (841 words)

	INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - OLYMPIC GAMES
		Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability were organised for the first time in Rome in 1960.
		Since the Salt Lake 2002 Games, one organising committee is responsible for hosting both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games.
		The IPC organises, supervises and coordinates the Paralympic Games and other multi-disability sports competitions at elite level, of which the most important are world and regional championships.
	www.olympic.org /uk/games/paralympic/index_uk.asp (544 words)

	Archive
		In England, Stoke Mandeville Games initiated with 16 WWII paralyzed veterans at Stoke Mandeville Hospital.
		VIIIth Paralympic Games held in Seoul, Korea where basketball is played in same facilities used for the Olympic Games.
		August by the IWBF Executive Committee Meeting at Stoke Mandeville, where it is decided to disband the Meditteranean Zone.
	www.iwbf.org /game/game_03.htm (3910 words)

	Sport Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		IPC organises, supervises and co-ordinates the Paralympic Games and other multi-disability competitions on elite sports level, of which the most important are world and regional championships.
		The organization, now known as the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation, currently serve wheelchair athletes in a variety of summer and winter sports.
		Games Uniting Mind and Body is an interscholastic track and field competition designed for school aged students who have physical or visual disabilities.
	www.twu.edu /inspire/Sport/sport_link.htm (711 words)

	The Story of Sport in Israel
		The first of these games was held in 1960 in Rome, immediately after the regular Olympics, with 400 participants from 23 countries.
		The first three Israeli participants in the Stoke Mandeville games arrived in 1953 and within a year, the Israeli delegation had won a third place in a swimming competition.
		The games proved an enormous boost for the developing of sport for the handicapped in Israel and by the time the first handicapped Olympics (the Paralympics, as they came to be called) came round, the small Israeli delegation won several medals.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/100/concepts/sport/9.html (1426 words)

	History of the Paralympics - 2002 Winter Olympics coverage
		The International Wheelchair Games coincided with the 1948 London Olympic Games.
		Guttman's Stoke Mandeville Games for the disabled and wheelchair-bound drew 130 international competitors.
		1960: The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome, after the Summer Olympic Games, the first time the Paralympics were officially connected with the Olympic movement.
	deseretnews.com /oly/view/0,3949,70001790,00.html (339 words)

	WheelPower - British Wheelchair Sport - About Us
		Back in 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttman, a neurologist who was working with World War II veterans with spinal injuries at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, began using sport as a vital part of the rehabilitation programmes of his patients.
		Although officially called the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, the Paralympics were born.
		Since 1988, the Summer Paralympics have been held in the conjunction with the Olympic Games in the same host city and this practice was adopted in 1992 for the Winter Paralympics.
	www.wheelpower.org.uk /wheelpower/index.cfm (246 words)

	aarogya.com "The Wellness Site" - International Day For Disabled Persons
		The Paralympic Games are the zenith of competition for elite athletes with physical disabilities.
		The Paralympic Games began in Rome in 1960 and have been held every Olympic year since, usually in the city or country hosting the Olympic Games.
		The Summer Paralympic Games were held in Atlanta (USA) in 1996 and thereafter Summer Paralympics were held in Sydney (Australia) in October 2000.
	www.aarogya.com /miscellaneous/events/disability/paralypmics.asp (665 words)

	Paralympics
		In 1948, on the day that the Olympic Summer Games opened in London, he organized the Stoke Mandeville Games, a competition for wheelchair athletes.
		The first Paralympic Games took place in Rome, a week after the 1960 Summer Olympic Games were held there.
		The Paralympics have continued to grow, and the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul were once again held in the same venues as the Olympics.
	www.factmonster.com /spot/paralympics.html (581 words)

	INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - ORGANISATION - STRUCTURES
		The history of the Paralympic movement is relatively new and goes back to 1948, when Sir Ludwig Guttmann introduced the first Stoke Mandeville Games for World War II veterans with spinal cord-related injuries.
		The need to govern the Games more efficiently and to speak with one voice resulted in the foundation of the ICC, the "International Coordination Committee of World Sports Organisations for the Disabled" in 1982.
		On 19 June 2001, an agreement was signed between the International Olympic Committee and the IPC aiming to secure and protect the organisation of the Paralympic Games.
	www.olympic.org /uk/organisation/actions/ipc_uk.asp (343 words)

	[No title]
		The independent sports organizations for athletes with disabilities were keen to hold their Games in the same city as the Olympics.
		The Games in Stoke Mandeville, England, were held from 22 July to 1 August.
		The organizers agreed that the Games should in future be held at the same venue, as the success of the Paralympics calls for unified representation and participation.
	www.paralympic.org /release/Main_Sections_Menu/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Stoke_Mandeville_New_York_1984/index.html (1009 words)

	Paralympic Games in Athens, Greece
		Olympic style games for athletes with a disability were organized for the first time in Rome in 1960.
		The general philosophy of the Paralympic Games is to follow the rules of the Olympic sports as much as possible.
		The Paralympic Games is an elite sports event in terms of both the organisation and the actual competition.
	www.greecetravel.com /2004olympics/paralympicgames (662 words)

	About (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The first Stoke-Mandeville Games included only a handful of participants (26), and few events (shot put, javelin, club throw, and archery), but growth in both the number of events and participants came quickly.
		The administrative expenses of Wheelchair Sports, USA, were underwritten for many years by the Bulova Watch Company, the Bulova family, and the Bulova School of Watchmaking, whose executive director, Benjamin Lipton, served as Wheelchair Sports, USA, Chairman for the organization's first twenty-five years.
		On August 11, 1984, wheelchair athletes made their formal debut in the Olympic Games with the first-ever exhibition wheelchair track events held in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
	www.wsusa.org /about.htm (955 words)

	The Oxford Handbook of Sports Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The credit for the formation of the modern sporting movement for people with disabilities goes to the neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttman who founded the Stoke Mandeville Spinal Injuries Unit in England in 1944.
		He established the first Stoke Mandeville Games which subsequently developed into an international event contributing to the formation of the Paralympic movement.
		The World Games for deaf are conducted every four years (Summer Games 1997, 2001, Winter Games 1999, 2003).
	www.worldortho.com /oxsportsmed/chapt20.html (690 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Sports \| Back in no time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Fresh from the Summer Olympics, Athens is one again a global sports focus as it readies to host the 12th Paralympic Games for disabled athletes.
		But just four years later the Games took on an international flavour when a small team of paralysed Dutch war veterans crossed the English Channel to join their British comrades in the Games in 1952.
		In 1985, the IOC and ICC agreed to substitute "Olympic Games for Disabled" for "Paralympic Games."
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/708/sp3.htm (891 words)

	Rehabilitation through sport - Playing to Win: Canada at the Paralympics - CBC Archives
		• After 1948, the Stoke Mandeville Games were held annually in the small town of Stoke Mandeville, England.
		• 1960 was a turning point for the Stoke Mandeville Games, which would eventually be known as the Paralympics.
		It wasn't until 1988 that the Paralympics were regularly held in the same city as the Olympics.
	archives.cbc.ca /IDC-1-41-1363-8434/sports/paralympics/clip1 (619 words)

	eMedicine - Athletes With Disabilities : Article Excerpt by Gerard A Malanga
		The first Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed, which had 16 participants in wheelchair basketball, archery, and table tennis, were held in 1948.
		As with the increased number of events added to the summer Paralympic Games, events such as speed skating, sit skiing, sledge racing, and sledge hockey were added to subsequent winter games.
		In the Lillehammer Paralympic Games, held in Norway in 1994, events for athletes with cerebral palsy were added.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/byname/Athletes-With-Disabilities.htm (594 words)

	Wheelchair Athlete Rating - AllSportRating.com
		The Paralympics Games are an elite multi-sport event for athletes with a disability.
		The first Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability were held in Rome in 1960; officially called the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, these are considered to be the first Paralympics Games.
		Cities bidding to host the Olympic Games must include the Paralympics Games in their bid, and typically both Games are now run by a single organizing committee.
	allsportrating.com /sport.php?id=30 (402 words)

	EdGate Summer Games
		Four years after the first competition at Stoke Mandeville, athletes from the Netherlands joined the games, and the organization that is now known as the International Paralympic Comittee was born.
		The first Olympic style games for disabled athletes were held in Rome right after the 1960 Olympic Games and are considered the first official Paralympic Games.
		Jessica Galli, is one of the top wheel chair racers in the U.S. She was the youngest member of the USA Track and Field Team at the 2000 Paralympic games in Sydney when she won the silver medal in the 800 meter.
	www2.edgate.com /summergames/paralympics (1364 words)

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