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Topic: Stolypin reform

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Agriculture of Imperial Russia

Peter Stolypin

Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia

Ivan Goremykin

List of state leaders in 1986

Agriculture of the Soviet Union

Russian Orthodox Church

Emancipation of the serfs

History of Russia

Collectivisation in the USSR

Russian Tsar Alexander II

Kulak

Obshchina

Sovnarkom

Serfdom

	Pyotr Stolypin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stolypin was a high-born member of the Russian aristocracy, related on his father's side to the poet Mikhail Lermontov.
		Stolypin's reforms did not survive the turmoil of the World War I, the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War.
		On September 14 (September 1 Old Style) 1911, Stolypin was shot by a leftist radical, Dmitri Bogrov, while attending a performance at the Kiev Opera House in the presence of the Tsar and his family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Petr_Stolypin (679 words)

	Stolypin, Piotr Arkadevich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Stolypin’s land reforms of 1906 gave the peasant communes the right to dissolve themselves, entitled each peasant to own and consolidate the strips given him by the commune, and provided financial aid to peasants who wished to buy more land.
		The land reform was designed to transform the peasants gradually into landowners without hurting the interests of the large landowners.
		Stolypin was assassinated by a revolutionary terrorist who was also a police agent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/Stolypin.html (407 words)

	Piotr Arkadevich Stolypin Biography / Biography of Piotr Arkadevich Stolypin Biography
		The Russian statesman and reformer Piotr Arkadevich Stolypin (1862-1911) is known for his victory over anarchist forces, for his attempt to transform the Russian autocratic monarchy into a constitutional one, and for his land reform.
		An intelligent and well-educated man, Stolypin pondered for some time the poor condition of the Russian villages and concluded that the low level of rural economy was due to the fact that the land did not belong to the peasants.
		Stolypin's creative efforts in the work of the state were not always within the limits of the constitutional order at which he aimed.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-piotr-arkadevich-stolypin (584 words)

	Imperial Russia, 1815-1917 - Position Paper
		His main goal in the agrarian reforms was to make the peasant a hereditary owner of a consolidated parcel of land instead of a temporary holder (as was the case for the bulk of peasants who lived in repartitional communes.
		Stolypins' reforms, namely consolidation and enclosure combined with agronomic assistance, loans and cooperatives for purchase of machinery and livestock and the continued purchase of additional land through the peasant land bank would have benefited some peasants and led to the elimination of marginal farmers.
		Stolypin was the first Russian statesman who found the courage to defy tradition and allow the peasant commune to be broken up thus taking the risk of relying on the Kulak to meet the country's agricultural needs.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~pvteach/imprus/papers/09b.html (1177 words)

	\| Book Review \| Law and History Review, 18.2 \| The History Cooperative
		Although best known for land reform legislation that he did not author and that was largely implemented after his death, in this view, Stolypin demonstrated a sincere commitment not just to pacify and repress the population, but to reform the society.
		Stolypin clearly underestimated the power of the traditional social elite and the church, which felt threatened by his proposed reforms.
		Of great import, "the problem that Stolypin faced in trying to mobilize backing for his government and its policies was there was no natural source of support in Russia for the reforms he was proposing" (175).
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/18.2/br_4.html (960 words)

	Pyotr Stolypin: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Stolypin was a high-born member of the Russia (Russia: A federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state) n aristocracy (aristocracy: A privileged class holding hereditary titles), related on his father's side to the poet Mikhail Lermontov (Mikhail Lermontov: more facts about this subject).
		The aim of Stolypin was to create a moderately wealthy class of peasants, who would be supporters of societal order.
		Stolypins reforms did not survive the turmoil of the World War, October Revolution and Civil War.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/pyotr_stolypin (627 words)

	Stolypin reform - TheBestLinks.com - Alexander II of Russia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Imperial Russia, ...
		Stolypin reform, Alexander II of Russia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub...
		Stolypin reform is the agrarian reform in Imperial Russia instituted by Petr Stolypin.
		The reform targeted the peasants that were liberated by the reform of 1861, giving them incentives for the transition to individual farming (khutors).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Stolypin_reform.html (152 words)

	Stolypin land reform -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Its aim was to encourage industrious peasants to acquire their own land, and ultimately to create a class of prosperous, conservative, small farmers that would be a stabilizing influence in the countryside and would support the autocracy.
		Stolypin's attempt to undermine it was therefore part of his program for restoring order.
		Reform meant dealing with survivals of the medieval tenures that had left a common heritage in most European countries and, through them, in the colonies.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9069789?tocId=9069789 (790 words)

	H-Net Review: Michael C. Hickey on Land Reform in Russia, 1906-1917: Peasant Responses to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pallot argues that elements of the Stolypin reform undoubtedly attracted individual peasant households (most significantly, the chance to increase and protect their landholdings), but that peasant responses to the reform were not based upon the "instrumental rationality" assumed by reformers.
		Reformers explained peasants' decision to "embrace" the reform, and especially whole community enclosure and tenure changes, as a sign that reform had worked and peasants were recognizing the superiority of individual tenure or enclosure.
		Although the state propagated the myth that peasants accepted and embraced the reform, and although peasants often used this "public transcript" as a means of dissembling, the "hidden transcript" of resistance to reform was manifest in peasants' actions.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=10543954955474 (3100 words)

	Russia The Stolypin and Kokovtsov Governments - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		A deadlock of the Kadets and the government over the adoption of a constitution and peasant reform led to the dissolution of the Duma and the scheduling of new elections.
		Stolypin's boldest measure was his peasant reform program.
		Stolypin hoped that the reform program would create a class of conservative landowning farmers loyal to the tsar.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/russia/russia_history_the_stolypin_and_kokovtsov_governments.html (1165 words)

	Soviet Union - The Tenuous Regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Stolypin's boldest measure was his peasant reform program, which allowed, and sometimes forced, the breakup of communes as well as the establishment of full private property.
		The bold reform plans of Witte and Stolypin have led historians to speculate as to whether or not such reforms could have "saved" the Russian Empire.
		But the reforms were hampered by court politics, and both the tsar and the bureaucracy remained isolated from the rest of society.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12437.html (592 words)

	IALHI News Service: Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pallot focuses on the utopianism of the Stolypin reform project, which she argues was about spaces and not people.
		Reformers considered otruba and other forms of land reorganization as inferior; at best they might be transitional stages towards khutorization, in which life would conform to the geometry of perfect squares.
		In rehearsing debates and frustrated efforts at reforms over a period of nearly sixty years in impeccable detail (especially fine is the discussion of the church's conflict with the Duma after 1905), Freeze advances five main arguments.
	www.iisg.nl /~ialhi/news/i0310_7.html (3874 words)

	Essay or Coursework - Reform followed by Reaction is a dangerous strategy for any government to follow and the best ...
		Essay or Coursework - Reform followed by Reaction is a dangerous strategy for any government to follow and the best example of this are the governments of Alexander II and Nichols II.
		Coursework and Essays: By Level: GCSE: History: By Country Or Region: Russia: Reform followed by Reaction is a dangerous strategy for any government to follow and the best example of this are the governments of Alexander II and Nichols II.
		Reform followed by Reaction is a dangerous strategy for any government to follow and the best example of this are the governments of Alexander II and Nichols II.
	www.coursework.info /i/78312.html (415 words)

	Land Reform: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Land Reform: Namibia Moves into the Fast Lane; after Years of Going Slow on Land Reform, the Namibian Government Is Now Moving into the Fast Lane to Bring Some Equity into Land Ownership in the Country.
		The Importance of Land Reform in the Reconstruction of China...system was the central issue, and land reform - equal distribution of the land to...For eight years mobilization for land reform in the countryside gave way to rent-and-interest...
		Traditionally, agrarian, or land, reform is confined to the redistribution...the tiller.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/land-reform.jsp?l=L&p=1 (1597 words)

	HIS 241 Nicholas II CTE
		Petr Stolypin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers, i.e., prime minister, from 1906 until 1911, was born into high society, from a solidly noble family and spent much of his early life immersed in provincial public life in the northwestern provinces of the empire.
		The reform intended to break up the village land commune, a system in which the commune owned the land and parceled out strips of land to individual families to farm (extraordinarily inefficient).
		Stolypin, like Witte before him, aroused enormous jealousy on the part of his rivals (and they were everywhere; so many had problems with different aspects of hat Stolypin was doing).
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS241/Remarks/Nicholas2CTE.html (1804 words)

	Europe-Asia Studies: Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress or Cycle? - book reviews
		Since the participants' brief was to consider reform rather than revolution, they looked at Alexander II, Stolypin, NEP, Khrushchev and Gorbachev rather than 1905, 1917 and the period of the first five-year plan.
		He admits that statistics on the efficacy of the reform cut both ways, but nevertheless concludes that 'forcible imposition of forms of property and economy upon the countryside by the bureaucracy brings seriously adverse consequences' (p.
		Vitalii Lel'chuk's appraisal of 'Khrushchev's reforms in the light of perestroika' makes a well supported case for the view that 'the changes that Khrushchev wanted to introduce after 1961 cannot be viewed as reforms' but only as 'frantic undertakings' (p.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n5_v48/ai_18678035 (875 words)

	Count Pjotr Stolypin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Conservative statesman who, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, initiated far-reaching agrarian reforms to improve the legal and economic status of the peasantry as well as the general economy and political stability of imperial Russia.
		Appointed governor of the provinces of Grodno (1902) and Saratov (1903), Stolypin demonstrated his concern for improving the welfare of the peasants as well as his firmness and efficiency in subduing their rebellions.
		Stolypin, however, also instituted a network of courts-martial, which were authorised to try accused rebels and terrorists; within the few months of their existence they used "Stolypin's necktie" (the noose) to execute several thousand defendants; the prime minister gained the enmity of the left wing and much of the centre.
	members.fortunecity.com /abnic/RussiaNew3/Stolypin.html (332 words)

	P.A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia.(Book Review) - The Historian - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At the same time, Stolypin believed in the necessity of reestablishing a strong government organized around the monarchical principle in conjunction with a genuine popular nationalism that integrated all ethnic groups and religious beliefs.
		Yet Ascher makes clear that in Stolypin's mind (and his view may be shared by many Russians throughout their history, though not, apparently, by the author), such goals were not only not perceived as being in contradiction, they were sincerely held by a genuine political pragmatist who was convinced of his duty to act.
		Especially interesting here is Ascher's reinterpretation of the last couple of years of Stolypin's life, when most commentators have seen him as politically finished, and of his assassination, which they (as the good determinists they are) have seen as merely the final act of his inevitable political defeat.
	www.highbeam.com /library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:135425102&ctrlInfo=Round18:Mode18c:DocG:Result&ao= (682 words)

	Журнальный зал \| Отечественные записки, 2004 N1 \| - SUMMARY.
		The actual reform created a basis for evolving either into latifundia or vertically integrated structures typical for the United States that are subsidized by government and labored by a politically weak immigrant workforce.
		Viktor Danilov interprets the attempts to reform the agricultural sector of the Russian economy made by the Gorbachev and Yeltsin administrations from the shestidesiatniki, or people of the 1960s, viewpoint.
		She concludes that, despite considerable costs unavoidable in a transformation of similar scale, the Stolypin reform initiated radical change in the life of the Russian country.
	magazines.russ.ru /oz/2004/1/2004_1-1_57.html (2510 words)

	Professor David A.J. Macey
		Research in agrarian reform in pre-Revolutionary Russia between 1857 and 1916, with particular interest in the Stolypin reforms, 1906-1916.
		The Ideology of Agrarian Reform in Contemporary Russia" in The "Farmer Threat": The Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in Post-Soviet Russia, ed.
		"Stolypin Agrarian Reforms in Russian Historical Perspective," in volume of Proceedings of the VI World Congress for Central and East European Studies, Tampere, Finland, July, 2000.
	community.middlebury.edu /~macey (891 words)

	AllRefer.com - Russia - Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1905-07 - The Stolypin and Kokovtsov Governments \| Russian ...
		In June 1907, he dissolved the Second Duma and promulgated a new electoral law, which vastly reduced the electoral weight of lower-class and non-Russian voters and increased the weight of the nobil ity.
		Stolypin hoped that the reform program would create a class of conservative land owning farmers loyal to the tsar.
		But court politics, together with the continui ng isolation of the tsar and the bureaucracy from the rest of society, hampered all reforms.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/russia/russia28.html (1284 words)

	Lenin: The Last Valve
		This “reform”, of course, gave dying serfdom a new lease of life, just as the notorious, so-called “peasant” (in reality landlord), Reform of 1861, extolled by the liberals and Narodniks, gave a new lease of life to the corvée system, perpetuating it in a different guise right up to 1905.
		The “new lease of life” given by Stolypin to the old order and old feudal agriculture lies in the fact that another valve was opened, the last that could still be opened without expropriating all the landed estates.
		At present, however, after a six-year trial of the Stolypin “reform” and six years of “brilliant” progress in the number of those who have “acquired” their land, etc., there cannot be the slightest doubt that the reform has not removed the crisis and cannot remove it.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1912/aug/05.htm (1658 words)

	Untitled1
		With few corporate groups forming until the nineteenth century, reforms in the political and economic system have always been undertaken "from on top." The first reforms of Ivan IV, beginning in 1549, spanned the entire political and judicial systems, affecting all administration and the church as well.
		The reaction was the Stolypin reform, by which farms were allocated in outright ownership to the peasants.
		The lesson of Stolypin's reforms is that given economic freedom, even backward peasants can become entrepreneurial and politically conservative.
	tqe.quaker.org /wealth-and-poverty/14russia.htm (4331 words)

	Kulak - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kulaks (from the Russian кулак, kulak, "fist", literally meaning tight-fisted) is a pejorative term extensively used in Soviet political language, originally referring to relatively wealthy peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor, as a result of the Stolypin reform introduced since 1906.
		Among Peter Stolypin's intentions was a creation of a group of prosperous farmers.
		In 1912, 16 per cent (11% in 1903) of Russian farmers had over 8 acres (32,000 m²) per male family member (a threshold used to distinguish middle-class and prosperous farmers in statistics).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Kulaks (977 words)

	TheCorner: Tests
		You should cover political reform, with emphasis on the Duma, political activities, and give reasons why it failed.
		For socio-economic reform, you must not skip Stolypin's reform in industry and countryside (land problem).
		The reforms were cut short by the coming of the War and produced favourable conditions for a revolution in 1917.
	www.thecorner.org /cgi-bin/forum301/show.cgi?tpc=14&post=328 (290 words)

	SAC 1904-1917
		Contradicting himself, Urusov reported that peasants closely followed national events in newspapers, and when they read of the reform promises in the tsarist ukaz, followed by even clearer promises in the Bulygin rescript, they moved ahead with their own initiatives, keyed to their perceptions of their own interests.
		Stolypin, representing a new generation of tsarist officialdom, now moved toward the center of official events.
		--The Stolypin* reforms may be seen as a belated effort to put the various modernizing reform measures of the previous century on a more solid basis.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/sac.1904.1917.htm (11553 words)

	Reform in Modern Russian History - Cambridge University Press
		The problem of reform in Russian and Soviet history Theodore Taranovski; Part I. Traditions of Reform in Late Imperial Russia: 2.
		Reforms and political culture in prerevolutionary Russia: Commentary Daniel Field; Part II.
		Agricultural reform and political change: the case of Stolypin David A. Macey; 8.
	www.cambridge.org /aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521451779 (372 words)

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