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	Stone tool - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert, radiolarite, chalcedony or obsidian via a process known as lithic reduction.
		Some ground stone tools are incidental, caused by use with other tools: manos, for example, are hand stones used in conjunction with metates, and develop their ground surfaces through wear.
		Other ground stone tools include adzes, celts, and axes, which are manufactured using a labor-intensive, time-consuming method of repeated grinding against a harder stone, often using water as a lubricant.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stone_tool (439 words)

	Tool stone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In archaeology, a tool stone is a type of stone that is used to manufacture stone tools.
		Generally speaking, tools that require a sharp edge are made using cryptocrystalline materials that fracture in an easily-controlled conchoidal manner.
		Cryptocrystalline tool stones include flint and chert, which are fine-grained sedimentary materials; rhyolite and felsite, which are igneous flowstones; and obsidian, a form of natural glass created by igneous processes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tool_stone (187 words)

	Tool Use
		It has been suggested that capuchin tool use is not a result of cognitive ability (though capuchins do have bigger brains than would be expected for such small monkeys), but are an almost accidental feature of their destructive foraging methods.
		Tool use would therefore appear to be a very cultural phenomena - use is restricted to, and passed on within a limited population.
		Tools are produced from the flakes removed from the cores, not the cores themselves.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /chb/lectures/anthl_12.html (1630 words)

	Human Evolution - Tools
		Core: the piece of stone or raw material from which flakes will be removed and which can be modified and used as a tool itself.
		Hammerstone: a stone which is used for making other tools, to detach flakes from a core by percussion or striking.
		Initial reduction flaking: the chosen stone is held in one hand and struck forcefully with another hand-held stone, the hammerstone or the chosen stone is struck onto an anvil stone.
	www.amonline.net.au /human_evolution/tools/more_info.htm (360 words)

	[No title]
		Consequently many stone tools are incorrectly assumed by their owners to have once been used as “arrowheads” when, in fact, they more than likely were used as spear or dart points.
		Tool specialization is implied by the increase in the different types, also by the appearance of non-utilitarian forms like the Turkey Tail that were too finely made and delicate to serve a utilitarian purpose (Fig.17).
		Stone tools continued to be made and used by Native American groups in Minnesota right up to the nineteenth century.
	www.tcinternet.net /users/cbailey/lithic1.html (4990 words)

	Portland Sculpture and Quarry Trust - Regenerating the Quarry Landscape through Art, Industry, Community and Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		If you are looking for the Stone Directory or the archives of the Stone Conversations Email Discussion Group, you are welcome, but you won't find them here — they are on their original server under domain aboutstone.org.
		Working with stone is a fine job, working with stone in a quarry is a challenge, you have to consider the material as part of the place; part of the earth.
		The sculpture park and stone carving and sculpture workshops in Tout Quarry are courtesy of landowners Hanson Bath and Portland Stone and leaseholders Portland Town Council.
	www.learningstone.net (1532 words)

	Stone Carving-tools of the trade
		Chicago, U.S.A. I carve sculpture in limestone and marble, using traditional tools and techniques which I learned as an apprentice in Italy and as a journeyman carver on the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. This site is filled with examples of the work I created with these skills, including my gargoyles and stone fireplaces.
		Stone carving tools have not changed significantly since the technique of forging steel was developed.
		The stone is cut from the quarries in large blocks, typically weighing 20 tons.
	www.stonecarver.com /carvtool.html (657 words)

	Granidan stone carving tool - carbide chisels and diamond tool for granite
		Diamond polishing pads or sometimes known as stone polishing pads is available for wet use and if you are working with granite and needed to have more value added to your money then the metal bonded range are recommended.
		We have of course have a serie of stone hammers for working in granite and the stroke per minute is less compare to an air hammer for marble carving but more powerful which is the important criteria when working with granite.
		You can choose to split your stones using steel wing wedges or opt to use the masonry diamond blades with and angle grinder depending on the size of the pieces that you are working with.
	www.granidan.com (877 words)

	INTERPRETING THE FUNCTION OF STONE TOOLS:CHAPTER 1
		The New Guinea people's classification of the tools was submitted to statistical analysis, from which it was suggested that the edge angle of the tools was important in that they tended to choose tools with a particular edge angle for a specific task, though not being cognisant of such a process themselves.
		This indicates that tool selection by prehistoric people (or design by retouch as mentioned by Broadbent 1979) would have been very important and in fact necessary in order to carry out the task, that is, selecting a suitable edge for the job in hand.
		Keeley carried out a series of experiments using various tools and he claims to have recognised that specific materials produce distinctive polishes, so that we have bone polish, wood polish, hide polish, etc. The evidence for these distinctive polishes is presented in the descriptions of certain polish characteristics and illustrated with photographs (Keeley 1980).
	www.hf.uio.no /iakk/roger/lithic/bar/bar1.html (2716 words)

	UF RESEARCH: DESPITE MALE IMAGE, STONE TOOLMAKING ALSO DONE BY WOMEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The research among an Ethiopian group indicates stone tool working is not just a male activity, but rather that women probably had an active part in creating stone tools, one of the most ubiquitous materials found on prehistoric sites.
		Stone tools are important because they were the first recognizable object people made, marking the beginning of the archaeological record dating back as early as 2.6 million years ago, Weedman said.
		The Konso project “is vitally important both in documenting how stone tools are made and used - most people who used stone tools have been dead for hundreds or thousands of years - and in the social context of their use,” said Michael Shott, an anthropology professor at the University of Northern Iowa.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /2003news/womentoolmakers.htm (792 words)

	edge angles and stone tool use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The angle is close enough to the 26-35 degree range to say that this stone tool was used for cutting.
		When we look at the hardness of the stone (thermally metamorphosed quartzite) which is quite hard; these tools were probably used to cut open soft wood (for native honey, grubs...
		This complies with further observations of the stone, in which we found that if the stone was held this way, that there were two working faces, one of which was more polished than the other.
	earthsci.org /axehead/images/bwaxe/edge.html (403 words)

	Handprint : Ancestral Tools
		Flakes were struck from crystalline stones such as basalt, quartz or chert, indicating that early humans were aware of rock types and their useful characteristics.
		Because Mousterian tools were conceived as refinements on a few distinct core shapes, the whole process of making tools had standardized into explicit stages (basic core stone, rough blank, refined final tool), with variations in tools created by variations in the procedures at each stage.
		Given the adaptation of tool forms to other material activities that appears in the Mousterean industry, these regional styles are probably not just stylistic variations but reflect the adaptation of tools to specific materials and the hunting and manufacturing requirements of different ecologies and social economies.
	www.handprint.com /LS/ANC/stones.html (1470 words)

	Chimp Nut-Cracking Site Offers Clues to Early Tool Use
		The most primitive human stone tool sites are in Olduvai Gorge, East Africa, and date back 2.6 million years to when people were deliberately modifying their stone tools by flaking the rock to create a razor-like edge.
		The stone hammers used by chimps today may be similar to tools used by early humans before they began to intentionally chisel stone tools—sharpening the edges for weapons and knives, said co-author Melissa Panger, who studies primate tool use at GWU.
		Stone assemblages resembling those in the archaeological site in the Taï forest may hint at more primitive tool use predating the more sophisticated tools found in the Olduvai Gorge, she added.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/05/0523_020523_0523TVchimps.html (942 words)

	News & Views - Pre-historic Stone Tool Found in Central China Revises History (8/14/2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The excavation of a stone tool has put back the date for human activity to as early as 200,000 years ago in the Xiangjiang River valley, a major tributary of the Yangtze River, in central China.
		Sharpened for chopping or hacking, the tool made of quartz was unearthed from a brickyard in Xiangtan City, Xiangxiang County, in Hunan Province, archaeologists recently disclosed.
		The quartz tool was a primary production tool for people duringthe Paleolithic Period, or Old Stone Age, which began with the earliest chipped stone tools, about 750,000 years ago, and lasted until the beginning of the Mesolithic Age (the Mid Stone Age) about 15,000 years ago.
	www.chinahouston.org /news/2002814075704.html (267 words)

	Stone Sculptures, carving marble, limestone, soapstone, alabaster
		This is where the majority of the stone is removed and is done with a heavy chisel made for removing large amounts of stone or with power tools such as a circular saw with a masonry blade on it or an angle grinder with a diamond stone cutting blade on it.
		If you try to remove stone with it you will chip off pieces and the surface will not be smooth (This can be a desirable effect if you want to texture a softer stone this way, experiment on a scrap piece to see what happens).
		Simply because the force of the impact is concentrated on a very small area and with less stone to remove and with more force being imparted to it, the force will dissipate in the removed stone instead of being transferred to the main body of the stone where it causes vibrations that will weaken it.
	www.stoneshaper.com /how.html (4081 words)

	stone-tool industry -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		These stone tools have survived in great quantities and now serve as the major means to determine the activities of hominids.
		A hand tool is a small manual instrument traditionally operated by the muscular strength of the user; a machine tool is a power-driven mechanism used to cut, shape, or form materials such as wood and metal.
		The stone is then placed in solder in a dop (holder), and a facet is ground on the surface...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9069806 (918 words)

	Stone tools as markers of activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Stone artifacts are important as markers of the loci of activities of early tool-making and using hominids.
		The presence of discarded stone artifacts in the sediments shows that some hominids were making and using equipment with a degree of deliberateness far beyond anything yet observed in any non-human primate.
		The locations of flaked stones show that the tool-makers were transporting materials to a degree beyond that recorded for any living primate such as a chimpanzee.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/origins/koobi/koobi7.html (339 words)

	African bone tool discovery has important implications for evolution of human behavior
		The advent of bone tools was a major development in human tool technology and is considered by many archaeologists to be a key indicator of "behavioral modernity" in humans.
		Direct dating of these sterile yellow dune sediments and of burnt stone from the same layers as the bone tools using thermoluminescence methods is well advanced and the results are expected to be released shortly.
		According to Marean, bone tools have been seen as one of a variety of significant indicators of modern human behavior because of the greater skill and labor involved in producing them and the shift to more specialized tool manufacture that generally accompanies them.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-11/asu-abt110401.php (1222 words)

	OVAC - Understanding Stone Tool Technology
		For the purposes of this study, two technological variables are used to define the organization of chipped tool manufacture: (1) the level of biface manufacturing complexity, and (2) the types of transport stages used.
		A lithic transport stage is defined as the point within the manufacturing process at which lithic material is prepared for transport and the point at which the reduction process is resumed at a given location on the landscape.
		It is proposed in this study that prehistoric tool technologies and the resulting assemblages should not be treated as a reflection of settlement organization, land-use, or site-specific activities.
	www.ovacltd.com /us_stt.shtml (415 words)

	ArtLex on the Stone Age
		Paleolithic peoples were generally nomadic hunters and gatherers who sheltered in caves, used fire, and fashioned stone tools.
		Cultures included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, and development of delicate stone microliths and pottery.
		Stone Pages has great examples of megaliths, dolmens, and stone circles across Europe.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/s/stoneage.html (579 words)

	afrol News - Earliest ever stone tool excavated in Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He found a few flakes - tools that are pieces of stone chipped off of a larger stone - and began digging with a crew of experienced excavators.
		What they eventually discovered is a significant development in the field of paleoanthropology: the earliest stone tools and animal bones at the same site, clearly associated with each other, indicating early humans' use of tools to provide food for themselves.
		This area was already known to have the earliest stone tools, and is adjacent to Hadar, where "Lucy", probably the most famous hominid fossil yet to be discovered, was found in 1974.
	www.afrol.com /articles/10699 (745 words)

	Stone Working Tools for Granite Carving
		Rebit Stone Carving Tools were used exclusively to create the globe shape and countoured effect of the continents.
		This particular Pitching Tool (the one with the square tip on the left) is used to square up oddly shaped size granite boulders.
		The Hand Point Chisel is used as a finishing tool in stone carving, creating detail where the larger tool can't access.
	www.miconproducts.com /stonecarving.html (288 words)

	Lower Paleolithic Stone Tool Technologies
		The very first stone tools were probably naturally broken, sharp-edged rocks that were casually picked up, used and discarded.
		It is the regular diversification of the toolkit, incorporating tools made of sharp flakes and shaped core chopping tools that defines the boundary between the Pebble Tool Tradition and the Chopper-Chopping Tool Tradition.
		The real distinction in the manufacture of these tools is the higher degree of selectivity in the choice of raw material, more control in the shaping of the tool, and the removal of larger, thinner shaping/thinning flakes.
	archserve.id.ucsb.edu /Anth3/Courseware/LithicTech/6_Lower_Paleolithic_Tool.html (789 words)

	Homo habilis & Homo erectus, first stone tool users (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Stone tools from the Omo valley in Africa are as old as 2.4 million years (Toth and Schick, 1993).
		Although the Oldowan tools were technologically simple, their production two million years ago required the ability to recognise acute angles on stone cores from which to make tools.
		The 1.7 million year-old stone tools found with the hominid (Homo ergaster/erectus) remains at Dmanisi are simple choppers and scrapers similar to the Oldowan tools found in the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Gabunia et al, 2000).
	www.ecotao.com /holism/hu_habilis.htm (5475 words)

	Carving Stone, Sculptor Supplies, Sculptor Tools, Stone Carving Tools, Stone Sculptor Supplies, Rifflers, Rasps, ...
		This is a workshop will begin with a brief lecture on the history of stone carving, followed by an explanation and demonstration of the use of hand and power tools....and is planned for beginners as well as experienced sculptors.
		Stone is the most exciting medium with which to work...an experience that nurtures one's soul and connects one with a long history of stone carvers from the beginning of recorded history to modern times.
		Every tool is familiar to him and he instructs on the use of electric and pneumatic tools as well as the traditional hand tools.
	www.stonesculptorssupplies.com (1297 words)

	Stone tool function at the paleolithic sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea: Behavioral implications -- Hardy ...
		Stone tools are often the most abundant type of cultural remains at Paleolithic sites, yet their function is often poorly
		on the tool surface and in the sediment surrounding the tool,
		First, evidence from Starosele indicates that stone tools were being hafted for a variety of purposes.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/19/10972 (4242 words)

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