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Topic: Stone-tool

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Ground stone

Lithic analysis

Lithic core

Pressure flaking

Hand tool

Flintknapper

Stone Age

Lithic flake

Tool

Lithic reduction

Celt (tool)

Microlith

Chert

Hurst tool

Prehistory

Stone tool - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some ground stone tools are incidental, caused by use with other tools: manos, for example, are hand stones used in conjunction with metates, and develop their ground surfaces through wear. Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert, radiolarite, chalcedony or obsidian via a process known as lithic reduction. Other ground stone tools include adzes, celts, and axes, which are manufactured using a labor-intensive, time-consuming method of repeated grinding against a harder stone, often using water as a lubricant. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stone_tool

Tool stone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cryptocrystalline tool stones include flint and chert, which are fine-grained sedimentary materials; rhyolite and felsite, which are igneous flowstones; and obsidian, a form of natural glass created by igneous processes. In archaeology, a tool stone is a type of stone that is used to manufacture stone tools. Generally speaking, tools that require a sharp edge are made using cryptocrystalline materials that fracture in an easily-controlled conchoidal manner. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tool_stone

edge angles and stone tool use The angle is close enough to the 26-35 degree range to say that this stone tool was used for cutting. When we look at the hardness of the stone (thermally metamorphosed quartzite) which is quite hard; these tools were probably used to cut open soft wood (for native honey, grubs... This complies with further observations of the stone, in which we found that if the stone was held this way, that there were two working faces, one of which was more polished than the other. earthsci.org /axehead/images/bwaxe/edge.html

Stone Sculptures, carving marble, limestone, soapstone, alabaster This is where the majority of the stone is removed and is done with a heavy chisel made for removing large amounts of stone or with power tools such as a circular saw with a masonry blade on it or an angle grinder with a diamond stone cutting blade on it. Simply because the force of the impact is concentrated on a very small area and with less stone to remove and with more force being imparted to it, the force will dissipate in the removed stone instead of being transferred to the main body of the stone where it causes vibrations that will weaken it. If you try to remove stone with it you will chip off pieces and the surface will not be smooth (This can be a desirable effect if you want to texture a softer stone this way, experiment on a scrap piece to see what happens). www.stoneshaper.com /how.html

Tool Use Tool use would therefore appear to be a very cultural phenomena - use is restricted to, and passed on within a limited population. Tools are produced from the flakes removed from the cores, not the cores themselves. It has been suggested that capuchin tool use is not a result of cognitive ability (though capuchins do have bigger brains than would be expected for such small monkeys), but are an almost accidental feature of their destructive foraging methods. www.leeds.ac.uk /chb/lectures/anthl_12.html

Human Evolution - Tools Core: the piece of stone or raw material from which flakes will be removed and which can be modified and used as a tool itself. Hammerstone: a stone which is used for making other tools, to detach flakes from a core by percussion or striking. Initial reduction flaking: the chosen stone is held in one hand and struck forcefully with another hand-held stone, the hammerstone or the chosen stone is struck onto an anvil stone. www.amonline.net.au /human_evolution/tools/more_info.htm

Granidan stone carving tool - carbide chisels and diamond tool for granite You can choose to split your stones using steel wing wedges or opt to use the masonry diamond blades with and angle grinder depending on the size of the pieces that you are working with. We have of course have a serie of stone hammers for working in granite and the stroke per minute is less compare to an air hammer for marble carving but more powerful which is the important criteria when working with granite. Diamond polishing pads or sometimes known as stone polishing pads is available for wet use and if you are working with granite and needed to have more value added to your money then the metal bonded range are recommended. www.granidan.com

stone-tool industry --  Encyclopædia Britannica These stone tools have survived in great quantities and now serve as the major means to determine the activities of hominids. A hand tool is a small manual instrument traditionally operated by the muscular strength of the user; a machine tool is a power-driven mechanism used to cut, shape, or form materials such as wood and metal. The stone is then placed in solder in a dop (holder), and a facet is ground on the surface... www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9069806

lithic1.html Consequently many stone tools are incorrectly assumed by their owners to have once been used as “arrowheads” when, in fact, they more than likely were used as spear or dart points. Stone tools continued to be made and used by Native American groups in Minnesota right up to the nineteenth century. Tool specialization is implied by the increase in the different types, also by the appearance of non-utilitarian forms like the Turkey Tail that were too finely made and delicate to serve a utilitarian purpose (Fig.17). www.tcinternet.net /users/cbailey/lithic1.html

UF RESEARCH: DESPITE MALE IMAGE, STONE TOOLMAKING ALSO DONE BY WOMEN Stone tools are important because they were the first recognizable object people made, marking the beginning of the archaeological record dating back as early as 2.6 million years ago, Weedman said. The Konso project “is vitally important both in documenting how stone tools are made and used - most people who used stone tools have been dead for hundreds or thousands of years - and in the social context of their use,” said Michael Shott, an anthropology professor at the University of Northern Iowa. The research among an Ethiopian group indicates stone tool working is not just a male activity, but rather that women probably had an active part in creating stone tools, one of the most ubiquitous materials found on prehistoric sites. www.napa.ufl.edu /2003news/womentoolmakers.htm

Stone Carving-tools of the trade Chicago, U.S.A. I carve sculpture in limestone and marble, using traditional tools and techniques which I learned as an apprentice in Italy and as a journeyman carver on the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. This site is filled with examples of the work I created with these skills, including my gargoyles and stone fireplaces. Stone carving tools have not changed significantly since the technique of forging steel was developed. The three basic types of chisels remain the same: a point for roughing out the stone, tooth chisels (also called claw tools) for shaping and modeling the forms, and flat chisels for the finished surfaces and details. www.stonecarver.com /carvtool.html

INTERPRETING THE FUNCTION OF STONE TOOLS:CHAPTER 1 The New Guinea people's classification of the tools was submitted to statistical analysis, from which it was suggested that the edge angle of the tools was important in that they tended to choose tools with a particular edge angle for a specific task, though not being cognisant of such a process themselves. Keeley carried out a series of experiments using various tools and he claims to have recognised that specific materials produce distinctive polishes, so that we have bone polish, wood polish, hide polish, etc. The evidence for these distinctive polishes is presented in the descriptions of certain polish characteristics and illustrated with photographs (Keeley 1980). This indicates that tool selection by prehistoric people (or design by retouch as mentioned by Broadbent 1979) would have been very important and in fact necessary in order to carry out the task, that is, selecting a suitable edge for the job in hand. www.hf.uio.no /iakk/roger/lithic/bar/bar1.html

Stone tools as markers of activities Stone artifacts are important as markers of the loci of activities of early tool-making and using hominids. The locations of flaked stones show that the tool-makers were transporting materials to a degree beyond that recorded for any living primate such as a chimpanzee. Clearly, for these hominids, stone tool-making had become an habitual behavior. www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/origins/koobi/koobi7.html

Portland Sculpture and Quarry Trust - Regenerating the Quarry Landscape through Art, Industry, Community and Education The sculpture park and stone carving and sculpture workshops in Tout Quarry are courtesy of landowners Hanson Bath and Portland Stone and leaseholders Portland Town Council. Working with stone is a fine job, working with stone in a quarry is a challenge, you have to consider the material as part of the place; part of the earth. If you are looking for the Stone Directory or the archives of the Stone Conversations Email Discussion Group, you are welcome, but you won't find them here — they are on their original server under domain aboutstone.org. www.learningstone.net

Lower Paleolithic Stone Tool Technologies The very first stone tools were probably naturally broken, sharp-edged rocks that were casually picked up, used and discarded. It is the regular diversification of the toolkit, incorporating tools made of sharp flakes and shaped core chopping tools that defines the boundary between the Pebble Tool Tradition and the Chopper-Chopping Tool Tradition. The real distinction in the manufacture of these tools is the higher degree of selectivity in the choice of raw material, more control in the shaping of the tool, and the removal of larger, thinner shaping/thinning flakes. archserve.id.ucsb.edu /Anth3/Courseware/LithicTech/6_Lower_Paleolithic_Tool.html

African bone tool discovery has important implications for evolution of human behavior Direct dating of these sterile yellow dune sediments and of burnt stone from the same layers as the bone tools using thermoluminescence methods is well advanced and the results are expected to be released shortly. Bifacially flaked stone points, possibly used as spearheads, occur above and within the layers in which the bone tools were found. The advent of bone tools was a major development in human tool technology and is considered by many archaeologists to be a key indicator of "behavioral modernity" in humans. www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-11/asu-abt110401.php

Homo habilis & Homo erectus, first stone tool users The 1.7 million year-old stone tools found with the hominid (Homo ergaster/erectus) remains at Dmanisi are simple choppers and scrapers similar to the Oldowan tools found in the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Gabunia et al, 2000). Stone tools from the Omo valley in Africa are as old as 2.4 million years (Toth and Schick, 1993). Although the Oldowan tools were technologically simple, their production two million years ago required the ability to recognise acute angles on stone cores from which to make tools. www.ecotao.com /holism/hu_habilis.htm

Chimp Nut-Cracking Site Offers Clues to Early Tool Use The most primitive human stone tool sites are in Olduvai Gorge, East Africa, and date back 2.6 million years to when people were deliberately modifying their stone tools by flaking the rock to create a razor-like edge. The stone hammers used by chimps today may be similar to tools used by early humans before they began to intentionally chisel stone tools—sharpening the edges for weapons and knives, said co-author Melissa Panger, who studies primate tool use at GWU. Stone assemblages resembling those in the archaeological site in the Taï forest may hint at more primitive tool use predating the more sophisticated tools found in the Olduvai Gorge, she added. news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/05/0523_020523_0523TVchimps.html

Stone Working Tools for Granite Carving Rebit Stone Carving Tools were used exclusively to create the globe shape and countoured effect of the continents. The Hand Point Chisel is used as a finishing tool in stone carving, creating detail where the larger tool can't access. This particular Pitching Tool (the one with the square tip on the left) is used to square up oddly shaped size granite boulders. www.miconproducts.com /stonecarving.html

Stone Tool Technology Ring The Stone Tool Technology Webring is devoted to stone tools and the technologies associated with their manufacture techniques. p.webring.com /hub?ring=stonetool

OVAC - Understanding Stone Tool Technology For the purposes of this study, two technological variables are used to define the organization of chipped tool manufacture: (1) the level of biface manufacturing complexity, and (2) the types of transport stages used. It is proposed in this study that prehistoric tool technologies and the resulting assemblages should not be treated as a reflection of settlement organization, land-use, or site-specific activities. A lithic transport stage is defined as the point within the manufacturing process at which lithic material is prepared for transport and the point at which the reduction process is resumed at a given location on the landscape. www.ovacltd.com /us_stt.shtml

Carving Stone, Sculptor Supplies, Sculptor Tools, Stone Carving Tools, Stone Sculptor Supplies, Rifflers, Rasps, Chisels, Milani, Cuturi, Pnuematic Tools This is a workshop will begin with a brief lecture on the history of stone carving, followed by an explanation and demonstration of the use of hand and power tools....and is planned for beginners as well as experienced sculptors. We thank all of you for your patience while we organize and catch up on orders and bring in new stone and tools. Stone is the most exciting medium with which to work...an experience that nurtures one's soul and connects one with a long history of stone carvers from the beginning of recorded history to modern times. www.stonesculptorssupplies.com

page 1 A sample of formal tools from the assemblage of chipped stone artifacts from the late Paleoindian component recovered from Test Unit F at Dust Cave are described functionally through application of microscopic use wear analysis. www.dustcave.ua.edu /97/dc97/angela/page1.htm

Handprint : Ancestral Tools Because Mousterian tools were conceived as refinements on a few distinct core shapes, the whole process of making tools had standardized into explicit stages (basic core stone, rough blank, refined final tool), with variations in tools created by variations in the procedures at each stage. Given the adaptation of tool forms to other material activities that appears in the Mousterean industry, these regional styles are probably not just stylistic variations but reflect the adaptation of tools to specific materials and the hunting and manufacturing requirements of different ecologies and social economies. Flakes were struck from crystalline stones such as basalt, quartz or chert, indicating that early humans were aware of rock types and their useful characteristics. www.handprint.com /LS/ANC/stones.html

First Humans The first humans used sharp stones as tools. Stone is the principal material found in nature that is both very hard and able to produce superb working edges when fractured A wide range of tasks can be performed such as meat cutting and bone breaking". Although other animals Archaeological evidence shows a geometric increase in the sophistication and complexity of hominid stone technology over time since its earliest beginnings 3-2 m.y. users.hol.gr /~dilos/prehis/prerm3.htm

ArtLex on the Stone Age Paleolithic peoples were generally nomadic hunters and gatherers who sheltered in caves, used fire, and fashioned stone tools. Their cultures are identified by distinctive stone-tool industries. - The first known period of prehistoric human culture, during which work was done with stone tools. www.artlex.com /ArtLex/s/stoneage.html

MSN Encarta - Stone Tool Stone Tool, primitive tool used by early human beings. MSN Encarta Premium: Get this article, plus 60,000 other articles, an interactive atlas, dictionaries, thesaurus, articles from 100 leading magazines, homework tools, daily math help and more for $4.95/month or $29.95/year (plus applicable taxes.) Learn more. Become a subscriber today and gain access to: encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761585305/Stone_Tool.html

News & Views - Pre-historic Stone Tool Found in Central China Revises History (8/14/2002) The excavation of a stone tool has put back the date for human activity to as early as 200,000 years ago in the Xiangjiang River valley, a major tributary of the Yangtze River, in central China. The quartz tool was a primary production tool for people duringthe Paleolithic Period, or Old Stone Age, which began with the earliest chipped stone tools, about 750,000 years ago, and lasted until the beginning of the Mesolithic Age (the Mid Stone Age) about 15,000 years ago. Sharpened for chopping or hacking, the tool made of quartz was unearthed from a brickyard in Xiangtan City, Xiangxiang County, in Hunan Province, archaeologists recently disclosed. www.chinahouston.org /news/2002814075704.html

Stone Tool Studies: Following are abstracts of stone tool replication studies conducted since the mid-1980's. Next, results of an experimental study of the tools and techniques required to cut limestone blocks from the bedrock using chert implements were described. Another series of experiments involved the use of stone projectiles with the intention of wearing and breaking the replicas. www.csi.edu /herrett/staff/jcw/stone_tool_studies.html

New hominid and stone tool discoveries from Gona, Afar Ethiopia. The stone tools discovered by Dr. Semaw and colleagues were dated between 2.5 —2.6 million years by a technique known as Single Crystal Laser Fusion Argon/ Argon dating. Important new hominid and stone tool discoveries were made by the Gona Palaeoanthropological Research Project (GPRP) during a recent fieldwork undertaken between February-March, 2001. One of the new sites excavated at Dana Aoule yielded stone artifacts and fossilized animal bones which may be slightly older than the earliest stone tools previously known from Gona. www.telecom.net.et /~walta/profile/articles/sp_report51.html

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