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Topic: Stony coral

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	coral -> Stony Corals on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The great variety in the form of various colonial corals, which may be treelike and branching, or rounded and compact, depends chiefly on the method of budding of the particular species.
		America's coral reefs: awash with problems; Government must acknowledge the magnitude of the crisis and fully engage the scientific and conservation communities in efforts to solve it.
		Increased zooxanthellae nitric oxide synthase activity is associated with coral bleaching.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/coral_stonycorals.asp (767 words)

	Coral Calcium plus Magnesium Chelate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We chose Okinawan stony coral for a variety reasons (which are actually "mined" from the Rukuyuku Islands of Okinawa - where the fossilized stony coral sits in the same pure, pollution-free state in which remained for thousands of years).
		Coral calcium is a valuable, holistic, mineral, dietary supplement which poses many important issues, ranging from discussion about our current mineral-depleted Western diet to concerns about the ecology and future of coral reefs....
		One of the common health claims concerning coral calcium is that it bestows longevity -- wherein the longer lifespans of Okinawans as compared to their mainland Japanese cousins (as well as Chinese or Koreans) is the result of coral consumption.
	www.altcancer.com /coralcal.htm (944 words)

	Amazing soft coral rock
		But the coral itself begins life as a polyp – a tiny mass of cells that are ejected from the parent body and swept along by ocean currents.
		Stony coral will form a skeleton soon after the larva is attached to a firm base.
		Stony coral is the most common sort but there is another type of coral – soft coral.
	nvnv.essortment.com /softcoralrock_rgld.htm (688 words)

	What are Coral Reefs? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Stony corals (scleractinians) make up the largest order of anthozoans, and are the group primarily responsible for laying the foundations of, and building up, reef structures.
		While the growth patterns of stony coral colonies are primarily species-specific, a colony’s geographic location, environmental factors (e.g., wave action, temperature, light exposure), and the density of surrounding corals may affect and/or alter the shape of the colony as it grows (Barnes, R.D. Barnes, R.S.K. and Hughes 1999, Lalli and Parsons, 1995).
		Although living corals may be scarce except near the seaward section of this zone, its many microhabitats support the greatest number of species in the reef ecosystem, with mollusks, worms and decapod crustaceans often dominating the visible macrofauna (Barnes, R.D., 1987; Lalli and Parsons, 1995; Sumich, 1996).
	www.coris.noaa.gov /about/what_are/what_are.html (2984 words)

	reefs.org - where reef keeping begins on the Internet
		Coral pigments cannot directly transfer collected light energy to the corals symbiotic algae, but in some deep water corals their pigments appear to be modifying the existing light field by fluorescing one color or wavelength of light into another color or wavelength.
		Corals in shallow water can theoretically use this pigment to shield themselves from the harmful affects of UV light, while corals in deepwater can modify the UV-A light into light that is more photosynthetically useable.
		If you plan on releasing your stony corals into the natural environment (captive farming to replace natural populations) it would probably be a good idea to have them acclimated to strong UV exposures.
	www.reefs.org /library/talklog/s_tyree_060202.html (5416 words)

	Coral Calcium Central Information and products on coral calcium powder-barefoot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The stony coral calcium powder is harvested from land areas where the coral calcium powder is mined, much like table salt is mined.
		Coral calcium powder is a masterpiece of nature in that coral calcium powder becomes ionic immediately in water for absorption and use by the body.
		Coral calcium powder then greatly increases the oxygen level in the body, allowing the body to rid itself of toxic wastes that are constantly accumulating.
	4-coral-calcium.com /coral_calcium_powder.htm (810 words)

	Reef Relief - Coral Reef Conservation: Science Education News Photos and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Coral reefs are the least abundant of the benthic habitat types, estimated to comprise approximately one percent of the sea floor within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS).
		The relative loss for stony coral cover was 50 percent or greater for both shallow and deep reef stations.
		As the coral reef monitoring is integrated with the seagrass and water quality programs, the results can be used to focus research on determining causality and can be used to fine tune and evaluate management decisions.
	www.reefrelief.org /coral_reef_monitoring_project1.shtml (3026 words)

	Coral Reef Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As a result, the distribution and growth of corals is strongly light-dependent, as is the overall growth of the reef (Levinton, 1995).
		Corals that must obtain nourishment from outside sources (heterotrophic) typically are spheroidal and have a single-layered skeletal structure (Barnes, 1987).
		Soft corals can be overtopped by stony corals, but their rapid growth and distastefulness to many predators allow them to rapidly colonize any newly-opened space (Barnes and Hughes, 1999).
	www.coris.noaa.gov /about/biology/biology.html (3139 words)

	558-110 - Halstead Stony Coral Minerals 90 Caps - Supplements - herbalhut - a natural approach to a vibrant life - ...
		Coral Calcium or fossilized stony coral minerals are a holistic mixture of minerals in variable amounts.
		In general, the main elements found in fossilized coral or “coral calcium” are calcium and magnesium.
		The term “marine coral minerals” refers to the fact that both ocean and land based coral material are examples of fossils which are derived originally from a marine environment.
	www.herbalhut.com /detail.aspx?ID=8779 (273 words)

	Coral Reef Monitoring Project Executive Summary
		Pair wise tests were run for total stony coral and individual species with adequate data., to determine whether there was significant change in number of of stations with presence of a certain disease/condition from 1996 to 2000.
		Between 1996 and 2000, the Upper Keys there were significant losses of stony coral species at 32 of 52 stations (61.5%); 11 stations had a significant increase, and at nine stations, presence of stony coral species were statistically unchanged.
		Twenty-nine (72.5%) of 40 patch reef station had significant stony coral species losses; six stations gained, and five stations were significantly unchanged.
	www.reefrelief.org /coral_reef_monitoring_project3.html (437 words)

	Wildlife of Sydney - Fact File - Stony Coral
		Few stony corals grow around Sydney but of these, Plesiastrea versipora is most often noticed by divers.
		It is usually a vivid green, sometimes brown colour with large circular pits in which the coral polyps live.
		The colouration is due to symbiotic algae, called zooxanthellae, living in the coral tissue.
	faunanet.gov.au /wos/factfile.cfm?Fact_ID=27 (73 words)

	Past Stony Coral Growth (Extension) Rates on Reefs of Broward County, Florida: Possible Relationships with Everglades ...
		The skeletal growth of hermatypic (reef-building) corals is a sensitive indicator of environmental conditions and perturbations.
		Normalized annual growth (linear extension) rates of corals from Broward County, Florida were studied for a 26 year period from 1985-1960, with a common record for all corals of 16 years from 1985-1970.
		Therefore, it is unlikely that the strongly significant correlation of coral extension with sea water density is attributable to temperature effects on salinity as this should also have been evident in the temperature-extension correlation.
	www.nova.edu /ocean/ncri/projects/geer (1088 words)

	Fish and Wildlife Research Institute
		Sanctuary-wide from 1996 to 2003, for a total of 105 stations, the number of stony coral species declined at 76 (72%) stations, increased at 15 (14%) stations, and remained unchanged at 14 (13%) stations.
		Sanctuary-wide, mean percent stony coral cover declined from 11.9 in 1996 to 7.4 in 1999, a decline of 38%.
		Between 1996 and 2003, the number of stony coral species decreased at 25 of 30 (83%) stations in the Upper Keys, increased at one station, and remained unchanged at four stations.
	www.floridamarine.org /features/view_article.asp?id=23627 (536 words)

	StonyCorIDFAQ
		The coral has a hard, rigid structure suggestive of a stony skeleton and is arborescent in form.
		The coral is very hard and rigid with a smooth and finely branching structure.
		Both corals have some sort of stony base and the polyps are only expanded (or inflated) in the daytime.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /stonycoridfaq.htm (2863 words)

	Coral Reef Windows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The right half of this window is dominated by a group of larger polyp stony corals, including Plerogyra (the bubble corals), Lobophyllia and Symphyllia (often called “open brain corals” and Cynarina. These are lagoon corals, often inhabiting murky inshore waters, and are thus among the easier stony corals to grow in captivity.
		These corals all have fleshy bodies extended out of their calcium carbonate skeletons, giving them the appearance of being soft-bodied animals like anemones.
		In the upper shallow area of this window, there is a group of colonies of Montipora verrucosa, a small polyp, reef-building stony coral originally from Hawaii. All of these colonies are genetically identical, being produced through fragmentation of an original specimen that we received from Marine World in Vallejo.
	www.calacademy.org /education/docent/coral_reef/coral_reef_map_comments.html (327 words)

	coral: Stony Corals
		Coral gardens in the dark depths: scientists seek to learn more about these abundant, fragile, and now-threatened communities.(Cover Story) (Oceanus)
		Corals without boarders: it's cold, dark, and there's no help from live-in algae.
		Precious coral fisheries of Hawaii and the U.S. Pacific Islands.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0857577.html (450 words)

	StonyFAQs
		Photosynthetic pigments of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) from corals and clams.
		Soft corals (the scientific distinction is made by their relegation to a different Order, the Alcyonacea) have a few other discerning characteristics, but definitely lack the stony corals rock hard bases...
		The genus Turbinaria is one of the most popular of the stony corals used in the hobby, due to their beauty and general hardiness.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /stonyfaq.htm (12057 words)

	Brain Coral
		The Brain Coral is a type of stony coral.
		It is called a stony coral because these animals build a hard skeleton out of calcium carbonate using minerals the animals get from the ocean water.
		The coral polyps can push away this sand, and the surface of the coral should be clean again in just a couple of days after a hurricane.
	www.reefnews.com /reefnews/photos/corals/brain1.html (231 words)

	Halstead Coral Calcium-Stony Coral Minerals. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The fossilized stony coral calcium Dr. Bruce Halstead produces is best called 'marine coral minerals' or 'stony coral minerals', and the primary nutritional elements found in this coral calcium supplement are calcium and magnesium.
		While it is true that the above sea level coral calcium contains lower levels of magnesium than below sea level coral calcium, Dr. Halstead believes high levels of magnesium are not required in coral calcium.
		Mining coral calcium from above sea level also avoids the potential of heavy metal contamination that is associated with any product that comes from the ocean and sea bed.
	www.coral-calcium-supplement.net /halstead_coral_calcium_.htm (528 words)

	Stony coral propagation - sps corals
		This coral is the one that finally got my attention and started my interest in researching small polyp stony corals.
		Small pieces of small polyp stony corals can be glued to larger rocks by breaking off small pieces from the colony.
		The best selling sps coral cuttings that we have seen were made by gluing four one half inch frags of colored coral in a small group - one inch apart - on a two inch piece of aragonite.
	www.garf.org /algae2/stony.html (1331 words)

	SMALL POLYP STONY CORAL PRODUCTION -a research update
		The growth tips of SPS corals in the genus Acropora are very important in the commercial propagation of fragments.
		During evolution any coral that was broken into small pieces and was able to initiate a rapid growth were able to survive to produce offspring.
		After the coral colonies have grown new branches it is very easy to remove the colony later by just snapping it off of the live rocks.
	www.garf.org /FRUGALREEFER/escapefrugal.html (2850 words)

	Reef Farmer - Pacific Corals
		We plan on uploading images of these corals in the future.
		This coral is a thin branching stony coral that is very easy to keep.
		A easy to keep stony coral that can form exotic plates and whorls.
	www.reeffarmers.com /pacificcorals.htm (584 words)

	Stony coral disease - fish disease, fish clinic > marine fish, tropical fish, fish keeping information, fish shop and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Stony coral disease - fish disease, fish clinic > marine fish, tropical fish, fish keeping information, fish shop and stockist : thegoldfishbowl
		The coral pictured is typical of a stony coral that lacks elements essential to its well being, typically calcium deficiency, or having suffered a stinging attach from adjacent competing corals.
		However, this species of stony coral is a difficult aquarium subject anyway, and is best avoided by anyone other than the accomplished experts in the field.
	www.thegoldfishbowl.co.uk /stonycoral.html (78 words)

	Stony Corals - An Overview of the Stony Coral Group of Invertebrates
		Stony Corals - An Overview of the Stony Coral Group of Invertebrates
		The stony corals, or scleractinians, are some of the major components of a coral reef.
		Over thousands of years the calcareous skeletons deposited by these tiny animals accumulate and are cemented together by algae, sponges, other corals, etc. This has led to the formation of some of nature's most awe-inspiring structures.
	www.coralrealm.com /inverts/stonycorals.asp (185 words)

	Bilder Korallenriff mit Hardkorallen & Weichkorallen tropischer Meere
		Photos of the tropical coral reef with many hard corals and soft corals of the red sea, the Maledive Islands and of Fiji
		The coral reefs with their large number of species, their colourful splendour and their great variety of forms are overwhelming for every visitor.
		Corals are fragile creatures which can only live in water temperatures between 20°C and 30°C. They die in higher water temperatures.
	www.jostimages.com /galerie/underwater/corals.html (202 words)

	Imported Tonga Stony Coral Colonies Pavona varians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This coral species has just starting shipping within the past few months.
		It is an easy to keep coral and may actually adapt to low light fluorescent lighting.
		Current needs to be moderate to prevent the settling of particulate matter on the corals surface.
	www.dynamicecomorphology.com /pvariansdata.htm (74 words)

	Stony Corals
		Seventeen genera of hard corals were first listed in 1985 in Appendix II of CITES.
		In 1989, this list was expanded to include all hard corals in the orders Coenothecalia, Milleporina, Scleractinia and Stolonifera, represented by over 2000 species.
		To assist Law Enforcement in the identification of coral taxa in international trade, NMFS has created a photographic guide to stony corals in international trade.
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /prot_res/PR/stonycorals.html (108 words)

	[No title]
		In addition to the decline in stony coral percent cover and species number, the mean number of clionid sponge colonies decreased from a range of 12-16 in 2001 to zero in 2002.
		Bleaching events were well documented in the Florida Keys in 1998 and are thought to be a contributor to stony coral decline observed from 1997 to 1999.
		Indeed, no significant declines in stony coral percent cover, species number or clionid sponge percent cover were documented between 2001 and 2002 at sites on the Oceanside of the Lower Keys.
	conference.ifas.ufl.edu /jc/papers/geer/9oralgr/Hackett.doc (881 words)

	SMALL POLYP STONY CORAL PRODUCTION #2
		However, this coral is extremely beautiful with bright purple and green coloration.
		The goals should be to have all the pieces glued together in as small a shape as possible, and to have the coral pieces pointed in all sorts of different directions.
		Many of the rare corals are offered to our members for 2 years before they are put on sale.
	www.garf.org /trever/cut/plug.html (1336 words)

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