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Topic: Storm surge

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	NYC Hazards: Storm Surge
		Storm surge refers to the "dome" of ocean water propelled by the winds and low barometric pressure of a hurricane.
		Storm surge from hurricanes have been known to destroy large buildings and communities close to the coastline.
		In addition, storm surge from a strong hurricane would not be limited to waterfront properties and could conceivably push miles inland in some areas.
	www.nyc.gov /html/oem/html/hazards/storms_stormsurge.shtml (231 words)

	FEMA: Hurricane Hazards: Storm Surge
		The greatest potential for loss of life related to a hurricane is from the storm surge!
		Storm surge is simply water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm.
		This advancing surge combines with the normal tides to create the hurricane storm tide, which can increase the mean water level to heights impacting roads, homes and other critical infrastructure.
	www.fema.gov /hazard/hurricane/hu_surge.shtm (191 words)

	Bureau of Meteorology: Storm Surge
		A storm surge is a rise above the normal water level along a shore that is the result of strong onshore winds and /or reduced atmospheric pressure.
		The combination of storm surge and normal (astronomical) tide is known as a 'storm tide'.
		Storm surges and tsunamis are generated by quite different phenomena.
	www.bom.gov.au /info/cyclone/storm_surge/storm_surge.shtml (939 words)

	Long Island Storm Surge Maps
		urricane storm surge causes approximately 90% of all storm deaths and injuries and much of the damage, therefore it is important for residents of Long Island, New York to be aware of the areas that will be affected by the storm surge.
		The southern shore of Long Island is most vulnerable to storm surge inundation because hurricane landfall will first occur there and the low elevation will allow sea water to move well inland.
		he height of maximum storm surge is a function of storm strength, location of eye landfall, tidal time of landfall, elevation, and speed of storm.
	www2.sunysuffolk.edu /mandias/38hurricane/storm_surge_maps.html (477 words)

	weather.com - Storm Encyclopedia -
		Although the storm surge is perhaps the most dangerous and destructive part of a hurricane, the winds and the heavy rains can be felt well inland from a storm's landfall.
		As the storm moves inland, and is down graded to a tropical depression, the continued circulation, tropical moisture, and topography can contribute to copious amounts of rainfall.
		The storm surge is a rapid rise in the level of the water that moves onto land as the eye of the storm makes landfall.
	www.weather.com /encyclopedia/tropical/effect.html (796 words)

	Storm Surge
		Storm surge also affects rivers and inland lakes, potentially increasing the area that must be evacuated.
		Hugo was responsible for sixty deaths and $7 billion in damages, with a storm surge estimated at 19.8 feet at Romain Retreat, South Carolina.
		A storm surge of 10 to 12 ft inundated the coasts of Rhode Island, Connecticut, southeastern Massachusetts, and Long Island, NY, especially in Narragansett Bay and Buzzards Bay.
	www.nhc.noaa.gov /HAW2/english/storm_surge.shtml (1563 words)

	580wdbo.com: Hurricane Guide 2007 Hurricane Guide
		Storm surge is simply water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm.
		The storm caused extensive storm surge damage from Pensacola Beach to Mexico Beach (a span of 120 miles) with a maximum storm tide of 24 feet, recorded near Fort Walton Beach.
		There were 390 deaths as the result of a storm surge in excess of 12 feet, which inundated the flat coast of southwestern Louisiana as far as 25 miles inland in some places.
	580wdbo.com /common/hurricane/storm_surge.html (1197 words)

	The Bird in the Waterfall: Storm Surge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When this shoved water, or storm surge, reaches shore it is often called a "storm tide" or "tidal wave," though it has no more connection with gravitational tide than does a tsunami.
		Storm surges are enhanced by the extremely low atmospheric pressure that accompanies tropical cyclones.
		The low pressure at the center of the storm causes the water beneath it to rise in a "hump" that floods inland as the storm strikes a coast.
	www.leelanau.com /waterfall/stormsurge.html (314 words)

	Storm Surge - PDC
		Storm surge is a phenomenon caused by the extremely low pressure and strong winds around the eye of a hurricane or typhoon that cause a dome of water to form at levels higher than the surrounding ocean surface.
		The stronger the storm and the shallower the offshore waters, the higher the storm surge.
		A storm tide is the combination of storm surge and the normal astronomical tide.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/storm_surges.jsp (394 words)

	Chapter 02 STORM SURGE
		Storm surge is the increase in height of the surface of the sea due to the forces of an approaching hurricane.
		The meteorological parameters affecting the amount of storm surge generated include the intensity of the hurricane measured by the central barometric pressure and maximum surface winds at the center of the storm, path or forward track of the storm, forward speed, and radius of maximum winds (storm size).
		The location of the peak surge depends on where the eye of a hurricane crosses the coastline, its intensity, the bathymetry and topography of the basin, configuration of the coastline, the approach direction, and the size or radius of maximum winds of the hurricane.
	chps.sam.usace.army.mil /USHESdata/Louisiana/SWLA/cd/html/chapters/chapter02/chapter_02_storm.html (5278 words)

	Hurricanes and the U.S. Gulf Coast: Storm Surge and Flooding
		Storm surge is determined primarily by meteorological forcing (storm intensity, path, and spatial and temporal scales) and topographic parameters (width and slope of the continental shelf, geometry and character of local coastal and shelf features such as barrier islands, headlands, bays, sounds, inlets, marshes, channels, levees, and barriers).
		Storm surge estimates in the 1950s and 1960s were obtained assuming a steady force balance between the onshore wind stress, the water surface slope, and bottom friction.
		Finally, interactions between storm surge and wind wave models are being pursued to allow inclusion of the water surface setup due to gradients in the radiation stress associated with wave breaking, the influence of wave conditions on the air-water drag, and the influence of waves on bottom friction.
	www.agu.org /report/hurricanes/storm_surge.html (1719 words)

	Surge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Storm surge is simply water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm.
		The level of surge in a particular area is also determined by the slope of the continental shelf.
		Storm surge also affects rivers and inland lakes, potentially increasing the area that must be evacuated.
	hurricanes.noaa.gov /prepare/surge.htm (608 words)

	Storm Surges
		A storm surge in the North Sea in 1953 flooded most of the Netherlands and parts of eastern England, causing great damage and 2100 deaths.
		The NOAA Storm Surge Atlas for Florida shows how much of the land inland from the beach will be flooded by storms of various strengths.
		Here is a simulation of the storm surge (348 KBytes) generated by a hurricane approaching the Mississippi coast generated by the SLOSH (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) numerical forecasting model.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/oceanography-book/stormsurges.htm (916 words)

	Storm Surges
		Storm surge is a hurricane's biggest killer Over the years, "storm surge" flooding has accounted for more hurricane deaths than winds.
		Storm surge, a dome of water pushed ashore by a hurricane, causes the flooding.
		Storm strength, how fast it's moving, the direction it comes from, the shape and depth of the ocean's floor, and the shape and height of the shore all help determine how high the surge will be and which places will be flooded.
	www.ohsep.louisiana.gov /factsheets/stormsurges.htm (713 words)

	What is a Storm Surge?
		A storm surge is a high flood of water caused by wind and low pressure, most commonly associated with hurricanes.
		The storm surge is the most deadly aspect of a hurricane, responsible for 90% of deaths during hurricanes.
		Storm surges are different from tidal surges, which are violent surges caused exclusively by the tidal shift in sea level.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-storm-surge.htm (432 words)

	Hurricane Surge Prediction - Understanding the Destructive Flooding Associated with Hurricanes - Dr. George Pararas ...
		The prediction of storm surge resulting from the combined meteorologic, oceanic and astronomic effects coincident with the arrival of a hurricane at the coast is a very important problem, but rather a difficult one to solve.
		The hurricane surge estimated by this simple model is a composite of water elevation obtained from components of the astronomical tide, the atmospheric pressure, the initial rise, the rises due to wind and bottom friction stresses, and wave setup.
		The prediction of storm surge resulting from the combined meteorologic, oceanic, and astronomic effects coincident with the arrival of a hurricane at the coast is important in warning the public and in the planning and the design of important coastal structures.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /HurricaneSurge.html (1419 words)

	The Weather Doctor Almanac 2004
		Storm surge is a very complex component of a strong storm over water, though in simplest terms, it is water pushed toward the shore by the wind forces of a storm.
		However, we now know that the major storm factor defining the surge height is the resultant wind speed of the storm, the combination of the mean wind speed and the storm speed, which is generally greatest in the fore-right sector of the storm, usually the northeast sector, determined by its direction of motion.
		Among the topographical factors influencing the storm surge are the slope of the sea bottom offshore, the slope of the shoreline itself, and the nature of the shoreline shape — that is, the orientation and size of indentations such as bays and estuaries — and offshore islands or barriers.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/almanac/arc2004/alm04sep.htm (2241 words)

	Storm Surge Barrier, The Netherlands - Picture - MSN Encarta
		The curved arms of the New Waterway Storm Surge Barrier in The Netherlands swing out in a test.
		The walls of the barrier protect Rotterdam and other inland cities from flooding during large storms on the North Sea.
		When a dangerous storm is anticipated, the arms are swung out to block off the waterway and prevent large waves from pushing floodwaters inland.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461551598/Storm_Surge_Barrier_The_Netherlands.html (94 words)

	What Is Storm Surge?
		Storm surge is water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm.
		This advancing surge combines with the normal tides to create the hurricane storm tide, which can increase the average water level 15 feet or more.
		Storm surge is the greatest threat to property and life along the affected coast.
	www.bobvila.com /HowTo_Library/What_Is_Storm_Surge_--T1254.html (71 words)

	EO Library: Hurricanes Page 3
		Storms in the Atlantic may go through a natural cycle of 20-30 years of increased activity followed by a quieter period.
		Further, satellite technology and the methods used to estimate a storm’s intensity have improved, so a storm that may have been classified a Category 1 or 2 in the 1970s through the mid-1980s would be classified as a much stronger storm today.
		From those measurements, wind speeds at the center of the storm and thus the storm’s intensity were estimated.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Hurricanes/hurricanes_3.html (1215 words)

	Storm Surge at HurricaneTrack.com
		Storm surge flooding from hurricanes historically causes significant damage and 90% of the deaths associated with a hurricane landfall.
		A hurricane storm surge is generated by wind and pressure forces acting upon the ocean.
		It is used to depict areas that are predicted to flood during a hurricane storm surge.
	www.hurricanetrack.com /surge.html (382 words)

	Weather: Shrinking core reduced storm surge
		Storm surge is saltwater flooding that rushes over coastal areas, near where the eye comes ashore.
		Since they didn't know precisely where the storm was going to hit, forecasters ran a variety of scenarios, including the worst case, which had the storm's strongest winds pummeling the heavily populated Tampa Bay area and churning up a devastating surge.
		Although the storm packed winds up to 144 mph, its main impact came from storm surge and breaking waves that flooded the coast with 10 to 20 feet of water, according to the hurricane center.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/08/17/Weather/Shrinking_core_reduce.shtml (807 words)

	Storm Surge: a concern to coastal residents
		Storm surge is the rising of the sea level due to the low pressure, high winds, and high waves associated with a hurricane as it makes landfall.
		Ocean waves also contribute to the overall storm surge as the waves which may only be a couple of meters out at sea grow as the ocean depth decreases to several meters at the shore.
		Typical storm surge heights vary with the hurricane's intensity, but they can range from only 1 to more than 5 meters (3 to 25+ feet).
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/hurr/damg/surg.rxml (348 words)

	Storm Surge Information Sheet
		The greatest potential for loss of life related to a hurricane is from the storm surge, which historically has claimed nine of ten victims.
		The intensity of the storm (as given by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) affects the possibility of flooding from storm surge at two locations.
		Obviously, the more intense the storm, and the closer you are to its right-front quadrant, the larger the area you will have to evacuate.
	www.loep.state.la.us /factsheets/StormSurgeinfo.htm (380 words)

	1-Predicting Hurricane Katrina's Storm Surge Using ArcScene
		He describes how he quickly developed a method for modeling the range of storm surge depths that were predicted so operational managers could more effectively position response resources.
		Predicted storm surge depths were provided to the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) through regular conference calls with the Tropical Storm Prediction Center and the concerned National Weather Service offices.
		Although there are probably better methods for estimating the storm surge, this is what I came up with on the fly, without much sleep, and under time pressure.
	www.esri.com /news/arcuser/1005/stormsurge.html (1058 words)

	Hurricane Katrina Video Stock - Hurricane Katrina Storm Surge Video And Photos
		This was not the surge at it's peak !
		Storm surge from a major hurricane has rarely been captured on video, so I knew my video could be beneficial to scientists and meteorologists to learn more about it, including how fast it can come in, and how high it can get.
		I estimate that the surge, at its peak, came up to the second floor, and the waves on top of the surge crashed into the side of the building and sprayed in through the wall-unit air conditioners, flooding the second floor.
	www.mthurricane.com /Hurricane_Katrina.htm (2491 words)

	Storm Preparedness Information
		If your boat is too large to be removed from the water, move it to a safe haven well before the storm approaches.
		Storm and hurricane forecasts and warnings are issued by NOAA's National Hurricane Center.
		A weather bulletin is a public release made during periods between advisories, announcing the latest details on the storm or hurricane.
	www.uscg.mil /news/stormcenter (919 words)

	wsbradio.com: Hurricane Guide 2007 Hurricane Guide
		Storm tides, waves, and currents in confined harbors severely damage ships, marinas, and pleasure boats.
		Emergency managers use this data from SLOSH to determine which areas must be evacuated for storm surge.
		Hugo was responsible for sixty deaths and $7 billion in damages, with a storm surge estimated at 19.8 feet at Romain Retreat, South Carolina.
	wsbradio.com /common/hurricane/storm_surge.html (1206 words)

	Hurricane Evacuation Zone Maps-Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
		It is important to note that storm surge maps reflect the worst case hurricane storm surge inundation (including astronomical high tide), regardless of the point of where the center of the hurricane (or tropical storm) makes landfall.
		However, the level of surge in a particular area, when all other factors are held constant, is in large part determined by the slope of the continental shelf.
		The storm surge maps for Mississippi and Alabama coastal counties were developed by overlaying the water surface grid from the SLOSH model on a ground elevation grid made from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 minute Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and determining which ground cells were flooded.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /hez_tool/faq.html (2489 words)

	Charlotte Observer \| 11/19/2006 \| Storm's surge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Little-known fact: Hannah Storm has a birthmark, a reddish blotch under her left eye about the size of a thumbprint.Makeup hides it from viewers, but she was self-conscious about it as a child.
		When her daughters are tucked in, Storm goes down to her fax machine and plucks off a stack of homework from "The Early Show." She reads it in bed.
		Storm, ever the goal-setter, knows what she wants to instill in her girls."I want them to be self-confident in every area...
	www.charlotte.com /mld/observer/entertainment/performing_arts/16050562.htm (1840 words)

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