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Topic: Strain (chemistry)

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	Chemistry Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In short, chemistry studies molecules, crystals, and metals and is concerned with the composition and statistical properties of such structures, as well as their transformations and interactions to become materials encountered in everyday life.
		According to modern chemistry, the physical properties of materials are generally determined by their structure at the molecular or atomic scale, which is itself defined by interatomic electromagnetic forces, and laws of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics.
		Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Chemistry.html (4215 words)

	Chemistry in crisis : HERO
		Chemistry departments have been shoring up the deficit in their teaching budget by using some of the money they have been allocated for research.
		Chemistry courses needs to be provided in every region and at various levels of provision.
		Chemistry is also the central science that supports other disciplines, from physics to materials to the biological sciences.
	www.hero.ac.uk /uk/inside_he/archives/2004/chemistry_in_crisis.cfm (911 words)

	Chemistry - MSN Encarta
		Modern chemistry was established in the late 18th century, as scientists began identifying and verifying through scientific experimentation the elemental processes and interactions that create the gases, liquids, and solids that compose our physical world.
		Chemistry is often called the central science, because its interests lie between those of physics (which focuses on single substances) and biology (which focuses on complicated life processes).
		Thus, chemistry is divided into a number of branches, some of which are discussed at the end of this article.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_762504460/Chemistry.html (1468 words)

	Strain tensor Summary
		The strain tensor, ε, is a symmetric tensor used to quantify the strain of an object undergoing a small 3-dimensional deformation:
		(i ≠ j) are the shear strains, i.e.
		The deformation of an object is defined by a tensor field, i.e., this strain tensor is defined for every point of the object.
	www.bookrags.com /Strain_tensor (755 words)

	Chemistry Professor - Organic, Inorganic, High School, College, Chemistry Tutor - ChemistryProfessor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Foundations of Chemistry and College Chemistry are in development and are slated to be available in the spring of 2004.
		The Chemistry Professor has developed a section to address a straight-forward method of balancing these oxidation-reduction reactions of organic chemistry, and it is presented at the end of this unit.
		For most beginning organic chemistry students, the IR is most useful for identifying ordinary functional groups such as acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, some amines, nitriles, alkynes, some aromatics, and some other combinations of groups.
	www.chemistryprofessor.com (11707 words)

	Chemistry 1 Course Web Site - Supplementary Material (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Sometimes the term steric strain is used to describe the combined effects of eclipsing and van der Waals strains.
		The instability of the opposed conformations is due van der Waals strain between hydrogen atoms on alternate carbons as well as bond repulsions and van der Waals strain between the methyl hydrogen atoms is greatest in the eclipsed conformation.
		In each of these flat molecules however there is a maximum of eclipsing strain since the C-C bonds are lined up in the same way as in the eclipsed conformation of ethane.
	www.chem.ed.ac.uk /teaching/undergrad/chemistry1/supplement/molecules.html (3281 words)

	Graduate Chemistry Course Descriptions for the UB Department of Chemistry
		Chemistry 501 - Organic Chemistry for Graduate Students This core organic chemistry course introduces reaction mechanisms and organic synthesis to students with varying undergraduate backgrounds in chemistry.
		Prerequisite: Chemistry 502 - Synthetic Organic Chemistry The aim of this course is to cultivate knowledge of modern organic synthesis.
		The fundamental concepts of coordination chemistry will be developed, including the structure, bonding, electronic properties, and reactivity of transition metal complexes.
	www.chem.buffalo.edu /chemistry_g_course_descriptions.php (1282 words)

	Foley & Lardner LLP - Our People - Paul D. Strain
		Strain is named as an inventor on a patent resulting from a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) between the Department of Energy and a major U.S. auto manufacturer.
		Strain is admitted to practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in the District of Columbia.
		Strain is a member of the AIPLA, the Deutsche Vereinigung für gewerblichen Rechtschutz und Urheberrecht (GRUR), and the ABA.
	www.foley.com /people/bio.aspx?employeeid=21862 (323 words)

	CMS—Mechanical Properties Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Uniaxial, intermediate strain rate (approximately 0.000001 per second to 1 per second) tensile and compression tests are performed on computer-controlled hydraulic test equipment.
		Rapid data processing allows averaged gage readings to be used as feedback, thus providing real-time strain control and insuring that the sample is strained at a constant rate during the test.
		Figure 3 (below) is a photograph of a split Hopkinson bar apparatus used to perform compression tests at strain rates several orders of magnitude higher (100s to thousands per second) than is possible on the hydraulic test apparatus.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /s-t/mech_tests.html (510 words)

	Oregon State University
		Chemistry: Grignard reaction between iodomethane and methyl isopropyl ketone to form the alcohol, subsequent elimination using p-toluenesulfonic acid to form a mixture of 2,3-dimethyl-1- and -2-butene; acid catalyzed isomerization at five different temperatures.
		Chemistry: One half of the class: Conversion of 3 -chlorobutyronitrile to cyclopropane carboxylic acid and subsequent formation of the acid chloride.
		Chemistry: Either Polyvinylalcohol is prepared by methanolysis of polyvinylacetate and recrystallized from PVOH from acetone, or polymethmethacrylate is made free radical polymerization.
	www.chemistry.oregonstate.edu /courses/ch361-464/Integrated_Lab_Curriculum.htm (1431 words)

	Shigella flexneri Sequencing Project
		Whole-genome shotgun libraries of strain 2457T were constructed in M13Janus (insert size ~2.0 kbp) and pBlueScript KS- (insert size ~5 kbp).
		Strain 2457T harbors four plasmids, which remain to be completed.
		Shigella flexneri strain 2457T has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and is available as ATCC 700930, both as a culture and as purified DNA from this strain.
	www.genome.wisc.edu /sequencing/sflex.htm (405 words)

	SparkNotes: Carbocycles: Introduction to Cycloalkanes
		That is, cycloalkanes are less stable than their straight-chain counterparts due to ring strain, unfavorable energetics caused by ring formation.
		For instance, the large amount of ring strain in cyclopropane can be explain by the large deviance of the required 60 degree bond angle from 109.5.
		While this simple model of angle strain explains some of the trends in ring strain, it fails to address others.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/organic2/carbocycles/section1.html (750 words)

	A system to impose prescribed homogenous strains on cultured cells -- Waters et al. 91 (4): 1600 -- Journal of Applied ...
		Strain was applied at a frequency of 30 cycles/min.
		Strain profiles for circular cell culture plates containing flexible surfaces employed to mechanically deform cells in vitro.
		Cyclic biaxial strain of pulmonary artery endothelial cells causes an increase in cell layer-associated fibronectin.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/91/4/1600 (5761 words)

	Strain has major effect on high-temp superconductors
		The large reversible effect of strain observed by NIST might be due to associated changes in grain boundaries, which raise the barriers to current flow and lowering the material's current-carrying capability.
		The discovery is the first major reversible strain effect found in practical high-temperature superconductors, which generally have been tested under smaller tensile strains only, or at strains so high they caused the material to break down permanently.
		The next step is to investigate how magnetic fields affect the strain effect, and several collaborations are under way with universities and other research organizations to study the interplay of the effect with other factors affecting high-temperature superconductivity.
	www.chemlin.net /news/2007/feb2007/high-temp-superconductors.htm (505 words)

	Chemistry of Filled Animal Glue Systems
		This paper gives a brief overview of protein chemistry, discusses the physical and chemical properties of protein glues using common models used in polymer science, describes the effect of fillers on these properties, and concludes with suggestions for possible future research topics in the area of gesso degradation and treatment.
		Relating the chemistry of glue to the physical properties of gesso is simplified by using models.
		The filler particles distribute the strain unevenly along the protein chains; the protein network fails more easily when the stress is concentrated on a few chains at a lime.
	albumen.stanford.edu /library/c20/vonendt1991.html (2807 words)

	The Rockefeller University: News & Notes
		Receptor swapping describes a technique in which the receptor from one strain of Staph, which is normally activated by one ligand and inhibited by a different peptide from another strain of Staph, is swapped to the other strain of Staph that is not normally activated by that peptide.
		A group 1 strain of Staph responds to an extracellular group 1 peptide, and group 2 strain normally is activated by a group 2 peptide.
		Manipulating the group 2 strain in the same way–reconstituting with the group 2 components–Lyon showed that it is activated by group 2 peptide and inhibited by group 1 peptide.
	www.rockefeller.edu /pubinfo/news_notes/022301/022301h.html (1440 words)

	Chem 240 Fall 1999
		Organic chemistry is relentlessly cumulative and intensely interrelated.
		Since organic chemistry is so interrelated, it often happens that students will understand material better in the context of reviewing for the final than was they did when the material was first presented.
		Not if you are a genius, and not if you don't care about learning organic chemistry and/or the grade which reflects that learning.
	chemistry2.csudh.edu /rpendarvis (1303 words)

	Stress and Strain
		The resulting "strain" (deformation) which the clay experiences is defined as the fractional extension perpendicular to the cross section we are considering.
		Note that strain may be tensile, compressive or torsional; in general, the stress versus strain curve will differ for each material, and for each type of stress.
		Finally, we mention that the stress versus strain curve is not necessarily the same during the relaxation of stress as it was during the loading (application) of the stress.
	www.rwc.uc.edu /koehler/biophys/2f.html (800 words)

	JAX®Mice Database - 005825 B6.129P2-Mtmr1<tm1Dgen>/J
		Although results vary by strain, at least two males and two females (two pairs) will be provided, typically within 15 weeks of our receipt of the signed agreement form.
		However, the phenotype of each strain may not be fully characterized and/or captured in the strain data sheets.
		To ensure that JAX® Mice will meet the needs of individual research projects or when requesting a strain that is new to your research, we suggest ordering and performing tests on a small number of mice to determine suitability for your particular project.
	jaxmice.jax.org /strain/005825.html (477 words)

	Prions show the strain
		One of the main challenges for the protein-only hypothesis was explaining how different prion strains, which have contrasting properties, can be derived from the same protein without its underlying amino acid sequence being genetically altered.
		The strains are all derived from the protein Sup35, which is involved in protein synthesis in yeast cells.
		Both studies suggest that the properties of individual prion strains result from a single protein misfolding in different ways, and that this aberrant folding can be transferred to normal versions of the protein.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2004/May/prions.asp (339 words)

	UM Chemistry
		They are also interested in the synthesis of strained organic compounds, especially bridgehead alkenes, and exploration of their chemistry.
		The bridgehead double bond is twisted and distorted and the strain imparts high reactivity toward even mild reagents.
		In some cases, the bridgehead alkenes are so reactive that they have only a fleeting lifetime and evidence of their existence is based only on the products of their reactions.
	www.umich.edu /~michchem/faculty/wiseman (276 words)

	2003 Small Business Award \| Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge \| US EPA
		Serenade® works through a complex mode of action that is manifested both by the physiology of the bacteria and through the action of secondary metabolites produced by the bacteria.
		Strain QST-713 is the first strain reported to produce iturins, plipastatins, and surfactins, as well as two new compounds with a novel cyclic peptide moiety, the agrastatins.
		The surfactins have no activity on their own, but low levels (25 ppm or less) in combination with the iturins or the agrastatin/plipastatin group cause significant inhibition of spores and germ tubes.
	www.epa.gov /greenchemistry/pubs/pgcc/winners/sba03.html (591 words)

	facinfo2
		The main objective of these projects is to determine if the measured relaxation times correlate with steric strain in the molecules and whether the relaxation times may be used as a general probe of steric strain.
		Using the techniques of measuring refractive indices, kinematic viscosities, and investigating electron spin resonance spectra of binary liquid mixtures, a general understanding of adduct formation and hydrogen bonding is emerging for the liquids studied.
		Students will be involved in finding, developing and de-bugging chemistry laboratory activities, demonstrations, and analogies that teachers may potentially use with their classes at the elementary school, high school or university levels.
	www.uwsp.edu /chemistry/facinfo1.html (2917 words)

	strain - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Strain : A to Z of Terms related to the Thermal Spray Process and Surface Engineering [home, info]
		Phrases that include strain: repetitive strain injury, nervous strain, congenic strain, hfr strain, hypothetical mean strain, more...
		Words similar to strain: stress, try, air, breed, deform, distort, extend, filter, filtrate, form, line, melody, nisus, pains, puree, reach, sieve, sift, song, stock, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=strain&ls=a (612 words)

	Course Descriptions for Chemistry and Biochemistry, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
		This first semester general chemistry course is organized around the physical and chemical properties of matter.
		The second course in general chemistry continues the development of chemical reactivity by focusing on chemical kinetics and chemical equilibrium.
		The chemistry of the systems discussed will be stressed as well as the important physical aspects.
	www.esf.edu /chemistry/courses.htm (1593 words)

	Rodent Phenotyping \| Strain Display
		Strain Development: This is a C57Bl/6J congenic strain that carries a portion of the X chromosome from M.
		The females of this strain have also been found to have hyperplastic placentas and males demonstrate lower testicular weights and testicular degeneration.
		Genetic dissection of X-linked interspcific hybrid placental dysplasia in congenic mouse strains.
	www.radil.missouri.edu /pheno/display36991.asp (827 words)

	Orton \| Instruments \| Annealing and Strain Point Determinations
		If forming a fiber is not desired, is impractical, or impossible, annealing and strain point temperatures can still be determined using cut or machined rods or bars in a beam bending viscometer according to ASTM C-598.
		The annealing point temperature is the temperature at which a 2-point supported horizontal bar or rod with a uniform cross section deflects under an applied mid-point load at a prescribed calculated rate while cooling in a special furnace at the rate of 4°C per minute.
		The strain point temperature is determined by extrapolation of the annealing point data and is the temperature at which the mid point deflection rate is 0.0316 times the deflection rate observed at the annealing point.
	www.ortonceramic.com /instruments/04cANS-Beam.shtml (922 words)

	strain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		True strain (natural strain) is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the length at the moment of observation to the original gage length.
		When the term strain is used alone, it usually refers to the linear strain in the direction of the applied stress.
		Normal strains are those that may result in the relative displacement of two particles along the line joining those particles, whereas in shear strains, the particles are displaced at a right angle to the line joining them.
	www.webref.org /geology/s/strain.htm (334 words)

	Met and Mat Trans Abstracts A: August 1996
		At 650°C and 800°C, the alloy in either condition exhibits cyclic stability at all strain levels studied, excepting the NL structure which shows slight cyclic hardening at higher strain levels at 650°C. Fracture in the FL condition occurs by a mixed mode comprising delamination, translamellar fracture, and stepwise fracture.
		At 650°C, a 100-second peak tensile strain hold doubles the fatigue life of the alloy in the FL condition, while a 100-second hold at compressive peak strain or at both tensile and compressive peak strain degrades fatigue life.
		Strain rate sensitivity (m) and activation energy (Q) for deformation are determined to be 0.04 to 0.13 and 96.2 to 157.4 kJ/mol, respectively.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/MT/A/9608/abstracts-9608.A.html (6394 words)

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