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	Strait of Anian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Strait of Anian was a legendary passage out of the Pacific Ocean across the top of America.
		The strait was believed to begin somewhere along the coast of British Columbia or Alaska.
		At the end of the 18th century, a number of land and sea expeditions proved that no such strait existed.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=J1ARTJ0007741 (84 words)

	Strait of Anian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Strait of Anian, part of the legendary NORTHWEST PASSAGE linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, likely Bering Strait.
		The strait grew in European imagination as an easy sea-lane linking Europe with the residence of the Great Khan in Cathay (northern China).
		The Greek pilot Juan de FUCA claimed he had sailed the strait from the Pacific to the North Sea and back in 1592.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007741 (228 words)

	[No title]
		To that long-continued, that reluctantly-abandoned faith in the existence of the Strait of Anian, or the northwest passage, is to be attributed those voyages which mark the early exploration of the coast of Northwest America.
		Kindred with the thought which accepted as assured the existence of that mythical strait, indeed, intensifying the mystery and co-operating to render those coasts more inviting to adventure, were fabulous narratives of pretended voyages and discoveries, which for centuries were credited.
		The writer claims to have seen the original manuscript, "the discovery of the Strait of Anian made by Maldonado (the author) in 1588." Other authorities state that Maldonado appeared before the "Council of the Indies" to secure payment for two scientific discoveries: I. "To render the magnetic needle not subject to variation." 2.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/or/county/union1/1889vol1/1889volumeIpage1-10.htm (4231 words)

	History Tours NW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A Northwest Passage, sometimes called the Strait of Anian, from the Atlantic Ocean to the great western ocean (Pacific) had been a rumor gone wild since Marco Polo's 13th century description of a navigable passage between Japan and Taiwan.
		Cartographer Juan de Costa depicted the Strait of Anian as early as 1500, with its location having been shifted by rumor from the East China Sea to the North Pacific.
		The Spaniard, Manuel Quimper helped to demystify the existence of the Strait of Anian ocean passage by his 1790 exploration the Strait of Juan de Fuca, ceremonially taking possession of the area for Spain, naming present-day Neah Bay as Nunez Gaona, and charting both shores as far east as the San Juan archipelago.
	www.historytoursnw.com /legends.html (3649 words)

	Ian Chadwick's Biography of Henry Hudson - early years and background
		Cartographer Juan de Costa depicted the Strait of Anian in 1500 in the North Pacific.
		The strait appeared on maps by Munster in 1540, Mercator in 1569 and Ortelius in 1570.
		For Dee, the search for the Strait of Anian was closely tied to his search for the Philosopher's Stone, which alchemists believed could turn base metals into gold.
	www.ianchadwick.com /hudson/hudson_00.htm (4721 words)

	Northwest Passage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the first half of the 19th century, parts of the Northwest Passage were explored separately by a number of different expeditions, including those by John Ross, William Edward Parry, James Clark Ross; and overland expeditions led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae.
		However, this strait was not navigable to ships at that time, and the only usable route, linking the entrances of Lancaster Strait and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.
		He reached the Bering Strait in September and after a stopover in Victoria, British Columbia went on to round Cape Horn and sail back to Belgium, thus being the first sailor to circumnavigate the Americas.
	www.proxylord.com /proxy.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9Ob3J0aHdlc3RfUGFzc2FnZQ== (2043 words)

	Coronado, Cabrillo, And Vizcaino
		West as well as east, and somewhere in the north, must lie the waters of the Strait of Anian, that direct passage from the Atlantic to China, if indeed the northwestern territory did not actually abut on Asia.
		Mendoza's other sea expedition, which was to explore along the outer coast of the peninsula and northward in search of the Strait of Anian and new provinces, left Mexico on June 27, 1542, under command of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo.
		And as the fable of the Strait was to lead to the discovery of Bering Strait, so the myth of the River of the West was to end with the later discovery of the Columbia.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles33n/spanish-4.shtml (7024 words)

	Strait of Anián (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Strait of Anián was the 16th century Spanish name for the Northwest Passage that supposedly connected the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean in the temperate or tropic regions of North America.
		It was based on the idea that North America was not a continent but a large archipelago.
		Such a strait does not in fact, exist, although the Northwest Passage itself was discovered in the 20th century through the Canadian Arctic islands.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Strait_of_Anian.htm (82 words)

	Oregon - River Of The West
		Into the Strait of Anian, so the legend ran — and gathered magic as it ran — flowed a mighty river, the River of the West.
		The American vessel was the Columbia, and her commander, Captain Robert Gray, informed Vancouver that he had recently lain for nine days off the mouth of a large river where the reflux was so violent that he dared not attempt to enter.
		Gray had also sailed for many miles through the narrow waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and was now heading south again, to make a second attempt to enter the river which lay behind the forbidding, foam-dashed wall of Cape Disappointment.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles33n/oregon-1.shtml (4525 words)

	Sir John Ross, Introduction to Narrative of a Second Voyage
		Commencing at Behring's strait and from the Cape Barrow of Beechy, the coast has now been marked, by means however of nautical surveys only, and those of course far from minute, while also not always boasting of much accuracy, thence to Point Back of Franklin.
		The strait of the Hecla and Fury, as laid down by Parry, thus proves to be the Baffin's strait of this navigator; while the land now laid down by us as lying to the eastward of Prince Regent's inlet, will turn out to be James's island, as named by James.
		Further, that land to the southward of this island, of which we have traced the eastern coast, but of which we have not examined the inlets, should be the "three islands" of Baffin and his Cumberland island: while it is to be hoped that future examination will verify his assertions.
	www.english.upenn.edu /Projects/knarf/Voyages/ross1.html (5458 words)

	Strait of Anian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Spaniards called this long-rumored route the Strait of Anián.
		Several of the early European explorers to sail along the California coast came looking for the Strait of Anián.
		Some maps indicated where this mythical strait was hoped to be.
	www.californiahistory.net /3_PAGES/motives_anian.htm (121 words)

	Early Explorers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The noted Italian cartographer, Gracomo Fasteldi, published a pamphlet in 1562 stating that the Strait of Anian separated Asia from America, and by 1564 the "strait" was appearing on maps.
		The chronicler of this expedition, Friar Antonio de la Ascension, wrote, "Here is the top and end of the kingdom and mainland of California and the beginning and entranceway to the Strait of Anian." In 1603, Sebastian Vizcaino sailed as high as 43°.
		In 1592, he was sent by the Mexican viceroy to find the Strait of Anian and fortify it against the English.
	www.scsc.k12.ar.us /2001Outwest/PacificNaturalHistory/Projects/VillegasL (4599 words)

	TrekEarth \| The Strait of Juan de Fuca Photo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This photo was taken on the Washington State side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
		The Strait of Juan de Fuca is the principal outlet for the Georgia Strait and Puget Sound, connecting both to the Pacific Ocean.
		It was named in 1788 by the English Captain John Meares of the ship Felice for Juan de Fuca, the Greek sailor who claimed to have gone on a voyage with Spanish explorers in 1592 to seek the fabled Strait of Anián.
	www.trekearth.com /gallery/North_America/United_States/photo418200.htm (261 words)

	First Contacts in Baja California
		Spanish explorers in the sixteenth century sailed northward from the ports of Acapulco and Navidad along the west coast of what is today Mexico.
		They came in search of fabled riches and the mythical Strait of Anián.
		Several of the expeditions were sent to search for the Strait of Anián and to discover new lands to conquer.
	www.californiahistory.net /3_PAGES/baja_main.htm (563 words)

	Spanish and English Explorers
		Obviously, then, Quivira lay father to the west, near the shores of the great South Sea, or perhaps on the Strait of Anian which, it was believed, narrowly separated the northwestern coast of the continent from Asia.
		The Juan de Fuca story was a kind of fiction common the the day; but the legend of his voyage was perpetuated when map-makers put his strait in the latitude where, 200 years later, the strait leading into Puget Sound was discovered.
		On March 22 at the entrance of the strait between Vancouver Island and the Washington coast, Cook sighted a cape which he named Flattery, with nice attention to meaning.
	www.3rd1000.com /history3/era1.htm (3629 words)

	Welcome to Sutter Creek, California - History
		It is thought that Native Americans lived here for 15 millenia before the first European explorer sailed California's coast in the 1500s.
		In any event, it was an attempt to find a shortcut between Asia's riches -- silk, spices, jewels -- and Europe that drove the discovery voyages.
		Early explorers apparently named the Baja California peninsula after the mythical island, and in 1524 Hernán Cortés, the conqueror of the Aztec empire, reported that he expected to find an island along the northwest coast of Mexico populated by Amazons.
	www.ci.sutter-creek.ca.us /history.html (789 words)

	Chesapeake Bay - Colonial Period - The Mariners' Museum
		Like the English, the Spanish were looking for the Strait of Anian (which the English call the Northwest Passage) that would lead them to the riches of the Spice Islands and the Orient.
		The Spanish were also looking to possibly use Indians in the slave trade, obtain furs, and find a safe port for Spanish galleons to protect themselves from storms and pirates.
		In this effort to find the strait he planned a settlement on the Bahia de Santa Maria (Chesapeake Bay).
	www.mariner.org /chesapeakebay/colonial/col001.html (545 words)

	Did you know? 2560 - LOL Facts - Web Software & Hosting
		Vastly underestimating the breadth of the continent, early 16th and 17th century explorers like Cabrillo believed that one such route might be the elusive Strait of Anian, a navigable passage some sailors claimed linked the Pacific with the Gulf of Mexico.
		Repeatedly turning east to follow any inlet that held the promise of being the Strait, Cabrillo was the first European to explore many of the Pacific Coast bays and inlets.
		Though San Diego Bay-as well as all the other inlets he subsequently explored-never led to the mythic Strait of Anian, Cabrillo did succeed in mapping many of the most important features of the California coast, though he missed discovering San Francisco Bay.
	www.gigfoot.net /lol/facts/2560.html (398 words)

	Sources and Links to information about Henry Hudson
		Currents and tides in Hudson Strait: Maps and Graphics Database, Mean and Tidal currents (PDF), Parks Canada, Navigation of Hudson Bay and Straits (1883), The Inuit village of Ivujivik, near Digges Island (with map).
		William Baffin's 1615 map of Hudson Strait is in the British Library.
		There are many areas of magnetic disturbance noted in the strait, which would affect a ship's compass (see this article).
	www.ianchadwick.com /hudson/hudson_06.htm (5291 words)

	Marco Polo’s New World Maps: Does Evidence of Magnetic Variation Support Claims of Early Chinese Expeditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The passage between Siberia and Alaska, Marco’s “Strait of Anian” (a.k.a., Bering Strait) is skewed to the east by an error of 50º.
		In this manner, he inadvertently erased from the geographical heritage the actual location of Marco Polo’s “Strait of Anian.” Cook and a host of European mariners had mistakenly sought after the illusive strait (a.k.a., the Northwest Passage) in the vicinity of Vancouver Island and the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
		Having not found Marco Polo’s strait where he thought it was supposed to be located, Captain Cook branded the “Strait of Anian” a “fake strait.” But he simply looked for it in the wrong place.
	www.marcopolovoyages.com /Articles/MPoloNewWorldMaps.html (7450 words)

	Random House Academic Resources \| The Oregon Trail by David Dary
		Spaniards came to call the imagined route the Strait of Anian, while English and French explorers, searching in North America, called it the Northwest Passage.
		As the French and English were exploring the east coast of North America, the Spanish were searching the east coast of Central America for the Strait of Anian.
		Drake was secretly commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I to undertake an expedition against Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast and also to seek the Northwest Passage.
	www.randomhouse.com /acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780375413995&view=excerpt (2393 words)

	Northwest Passage: Early approaches, a historical account
		The Cabots established that a passage through or round America would be necessary if the dream of a short route to the wealth of the Orient were to be realised.
		It was believed that there was a commercial route to the East by means of a strait (named Anian in the sixteenth century) through North American waters.
		Davis was prevented from a fourth voyage by the war with Spain, and his later voyages were in the warmer waters of the Far East.
	www.bl.uk /onlinegallery/features/northwpass/earlyaccount.html (610 words)

	Maritime History Admin Page - View Person (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		His ambition now was to sail in the Pacific, a voyage made possible by the patronage of a number of the most powerful people in England including, probably, Queen Elizabeth I. A small squadron of five ships was assembled at Plymouth for the expedition, the objectives of which are not entirely clear.
		Some have conjectured that it was to found an English settlement in southernmost South America, or to find a passage through North America from the Pacific--the legendary Strait of Anian.
		Here the squadron was reduced to three ships, which passed through the strait in sixteen days, a record for the century.
	beatl.barnard.columbia.edu /beatldb/maritimedb/display/person_view.asp?ppl_id=253 (477 words)

	Studies in Canadian Literature
		The one "lancestraight" reality he encounters is ironically not the Strait of Anian which he expected but the Hawaiian spear in the back which sends him "to explore his last reef."
		Concurrently the poems imply as false myth the explorer as would-be Parsifal, exploration as quest-romance, landscape as holy-grail.
		Within these poems there is a collision between European tradition and expectation and North American landscape, between Brobdingnag and the drowned peaks of the northern islands, between the romantic image and human manure, between the Strait of Anian and Cook's Inlet reproduced in Vancouver's meticulous chart-making on the cover of George, Vancouver.
	www.lib.unb.ca /Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol4_2/&filename=davey.htm (2404 words)

	Imaginary Voyages
		The Strait of Anián, the Spanish version of the Northwest Passage, had appeared on maps since the 1560s (on Mercator's 1569 world map, for example)—possibly a reference to Anan, a Chinese province described by Marco Polo—and therefore had been the goal of many expeditions in the Pacific Northwest.
		Full of fantastical descriptions, Ferrer's whole book has now been branded as improbable and false, but in the eighteenth century his report was used by some cartographers as their justification for drawing a Northwest Passage along the northern edge of the American continent.
		He appends to his letter a 1752 Guillaume de L'Isle map that illustrates the alleged discoveries of de Fonte, but indicates with red ink where he believes it errs in its cartography: two lines joining Hudson Bay to Lake De Fonte are added where Franklin believes a passage exists.
	libweb5.princeton.edu /visual_materials/maps/websites/northwest-passage/imaginary-voyages.htm (1126 words)

	Oregon History Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Farther north, a series of fictive rivers and lakes comprise the mythical Northwest Passage, then referred to as the “Strait of Anian” by the Spanish.
		Juan de Fuca, a Greek mariner supposedly sailing under a Spanish flag in 1592, claimed to have discovered the mythical Strait of Anian leading to the Atlantic Ocean.
		Here the party supposedly met a Boston ship traveling eastward through the mythical Northwest Passage. These imaginative ideas about the geography of the Northwest Coast were not laid to rest until the latter decades of the eighteenth century, after European and American mariners had accurately charted the region.
	www.ohs.org /education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=3419E711-C718-52D7-8BD4360250CA54F9 (451 words)

	Recent History of the MBNMS Region
		He explored northward from Jalisco, the present location of Guadalajara, Mexico, with two ships in search of the legendary Strait of Anian in 1542.
		The fabled strait had been thought to exist linking the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic.
		Disappointed that the expedition did not discover the Strait of Anian, the kings of Spain neglected the area until Sir Francis Drake, also searching for the elusive Strait, reached the Pacific coasts after navigating around Cape Horn in 1578.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /sitechar/rechist.html (1960 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / EMPIRES IN THE NORTHWEST
		He had sent three ships “to discover the Straits of Anian … and to fortifie in that strait, to resist the passage and proceedings of the English Nation.” The attempt collapsed but Juan, who had served as pilot on the expedition, refused to give up.
		For twenty days, said he, he had sailed in the strait, reached the North Sea, and returned to Mexico, “hoping to be rewarded greatly of the Viceroy.” But both there and in Spain he was welcomed “in wordes after the Spanish manner” but with nothing else.
		Bering Strait was probably discovered by a Cossack, Simon Dezhnev, who embarked from the Arctic coast in 1648, eighty years before Bering’s trip.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1956/5/1956_5_64.shtml (15363 words)

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