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Topic: Strange matter

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	Strange matter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, namely a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks.
		At high enough density, strange matter is expected to be color superconducting.
		Under the broader definition, strange matter might occur inside neutron stars, if the pressure at their core is high enough (i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strange_matter (1128 words)

	RedOrbit - Reference Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Strange matter is composed of strange quarks bound to each other directly, in a similar manner to how neutronium is composed of neutrons; a strange star is essentially a single gigantic nucleon.
		Some theories suggest that strange matter, unlike neutronium, may be stable outside of the intense pressure that produced it; if this is so, then small substellar pieces of strange stars (sometimes called "strangelets") may exist in space in a wide range of sizes all the way down to atomic scales.
		Strange matter is one candidate for the hypothetical dark matter that is a feature of several cosmological theories.
	www.redorbit.com /education/reference_library?article_id=247 (540 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Quark stars signal unstable universe
		In this process, strange quarks are created, and the result is an immensely heavy ball of up, down, and strange quarks, known as strange quark matter.
		Instead of originating from a small strange quark star, the energetic rays may emanate from a hot area on the surface of a neutron star.
		Because it would be so stable, strange quark matter would survive collisions with neutron stars as well as the birth and death of ordinary stars.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2002/05.02/01-quarkstars.html (1274 words)

	A strange quark plasma (October 2000) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		This happens because the strange quarks and antiquarks that are produced by pairs of gluons fusing into quark-antiquark pairs in the plasma would lead to the formation of relatively large numbers of composite particles containing one or more strange quarks during the subsequent "hadronization" process.
		The interpretation of strangeness, photons, dileptons and J/psi signals as evidence for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma relies on the study of the global features of the collision such as the number of particles produced in the collisions (the "multiplicity") and their momentum distribution.
		Strange particles are naturally radioactive and decay by weak interactions that occur on a timescale that is extremely long compared with the nuclear-collision times.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/13/10/9 (4343 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Did quark matter strike Earth? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The so-called strange quark matter is so dense that a piece the size of a human cell would weigh a tonne.
		Strange quark matter could have arisen after the Big Bang, according to a theory by physicist Edward Witten of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, US.
		It was estimated that the strange quark matter might pass through the earth at 400 km per second (250 miles per second), 40 times the speed of seismic waves.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2502755.stm (703 words)

	SMU Research Magazine 2003: In the Matter of Strange Quarks
		Strange quark matter is so dense that a ton-sized nugget would be about the size of a red blood cell.
		Strange quark matter has a distinct seismic signal – a straight line – caused by the large ratio of speed to the speed of sound in the Earth, Herrin says.
		He estimates that strange quark matter might pass through the Earth at 250 miles per second, 40 times the speed of seismic waves.
	www.smu.edu /newsinfo/research/2003/researchnews7.html (305 words)

	Wired 11.02: Deep Impact
		One of these is "strange matter," a substance a bit denser than the nuclei of atoms.
		A piece of strange matter could be as massive as a star and still not fall apart.
		Strange nuggets up to a billion or so times the mass of a normal atom would fall to Earth and just sit there, chemically inert and hard to find.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/11.02/matter.html (1104 words)

	What is a Strangelet?
		Strangelets are theorized cosmological objects composed of an exotic form of matter known as strange matter or quark matter.
		This results in agglomerations of so-called strange quarks bound to each other directly much in the same manner that the transition from conventional star to neutron star results in seas of neutrons bound directly together.
		The names physicists have given this type of matter are "quark matter" or "strange matter".
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-strangelet.htm (437 words)

	Johann Rafelski, Homepage, Professor of Physics, University of Arizona
		Measurement of strange antibaryons is not easy and experiments need to be designed for the task as the relatively rarely produced strange antibaryons are literally buried in much more abundant mesons.
		The cooling of matter is not a result of energy radiation, but is believed to be mainly due to the transfer of local thermal energy to the collective flow of matter.
		We thus have: in the absolute yields of strangeness and charm, a measure of the initial stage of the collision and in the relative hadron yields a snap-shot picture of the freeze-out conditions.
	www.physics.arizona.edu /~rafelski/strangeness.html (3655 words)

	Bulk matter
		Bulk strange matter is a system of up, down, and strange quarks which is bound and stable at zero temperature and pressure.
		To see if strange matter may actually exist, it is necessary to determine if the values allowed by the model are consistent with the real world.
		While it is not possible to compare the `windows of stability' for strange matter to known values of the parameters, the windows are quite large.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /~jholden/strange/node3.html (771 words)

	Science News
		A quark star would consist entirely of the building blocks of matter called quarks, but they wouldn't be combined into more massive particles, as they are in all matter known to date.
		This quark matter would include the so-called up and down quarks of which protons and neutrons are made and also "strange" quarks, which are heavier and not found in ordinary matter.
		Peterson, I. Quark matters: Birth of a strange dwarf.
	www.phschool.com /science/science_news/articles/strange_stars.html (739 words)

	H O L O S C I E N C E - Philosopher's Corner
		But to generate x-rays gravitationally requires an extreme concentration of matter to accelerate particles to a sufficiently high energy so that when they strike the star x-rays are produced.
		It is assumed that the physics of neutral matter and ideal gases on Earth can be used to explain the operation of the glowing balls of plasma we call stars.
		It is an unseen object composed of unseen matter.
	www.holoscience.com /views/view_strange.htm (1679 words)

	Doubly Strange Nuclei
		Studies of these nuclei will help scientists explore the forces between nuclear particles, particularly within so-called strange matter, and may contribute to a better understanding of neutron stars, the super dense remains of burnt-out stars, which are thought to contain large quantities of strange quarks.
		The experiment to produce doubly strange nuclei and investigate the interaction between two lambda particles was conceived, designed, and built in Japan, and brought to Brookhaven Lab to take advantage of the world's most powerful kaon beam, produced at the Lab's Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS).
		With the ability to produce appreciable numbers of doubly strange nuclei, "Brookhaven is now the best place in the world to study strange matter," said Morgan May, who leads the strangeness nuclear physics program at Brookhaven.
	www.bnl.gov /bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2001/bnlpr082001.htm (955 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Physicists make 'strange' matter
		The protons and neutrons of normal matter in the everyday world are made of two types of quark - called up and down.
		Strange matter, however, is composed of up, down, and strange quarks.
		Some theorists have suggested that strange matter may have been formed in the early Universe, and that remnants of this matter may still exist.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1504267.stm (435 words)

	The Strange Matter of Planetary Destruction
		Matter is composed of hadrons (protons and neutrons) which in turn are composed of quarks.
		Strange matter, however, becomes more stable the bigger it gets, with small strangelets (the kind that would be produced in the RHIC) having a short half-life on the order of microseconds to milliseconds.
		The normal matter will be absorbed by the strangelet and become part of the strange mass.
	chess.captain.at /strangelets-matter.html (1508 words)

	Quark-Matter Stars Said Found
		A neutron star, bizarre and extreme as it is, consists mostly of a sea of neutrons, particles familiar to physicists on Earth.
		If so, an exploded strange star could litter space with tiny but massive shards called "quark nuggets" or "strangelets." These bits would have a disturbing quality: they might convert anything they touch into strange matter too, including any star or planet they happen to fall into.
		If strange matter does convert everything it touches into more strange matter, these stars would consist of the stuff right up to their perfectly hard-edged surfaces.
	newton.uor.edu /FacultyFolder/tyler_nordgren/SP2002/article_576.htm (797 words)

	CNN.com - Strange stars suggest new kind of matter - April 10, 2002
		The strange traits of RXJ1856 and 3C58 suggest that the pair are not neutron stars at all.
		Quarks are thought to be the fundamental building blocks of matter.
		Physicists theorize that even more elusive "strange" quarks, possible remnants from the birth of the universe, still lurk in the cosmos.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/TECH/space/04/10/new.matter (386 words)

	QUARK REFERENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Strange quarks occur as components of K mesons and various other extremely short-lived subatomic particles that were first observed in cosmic rays but that play no part in ordinary matter.
		Not every scientific discovery is heralded by a clear cry of "Eureka!" A case in point is the study of an exotic state of matter known as a quark-gluon plasma (QGP), in which hundreds of ordinary protons and neutrons melt together and form a fiery soup of free-roaming quarks and gluons.
		The energy density is about seven times that of ordinary nuclear matter, and the fireball is expanding at 55 percent of the speed of light when the hadrons "freeze out" of it.
	zyx.org /QUARKREF.htm (4644 words)

	SMU Researchers Describe Two Seismic Events With The Properties For The Passage Of Strange Quark Matter Through The ...
		This form of matter -- known as “strange quark matter” -- is so dense that a ton-sized nugget would be about the size of a red blood cell.
		Herrin estimates that strange quark matter might pass through the earth at 250 miles per second, 40 times the speed of seismic waves.
		Scientists believe that chunks of strange quark matter might be created when stars made of strange quark matter collide.
	www.smu.edu /newsinfo/releases/01342.html (628 words)

	"Strange Matters" by Tom Siegfried - Salon
		These "prediscoveries" form the basis of his new book, "Strange Matters: Undiscovered Ideas at the Frontiers of Space and Time." And although it only alludes briefly to Democritus, this frequently fascinating book is so crammed with information that the omission seems negligible.
		Explaining mathematical concepts non-mathematically requires a particular genius that is somewhat lacking in "Strange Matters." Metaphors are popular science's bread and butter; the best writers consistently come up with analogies that are simple and illuminating.
		Despite its limitations, "Strange Matters" is one of the most stimulating popular science works published in the last few years.
	dir.salon.com /story/books/review/2002/09/24/siegfried/index.html (1119 words)

	Casting a Strange Glow
		But quark stars would be hard to distinguish from neutron stars, in part because the strange quark matter could be enveloped in a shell of normal matter.
		Two recent reports hinted at evidence for such strange stars based on analyses of their size or temperature [1], but a subsequent reappraisal indicated that neutron stars could have produced the signals [2].
		The odds of INTEGRAL observing the gamma rays from a strange star are hard to predict, says Madappa Prakash of the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
	focus.aps.org /story/v10/st13 (628 words)

	The Strange Matter Of Superfluidity
		But both superconductivity and superfluidity are the result of a matter phase change that only occurs when quantum effects can overcome thermodynamic forces.
		As Hulet mentioned, his experiments offer the opportunity for further speculation in regard to very large neutron stars, known as quark stars, which are believed to be composed of a dense superfluid known as strange matter.
		In his most recent experiments into superconductivity and superfluidity, physicist Randall Hulet of Rice University looks to have recreated the same quantum conditions that may occur at the heart of quark stars; the stars that are believed to be comprised of strange matter.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20060215015947data_trunc_sys.shtml (1113 words)

	Althouse: Strange matter.
		High-energy particle accelerators, used by physicists to investigate the fundamental laws of nature, could produce particles that create hyperdense ''strange matter'' that in turn might attract nearby nuclei, thus growing larger and attracting ever more nuclei, until the entire planet is compressed into a sphere no more than 100 meters in diameter...
		Given that the earth (and the sun, or anything else in our solar system for that matter) hasn't imploded yet, you have to conclude that the risk is pretty small that undiscovered strange matter physics is going to kill us.
		The last time I looked at this was back in 87 or so, but a quick googling about this morning finds a Japanese team which claims to have found a couple of odd events (PRL 65 p2094, 1990) and an upper limit on rates from another group.
	althouse.blogspot.com /2005/01/strange-matter.html (429 words)

	Physics news Update 760
		These quark stars are characterized by interiors which consist of quark matter from the center all the way to the surface.
		For quark matter to exist in the low-pressure environment near the surface, matter containing nearly equal numbers of up, down and strange quarks must be preferred over neutrons and protons.
		In the high-density environment of quark stars, however, matter containing up, down, and strange quarks might be stable.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2006/split/760-1.html (495 words)

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