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Topic: Strapdown

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	Strapdown Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Strapdown inertial navigation systems are rigidly fixed to the moving body (Figure 1.3).
		Therefore strapdown INUs move with the body, their gyros experiencing and measuring the same changes in angular rate as the body in motion.
		The body's fixed axes is a moving frame of reference as opposed to the constant inertial frame of reference.
	xenia.media.mit.edu /~verp/projects/smartpen/node8.html (201 words)

	Optical strapdown inertia system - Patent 4315693
		An optical strapdown inertial system as in claim 1 wherein said means disposed between said cavity and said polarizer is a surface acoustical wave cell.
		An optical strapdown inertial system as in claim 3 wherein said focusing means is a lens disposed between said cavity and said detector.
		An optical strapdown inertial system as in claim 5 wherein said laser, polarizers, mirrors, birefringement material, proof mass and said detector are monolithically integrated on a substrate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4315693.html (1890 words)

	Integrated-strapdown-air-data sensor system - Patent 4303978
		A strapdown inertial sensing system as claimed in claim 42 wherein the two different axes of said inertial sensing means of at least some of said IMU modules are skewed with respect to the two different axes of said inertial sensing means of others of said IMU modules.
		A strapdown inertial sensing system as claimed in claim 47 wherein said two orthogonal axes are nominally related to predetermined axes of said aircraft and wherein said predetermined axes of said aircraft include the pitch, roll and yaw axes of the aircraft.
		A strapdown inertial sensing system as claimed in claim 60 wherein said initial value of said attitude matrix is determined by first producing a rough estimate of said initial value of said attitude matrix and, then, refining said initial value in a continuous manner to produce an accurate initial value of said attitude matrix.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4303978.html (20053 words)

	[No title]
		The measurement method and error models for both the stable platform and strapdown INS gravity systems are presented and contrasted.
		The strapdown system has shown the same level of gravity estimation accuracy as the LCR systems, but using significantly shorter averaging times.
		For the strapdown system the relationship between the body frame and the local-level frame is computed by numerically integrating the output of the gyroscopes.
	www.sztaki.hu /conferences/iag2001/TypInstr-Sample.doc (623 words)

	A drift model of a strapdown electrostatic gyro and identification of its parameters
		A drift model of a strapdown electrostatic gyro and identification of its parameters
		The increase in accuracy of strapdown gyro systems for marine, ground, aviation and space applications has motivated the need for the most precise of the currently available sensors - electrostatically suspended gyros with a spherical rotor (ESG).
		It can be said with confidence that the ESG under consideration is quite close in its characteristics to a free gyro and its behavior satisfies the general theory and physical concept and nature of effective forces to a high degree of certainty.
	www.kcn.ru /tat_en/science/ans/journals/rasj_cnt/02_1_5/02_1_5_.html (534 words)

	Inertial guidance system -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Data is returned to the outside world via the transformers, or sometimes (Diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used) LEDs communicating with external (additional info and facts about photodiode) photodiodes.
		Lightweight digital computers permit the system to eliminate the gimbals, creating "strapdown" systems, so-called because their sensors are simply strapped to the vehicle.
		The Apollo (A spacecraft that carries astronauts from the command module to the surface of the moon and back) lunar module used a strapdown system in its backup Abort Guidance System (AGS).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/inertial_guidance_system.htm (2217 words)

	Navigation
		The strapdown INS is most attractive for inexperienced user type of inertial hardware because its optimal cost/features rate.
		A strapdown INS and real time radion linked differential GPS test was carried out in Moscow environ from December 12 to December 16.
		Given the fact that the applied here calculation schemes and algorithms are absolutely original and have not much concern with anything we have done before in sphere of strapdown inertial navigation, we believe that we probably can introduce a new category in the inertial tools terminology.
	ligs.webzone.ru /navigat.htm (1660 words)

	CSRI "Elektropribor"/Publications/"Gyroscopy and Navigaton" 3 (42) 2003
		The parameters under estimation include drift components both connected with acceleration influence on angular velocity transducers and those, which do not depend on acceleration, as well as parameters of geometrical errors of a gyro and its mounting as a part of the measurement unit.
		The algorithms of positioning of the point of longitudinal axis for the barrel of borehole in the increments of coordinates with account of their small and non-sphericity are derived.
		This paper is an overview of the papers on strapdown algorithm design presented at the Saint-Petersburg conference on integrated navigation systems during its lifetime.
	www.elektropribor.spb.ru /en/n3_2003.html (944 words)

	Inertial Hot Line
		I am clear with the strapdown equations, but I would like to check how they are linearised in a Kalman filter suited for an integrated strapdown inertial system.
		I have a note that the strapdown platform is still subject to schuler loop usually at the first integrator level.
		But, in the strapdown system instead the gyroplatform the calculation of the direction cosine matrix between body frame and navigational frame is used.
	www.ligs.webzone.ru /hot.htm (2218 words)

	MAPPINGINTERACTIVO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Institute of Geomatics (IG) and the Instituto Geogr´afico Militar de Bolivia (IGM) are conducting an analysis on the feasibility of kinematic airborne gravimetry with strapdown inertial and satellite navigation technologies for geoid determination.
		Within the framework of this project, the Institute of Geomatics (IG) is conducting a feasibility study on the use of strapdown inertial airborne gravimetry for geoid determination, under both technical and economical points of view.
		In a strapdown inertial system for the acquisition of airborne gravity data the fundamental components are a GPS receiver, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a computer that synchronizes and registers the measurements and controls the system.
	www.mappinginteractivo.com /plantilla-ante.asp?id_articulo=915 (2675 words)

	Gyroscopes: TVG-3-1, GVK-16, GVK-17, MG-4, GVK-6-1, GVK-10, GVK-18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The solid-state hemispherical resonator gyro is designed for strapdown inertial navigation system as integrating gyroscope.
		The gyro is designed as a sensing element in small-size middle - accuracy angular rate sensors for multipurpose interspecific application of movable objects as well as strapdown inertial navigation systems and stabilization systems.
		The gyro is designed as a sensing element of middle-accuracy angular rate sensors for multipurpose interspesific application of movable vehicles as well as strapdown inertial navigation systems and stabilization systems.
	www.airshow.ru /expo/309/prod_1740.htm (389 words)

	Advantages and Disadvantages of Gimbaled vs. Strapdown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This is in contrast to the strapdown system, whose accelerometers all move and rotate about, each experiencing the acceleration of gravity (and the subsequent errors).
		The strapdown inertial navigation system's main advantage over the gimbaled system is the simplicity of its mechanical design.
		Where a gimbaled system requires elaborate and intricate mechanical structures for its gimbals, pickoffs, and low-friction platform connections, the strapdown system is entirely fixed to the body in motion.
	xenia.media.mit.edu /~verp/projects/smartpen/node9.html (170 words)

	International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education: Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology
		The first three deal with a basic introduction to, and the fundamental principles of, INS along with their historical development, and the basic principles of strapdown INS.
		They describe how the original INS used a stable platform to carry the inertial sensors and this platform was mechanically isolated from the motion of the host vehicle, whereas, in the later Strapdown INS, the sensors are rigidly strapped down (i.e.
		Chapters 4 and 5 cover gyroscopes, from the earlier mechanical gyroscopes via a whole host of rate (such as mercury or magneto-hydrodynamic), vibratory (such as wire, disc, tuning fork, quartz, or silicon), and cryogenic types (such as nuclear magnetic resonant or superconducting) to the later optical types (such as ring laser or fibre optic).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3792/is_199901/ai_n8842342 (933 words)

	CSRI "Elektropribor"/Books/INTEGRATED INERTIAL SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
		The problem of heading estimation for a strapdown inertial measurement system under the vehicle's angular oscillations with modulation turns of the inertial sensors unit (ISU) is analyzed.
		These results were taken into account in designing IMU for different applications: in a strapdown magnetic compass, attitude reference and heading system for oceanographic and cost guard vehicles, gyrocompass and attitude reference system.
		In this manner, the strapdown IMU's inherently large errors can be corrected in real time to provide a strapdown navigator of sufficient accuracy for all inertial sensing requirements.
	www.elektropribor.spb.ru /en/books/book11.html (1899 words)

	Strapdown Inertial Navigation System Algorithms Based on Dual Quaternions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The design of strapdown inertial navigation system (INS) algorithms based on dual quaternions is addressed.
		Dual quaternion is a most concise and efficient mathematical tool to represent rotation and translation simultaneously, i.e., the general displacement of a rigid body.
		The principle of strapdown inertial navigation is represented using the tool of dual quaternion.
	www.ewh.ieee.org /soc/aes/taes/aes411/4110110.htm (263 words)

	Threading the Maze - GPS World
		The strapdown calculation in local horizontal frame is performed by position and heading (yaw angle) updates using the FOG and the odometer input compensated by the EKF.
		Vehicle position is defined as the phase center of a GPS antenna, and the position dynamics in local NED (North-East-Down).
		The filter's feedback implementation compensates for strapdown navigation error and sensor errors.
	www.gpsworld.com /gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=132989&pageID=2 (344 words)

	Inertial Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It is designed with a single gimbal so that it can be used on vehicles with high roll (spin) rates to 22 RPS, or the gimbal can be locked for full strapdown operation.
		When the gimbal is unlocked, the system operates with 2 axes in a strapdown mode and 1 axis in a gimballed mode.
		When the gimbal is locked, all 3 axes are in a strapdown mode.
	www.inertialscience.com /dmars_r.htm (165 words)

	GIS@development: April 2005: Inertial navigation sensors for mobile mapping
		Nearly all new applications are strapdown (rather than gimbaled) and this places significant performance demands upon the gyroscope (specifically: gyro scale-factor stability, maximum angular rate capability, minimum g-sensitivity, high BW).
		It is superior to spinning mass gyros in strapdown applications, and is an exceptional device for high-dynamic environments.
		Fiber Optic Gyros (FOG) were developed primarily as a lower-cost alternative to RLGs, with expectations of leveraging technology advances from the telecommunications industry.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /magazine/years/2005/apr/inertial1.htm (474 words)

	Amazon.fr : Chroniques et points de vue Livres en anglais: Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During this time he was also involved in the development and evaluation of miniature inertial sensors, and he also studied the "system issues" associated with the integration of strapdown technology to new applications.
		John Weston is a navigation consultant with Sperry-Sun (UK) Ltd, concerned with the application of strapdown technology to well-bore surveying.
		His research interests include strapdown alignment and aided inertial systems, which have led to a number of publications.
	www.amazon.fr /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/english-books/1563476932/reviews (400 words)

	Articles - Inertial guidance system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Data is returned to the outside world via the transformers, or sometimes LEDs communicating with external photodiodes.
		The Apollo lunar module used a strapdown system in its backup Abort Guidance System (AGS).
		Laser gyroscopes were supposed to eliminate the bearings in the gyroscopes, and thus the last bastion of precision machining and moving parts.
	www.x-moto.net /articles/Inertial_guidance_system (1861 words)

	Strapdown Associates, Inc., Paul G. Savage, strapdown, inertial, navigation, strapdown inertial navigation course, ...
		Since 1981, SAI has offered its Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems course to the general public (in Minneapolis, Minnesota) and on-site at the contracting host specified location.
		The Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems course provides an introduction to the sensor and system aspects of strapdown inertial navigation with overviews of the analytical aspects.
		An advanced course in strapdown systems is also available for the general public that rigorously focuses on the detailed strapdown analytical aspects.
	www.strapdownassociates.com (300 words)

	Low Cost Inertial Navigation System
		These 'solid state' systems had no moving parts (therefore Strapdown Inertial Navigation System), but consisted of expensive laser-gyros and integrated sensor devices in MEMS technology (Micro Electro-Mechanical System).
		Our task was to realize a portable strapdown inertial navigation system based on low cost acceleration sensors and gyroscopes.
		This is necessary because our system does not have infinite precision and the output values of our components are prone to drift away.
	www.electronic-engineering.ch /study/ins/ins.html (2548 words)

	Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology (IEE Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics, No 5) (Iee Radar, Sonar, ...
		Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology (IEE Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics, No 5) (Iee Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics, No 5) Book - Petes Bait & Tackle
		Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology (IEE Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics, No 5) (Iee Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics, No 5)
		I'm much more comfortable with strapdown systems after reading this book.
	www.petesbait.com /a/asin.php?ASIN=0863412602 (57 words)

	RSA-4
		Stage 3 (Figure 2.4) houses the autopilot for digital implementation of the guidance and control algorithms, onboard safety implementation, initiation of discrete events like stage separation, and power switching.
		Navigation is performed by a strapdown platform and GPS.
		Also housed in the third stage is the equipment for tracking and monitoring the launch vehicle, i.e.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/rsa4.htm (2609 words)

	Apollo Guidance Computer and Other Computer History
		The Gemini launch vehicle is a basic Air Force Tital II which has been modified in certain areas to achieve man-rating.
		In particular, the task of determining the characteristics of the onboard computer is examined.
		Strapdown calculations impose unique constraints on the computational requirements of the flight computer.
	klabs.org /richcontent/Misc_Content/AGC_And_History/AGC_History.htm (10441 words)

	RV-List Digest Wed 04/07/04
		05:22 PM - Re: Strapdown inertial navigation systems WAS: Autopilot (linn walters) 36.
		06:47 PM - Re: Strapdown inertial navigation systems WAS: Autopilot Itch (Frank van der Hulst (Staff WG)) 41.
		06:54 PM - Re: Strapdown inertial navigation systems WAS: Autopilot Itch (Frank van der Hulst (Staff WG)) 43.
	www.matronics.com /digest/rv-list/Digest.RV-List.2004-04-07.html (10259 words)

	Alignment of Strapdown Inertial System with Full Uncertainty of Initial Sensor Unit Attitude - Begell House Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Alignment of Strapdown Inertial System with Full Uncertainty of Initial Sensor Unit Attitude - Begell House Inc.
		A problem of the alignment (sensor unit attitude determination) of the slave strapdown inertial navigation system by readings of the other (master) inertial system is considered.
		A peculiarity of the problem statement is full uncertainty of initial attitude of the slave inertial system sensor unit.
	www.begellhouse.com /journals/2b6239406278e43e,18b3c93b532add65,7c38d26d545bac6f.html (145 words)

	strapped down systems - StormingMedia
		RTSIN1: A Model of a Strapdown INS on a Two-Axis Rate Table Date: JUL 89
		Autofocus Motion Compensation for Synthetic Aperture Radar and Its Compatibility with Strapdown Inertial Navigation Sensors on Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Date: DEC 1984
		Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems: An Algorithm for Attitude and Navigation Computations Date: OCT 1980
	www.stormingmedia.us /keywords/strapped_down_systems.html (442 words)

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