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Topic: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

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	STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TALKS
		In May 1982 U.S. President Ronald Reagan, an opponent of SALT II, advanced his own proposal for a strategic arms reduction treaty, calling for deep cuts in land-based missiles (in which the USSR was perceived to hold an advantage).
		Negotiations continued after George Bush was elected U.S. president in 1988, and in July 1991 he and Gorbachev signed the START I Treaty, by which it was agreed to reduce the number of nuclear warheads by about 25 percent.
		The START II Treaty, which called for the elimination of almost three-quarters of the nuclear warheads and all the multiple-warhead land-based missiles held by the U.S. and the former Soviet republics, was signed by Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin in January 1993.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=223220 (770 words)

	SALT II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SALT II was a second round of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks from 1972-1979 between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons.
		An agreement to limit strategic launchers was reached in Vienna on June 18, 1979, and was signed by Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter.
		Additional arms were of decreasing usefulness given that each side could quite assuredly cripple the economy, infrastructure, populace (etc.) of the other side even if only a small fraction of the weapons launched managed to strike their intended targets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/SALT_II (466 words)

	START I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		START, officially the STrategic Arms Reduction Treaty was a nuclear weapons limitation treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union.
		The treaty was initially proposed by United States President Ronald Reagan.
		The treaty placed limits on the number of various types of vehicles and warheads that could be deployed by either side.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strategic_Arms_Reduction_Treaty (144 words)

	On-Site Inspection: Operations - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
		The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty entered into force on December 5, 1994, culminating over 10 years of negotiations between the United States, the former Soviet Union and its successor states aimed at lowering the risk of nuclear war.
		The Treaty provides for twelve types of inspections and exhibitions to collect information that may be used by each signatory in making compliance judgments.
		The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is responsible for conducting U.S. inspections and monitoring operations at facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus.
	www.dtra.mil /oe/osi/Programs/ops/start/index.cfm (324 words)

	George Bush Presidential Library and Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This treaty marks the first agreement between the two countries in which the number of deployed strategic nuclear weapons will actually be reduced.
		The treaty also allows for a reduction in the number of warheads on certain ballistic missiles, which will help the sides transition their existing forces to the new regime.
		The Soviet Backfire bomber is not constrained by the treaty.
	bushlibrary.tamu.edu /research/papers/1991/91073108.html (1513 words)

	Oyos: Carter & SALT II (3)
		Carter made arms control a centerpiece of his foreign and military policies because he wanted to curtail military spending so that the federal government could undertake a broad range of domestic initiatives.
		Arms talks built up their own momentum and logic, which he proposed to circumvent.
		He presumed that the reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear arms represented a worthy objective that responsible leaders could not refuse to embrace.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/Amdipl_2/Oyos_3.html (1123 words)

	Military.com Content
		Overall strategic forces will be reduced by 5,000 warheads in addition to the 9,000 warheads being reduced under START I. By December 4, 2001, each Party must have reduced the total number of its deployed strategic warheads so that it does not exceed 4,250.
		The process of reductions provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall begin upon entry into force of this Treaty, shall be sustained throughout the reductions period provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article, and shall be completed no later than seven years after entry into force of the START Treaty.
		Article VI This Treaty, including its Memorandum on Attribution, Elimination and Conversion Protocol, and Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections, all of which are integral parts thereof, shall be subject to ratification in accordance with the constitutional procedures of each Party.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent1?file=cw_startii (2525 words)

	START Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Strategic offensive arms and support equipment shall not be located at eliminated facilities except during their movement through such facilities and during visits of heavy bombers or former heavy bombers at such facilities.
		This Treaty shall remain in force for 15 years unless superseded earlier by a subsequent agreement on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.
		This Treaty shall be extended for successive five-year periods, if the Parties so decide, in accordance with the procedures governing the initial extension, and it shall remain in force for each agreed five-year period of extension unless it is superseded by a subsequent agreement on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.
	www.ceip.org /files/projects/npp/resources/start1text.htm (11661 words)

	Duman, Nuclear Arms Control Treaty - Johnson's Russia List 1-22-03
		Considering that in Russia the ground-based group of strategic nuclear weapons was traditionally the most numerous and powerful one, as distinct from the USA, which relies on the sea-based group, it is easy to imagine how much a new round of the arms race to even the nuclear potentials out would have cost the country.
		The Strategic Offensive Arms Reduction Treaty does not require anything of this kind from the sides, leaving either state the right to decide on its own where and on what delivery vehicles (single-warhead or multiple-warhead) to keep its nuclear arsenal and in what amount.
		The Strategic Offensive Arms Reduction Treaty, says the statement circulated by the Russian foreign-policy department, may be ratified by the Russian and US parliaments as early as the spring of this year.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/7028-13.cfm (881 words)

	George Bush Presidential Library and Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For the first time in the history of arms control, this treaty will achieve substantial reductions in the strategic nuclear forces deployed by both sides.
		The reductions will amount to 40 to 50 percent of the total number of strategic missile warheads deployed today, and fully one-half of all Soviet heavy ICBM's.
		While some may seek to judge this treaty in terms of who won or who lost on this or that issue, the right answer is that both our nations, and indeed all the nations of the world, have won in terms of greater security and stability.
	bushlibrary.tamu.edu /research/papers/1991/91073103.html (468 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Arms Control Damaged by Kosovo War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The worsening in U.S.-Russian relations threatens the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, efforts to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction, revisions on a treaty on troops and conventional arms in Europe, and plans for joint early-warning cooperation to avoid an accidental missile attack.
		The first major casualty of the NATO strikes was the START II strategic arms treaty, signed in 1993 by Presidents Bush and Boris Yeltsin and ratified by the Senate in 1996 but never ratified by the Russian State Duma, the lower house of parliament.
		One of the gravest new threats to arms control has been the prospect that Russia may reactivate short-range, or tactical, nuclear weapons, which are not covered by any treaty.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/arms052399.htm (1366 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Arms Control Office is the focal point for all START Treaty interpretation and policy determinations for LM and MA.
		This information is relayed to the Arms Control Office and is used to establish departure times of the inspection team from HAFB to observe and validate the elimination of the PK first stage.
		In accordance with treaty requirements, the PK first stage elimination may be witnessed and validated by an inspection team.
	www.hill.af.mil /icbm/lmpage/lmbp/lmbp/LMBP16-02.START.DOC (5392 words)

	Rosbalt.RU - printer friendly version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The treaty was signed in Moscow on May 24, 2002 and has already been ratified by the US congress.
		The treaty requires both countries to reduce their nuclear arsenals to between 1,700 and 2,200 warheads by December 31, 2012.
		Both sides are free to determine the make-up and structure of their strategic arsenals (within the limits set out by the treaty).
	www.rosbaltnews.com /print/print?cn=62531 (139 words)

	US Department of State Dispatch: START II Treaty - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II - fact sheets of the Office of ...
		The treaty includes a Protocol on Elimination or Conversion concerning heavy ICBMs and heavy ICBM silos, a Protocol on Exhibition and Inspection concerning heavy bombers, and a Memorandum of Attribution.
		Another new feature of this treaty is the provision that a maximum of 100 heavy bombers that have never been accountable under the START Treaty as long-range-nuclear-ALCM heavy bombers may be reoriented to a conventional role.
		The treaty was the first to call for significant reductions in the deployed strategic nuclear forces of the two countries.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n1_v4/ai_13440925 (1452 words)

	Allies' action dashes hope of US-Russia arms agreement
		HOPES that Russia would ratify Start II after years of hostility to strategic arms limitation were destroyed yesterday by the fall-out from the conflict in the Balkans.
		The Duma, the lower house of parliament, refused even to consider a bill enabling the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty's ratification, even though it had been due to debate the subject.
		The treaty was signed by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin in 1993 when relations between Russia and America were warmer than they had been for decades.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1999/04/03/wrus03.html (373 words)

	CSP "Stop 'START': The Case Against Ratification of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty"--1992 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		After all, the government with whom the Treaty was negotiated no longer exists; its successors are, moreover, behaving in ways that do not encourage confidence about their future compliance with its terms.
		Not the advertized "deep reductions": The true effect of START in reducing the former Soviet Union's strategic arms is sure to be substantially less than claimed by the Treaty's proponents.
		For example, the START Treaty does not require that the parties' data concerning the throw-weight capabilities of their respective missile forces be measured by the other side.
	security-policy.org /papers/studies/start92.html (6088 words)

	Allies' action dashes hope of US-Russia arms agreement
		HOPES that Russia would ratify Start II after years of hostility to strategic arms limitation were destroyed yesterday by the fall-out from the conflict in the Balkans.
		Senior ministers even protested that ratifying the treaty was still in Russia's interests during last weekend's stormy parliamentary debate over the Nato air strikes against Yugoslavia.
		The treaty was signed by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin in 1993 when relations between Russia and America were warmer than they had been for decades.
	www.portal.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1999/04/03/wrus03.html (373 words)

	Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty
		The New Arms Reduction Treaty and Russia's Retention of MIRV SMFs
		The Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty (SORT), signed by presidents Bush and Putin on 24 May 2002, appears to signify a new era of mutual trust and cooperation between the USA and Russia.
		Indeed, the new arms reduction treaty was reported by many in the media as signifying the end of the Cold War.
	www.ecaar.org /Newsletter/Oct02/Moss.htm (1119 words)

	START II Factsheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		START II The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) II is the most recent product of the bilateral arms control track between the United States and the Russian Federation.
		Of these, 6,250 are currently deployed strategic weapons, approximately 4,000 are deployed tactical weapons, and the remaining 10,000-15,000 are either in reserve, in storage, or awaiting dismantlement.
		In addition, some Russian strategic planners feel that Russia is ill prepared to make adequate projections for a new nuclear posture in a time of budgetary austerity and economic uncertainty.
	www.ceip.org /files/projects/npp/resources/factsheet1.htm (623 words)

	Arms Control Treaties
		Argentina has not yet ratified the treaty and Cuba is the only country that has neither signed nor ratified the treaty.
		A companion treaty to the TTBT, the PNET provides for verification through national technical means, data exchanges and visits to sites of explosions in certain instances.
		Bilateral ratified treaty between the US and USSR, which requires parties to eliminate all intermediate-range missiles (IRMs), shorter-range missiles (SRMs), and associated launchers, equipment, support facilities, and operating bases worldwide and to ban flight testing and production of these missiles as well as production of their launchers.
	www.seattleu.edu /artsci/history/us1945/docs/actrty.htm (1144 words)

	Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)
		Reductions to equal aggregate levels in strategic offensive arms, carried out in three phases over seven years from the date the treaty enters into force.
		When reductions are completed in 2001, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine will have no strategic nuclear forces and the strategic arsenals of the U.S. and former Soviet Union will have been reduced by 30—40 percent.
		In anticipation of entry into force within a few months of treaty signing, technical characteristic exhibitions of strategic ballistic missiles and distinguishability exhibitions of heavy bombers began in September 1991 and were completed in March 1992.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/start1/index.html (750 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), signed between the United States and the former Soviet Union in Moscow, July 31, 1991, if ratified and implemented, will lead to major reductions in the deployments of strategic nuclear arms of the two largest nuclear powers.
		The treaty limits the number of strategic nuclear delivery vehicles-intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and heavy bombers-of each party to 1,600 after a seven-year balanced reduction period.
		A reduction of deployed, heavy ICBMs (namely, Soviet SS-18s) from 308, with 3,080 warheads, to 154, with 1,540 warheads, together with other prohibitions, sublimits, and counting rules, was designed to reduce the number of most threatening deployments capable of a first strike.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10172462 (313 words)

	NATO Review - No. 5 - Oct. 1991
		The START Treaty not only sets equal ceilings on the number of strategic nuclear weapons that can be deployed by either side but also establishes an equal ceiling on ballistic missile throw- weight (a measure of the lift capability for ballistic missiles).
		The Treaty's central limits are designed to strengthen strategic stability by encouraging the restructuring of the Soviet strategic arsenal away from its historic emphasis on first strike weapons and toward less threatening, more survivable systems, such as bombers.
		The military transparency and structured approach to reductions of strategic offensive arms increase the stability that is needed during this period in which many different republics are vying for a position in a new union.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1991/9105-2.htm (1490 words)

	START
		The Lisbon Protocol to the START I Treaty was signed on May 23, 1992, and was orchestrated to accommodate for the breakup of the former Soviet Union.
		The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, but the Russian Duma initially postponed ratification in response to the U.S. and British strikes against Iraq on December 25, 1998 and again on April 2, 1999, because of the NATO bombing against Yugoslavia.
		The treaty was approved by the U.S. Senate on March 6, 2003, and by the Russian Duma on May 14, 2003.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1805.html (539 words)

	US to Abandon Arms Control Treaty
		The accord, which was concluded between Moscow and Washington, was seen for decades as the cornerstone for strategic arms control.
		The United States is already committed to cutting its strategic nuclear warheads to 3,500 under Start II, the 1993 strategic arms reduction treaty, and the Clinton administration was prepared to reduce the American arsenal to 2,500 as part of follow-on accord, which has yet to be negotiated.
		The goal was to persuade the Russians to amend the ABM treaty, not to replace it.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines01/0430-01.htm (1591 words)

	206P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The primary purpose of the START Treaty was to lower the risk of nuclear war by reducing and limiting each Party's strategic offensive arms.
		Although the START Treaty has reached full "maturity," the United States and the FSU successor States continue to maintain their annual on-site inspection verification quotas as they embark on treaty year 10.
		The Treaty does not limit the number or type of START-related facilities at which a SAV could be requested.
	dtirp.dtra.mil /products/START/206p.htm (3301 words)

	Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (1993) \| Nuclear Arms Control Treaties \| atomicarchive.com
		The START II treaty is a bilateral treaty negotiated by the United States and Russia and signed by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin on January 3, 1993.
		Overall strategic forces will be reduced by 5,000 warheads in addition to the 9,000 warheads being reduced under START I. By December 4, 2001, each Party must have reduced the total number of its deployed strategic warheads so that it does not exceed 4,250.
		Russia formally withdrew from the START II nuclear arms treaty with the United States on June 14, 2002, saying that it passed away because of the expiration of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Treaties/Treaty20.shtml (309 words)

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