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Topic: Strategic Forces Command

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	Missile groups to head Strategic Forces Command
		The Strategic Forces Command, which will report to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, at present headed by Naval chief Admiral Madhvendra Singh, will allocate some squadrons of Mirage 2000-5 and Su-30MKI fighters and some naval warships and submarines to form the country's first ever nuclear arm, highly placed defence sources said.
		An official notification to this effect would be issued soon after the name of the head of the Strategic Forces Command as well the location of its headquarters is announced, the sources said.
		The SFC, sources said, would be the country's second Tri Service Command and would function in coordination with the first one based in Andaman.
	www.rediff.com /news/2003/jan/07nuke.htm (422 words)

	India sets up Strategic Forces Command
		The command will, as of now, report to the chairman of the chiefs of staff committee, which comprises of all the three service heads.
		The command, the CCS said, will 'manage and administer' all 'nuclear and strategic forces'.
		The CCS said the Nuclear Command Authority will comprise a political council chaired by the prime minister and an executive council headed by the national security advisor.
	www.rediff.com /news/2003/jan/04nuke1.htm (423 words)

	India's Strategic Command
		Under the American law the command of nuclear weapon employment is vested with the President of the United States.
		India's nuclear weapons and nuclear forces must be mandatorily under the command and control of the highest political authority i.e.
		All strategic nuclear forces are to be commanded by the Chief of the Air Staff IAF.' In October 1998 Defence Minister George Fernandes had announced the formation of a separate Strategic Nuclear Command ostensibly as a result of the IDSA study.
	www.defencejournal.com /feb-mar99/india-strategic.htm (1136 words)

	The Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		B-52s, the backbone of America's strategic bomber force for more than 30 years, are based at Barksdale Air Force Base, La., and Minot Air Force Base, N.D. New to the bomber force is the B-2.
		Command and control aircraft include the Navy E-6B based at Tinker Air Force Base, OK, as well as the National Airborne Operations Center (E-4B) stationed at Offutt Air Force Base.
		This center is part of the National Military Command Center system with the primary NMCC located at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.
	www.strategic-air-command.com /gallery/future-use/theforces.htm (446 words)

	Center for Arms Control & Non-Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		U.S. forces must pose a credible deterrent to potential adversaries who haveaccess to modern military technology, including NBC weapons and the means to deliver themover long distances.
		This capability is key to the role of nuclear forces in supporting aneffective deterrence strategy relative to a broad spectrum of potential opponents under a variety of contingencies.
		That is, a sufficient number of forces must be available on short notice to counter known threats while preserving asmall, additional margin in the event of a surprise development.
	www.armscontrolcenter.org /2002summit/a2.html (3254 words)

	IPCS - India
		The speakers discussed different aspects of the nuclear doctrine, the nuclear command authority and the formation of the strategic forces command.
		The issue of how the SFC would integrate the nuclear weapons with the delivery vehicles during a conflict situation remains unanswered, but greater transparency would have implications for the stability of Indo-Pakistan ties.
		The Command Authority must be transparent, and the chain of command for the use of nuclear weapons should be made transparent.
	www.ipcs.org /India_seminars2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=945 (1560 words)

	Strategic Air Command alert ends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Strategic Air Command was conceived during the closing months of World War II by military planners who foresaw the long-term need for a credible U.S. nuclear deterrent force.
		The command was established in 1946 at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. and transferred to Offutt Air Force Base, Neb., Nov. 9, 1948.
		On June 1, 1992, with the Berlin Wall down, the Warsaw Pact a memory and the Soviet Union nonexistent, the Air Force stood down SAC during the reorganization of its tactical and strategic force.
	www.af.mil /history/spotlight.asp?storyID=123008783 (540 words)

	Strategic Affairs - Reportage
		His argument was that the Air Force must have a share in the new structures, which should give it one to one parity with the Army.
		The Strategic Forces Command, the repository of India's strategic nuclear assets, is being designed by Mr Arun Singh.
		A 1999 assessment of the working of the unified command asserts that several disparate security agencies operate within the overall CI grid under differing "rules of engagement" and "legislated authority" without the legislated means to induce coherence in implementing the CI management plan.
	www.stratmag.com /issue2Sep-1/page05.htm (2133 words)

	Strategic Command: European Theater for PC Review - PC Strategic Command: European Theater Review
		Strategic Command: European Theater is a simple and at times simplistic look at the epic sweep of World War II in Europe.
		Strategic Command's level of detail strikes a perfect balance between getting bogged down in too much detail and glossing over important historical factors.
		Strategic Command's coarse scale keeps the action manageable, but it causes a few historical problems.
	www.gamespot.com /pc/strategy/strategiccommandet/review.html (686 words)

	About Stratcom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Fourteenth Air Force provides space warfighting forces to USSTRATCOM, and is located at Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Fourteenth Air Force manages the generation and employment of space forces to support USSTRATCOM operational plans and missions.
		Fleet Forces Command, headquartered in Norfolk, Va., is the U.S. Navy component of U.S. Strategic Command.
		Fleet Forces Command is responsible for the entire Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the waters around Central and South America extending in the Pacific to the Galapagos Island.
	www.stratcom.mil /organization-svc_comp.html (515 words)

	Strategic Command and Control - Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces
		The Russian command system is poised to obtain nuclear weapons release authority within 10 minutes from the President, the Defense Minister, or the Chief of the General Staff, through the Cheget nuclear suitcase.
		A signal was sent to the Russian strategic forces to increase their combat readiness, but the crisis then ended.
		As of the late 1990s the command system and communications networks support nuclear operations, including launch on warning, were typically five or more years past due for overhaul and modernization, with some components ten or more years past their design life.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/c3i/index.html (1039 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: Cold War Report
		He was dismissed and replaced by Igor Sergeyev, the head of the strategic rocket forces -- a move crystallizing the new emphasis on nuclear deterrence.
		The U.S. strategic forces commander, Gen. Eugene Habiger, visited Russian command centers last fall and said they were "very much geared to a fail-safe mode" in which any command level "can inhibit a launch" of a missile.
		The rocket forces are also suffering shortages of trained personnel and severe social problems such as a lack of housing for 17,000 officers.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/shatter031598b.htm (1282 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C
		In order to ensure international strategic stability and security, allied command of the military-strategic forces and a single control over nuclear weapons will be preserved, the sides will respect each other's desire to attain the status of a non- nuclear and (or) neutral state.
		Until their destruction in full, nuclear weapons located on the territory of the Republic of Ukraine shall be under the control of the Combined Strategic Forces Command, with the aim that they not be used and be dismantled by the end of 1994, including tactical nuclear weapons by 1 July 1992.
		This agreement shall enter into force from the moment of its signing and shall be terminated by decision of the signatory states or the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html (1330 words)

	Global Beat: Unified Supreme Command Of Strategic Deterrence Forces Is A Source Of Contradictions In The Russian ...
		Theoretically, the project of a unified command set forth by Sergeyev should put an end to this sort of perverted bureaucratic nepotism and regulate the allocation of budgetary funding on developing all components of the nuclear triad within the framework of a coherent state policy.
		Assignment of the nuclear components of the Navy and the Air Force to the unified command is postponed until the completion of a detailed study of their possible mission within the new structure and until an appropriate Presidential Decree initiating the budgetary financing of the next stage of military reform.
		Moreover, there is a chance for the Armed Forces to carry out their principal duties and to have lesser impact on domestic politics due to aggravation of the national security situation (US enforcement actions, instability in Chechnya, NATO expansion to the east).
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/pubs/PIR0299.html (2253 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		With the cabinet committee on security’s approval of the appointment of a commander-in-chief for the Strategic Forces Command on January 3, 2003, there is now an official body that is to manage and administer all of India’s nuclear weapons.
		The recent announcement about the strategic forces command, for example, mentioned that the political council, headed by the PM, is the sole body that can authorise the use of nuclear weapons.
		This led one analyst to suggest that the Air Force may conduct pre-emptive strikes should it receive strategic warning that “enemy nuclear missiles are armed and ready for launch” and “not wait for them to be up in the sky”.
	www.epw.org.in /showArticles.php?root=2003&leaf=03&filename=5547&filetype=html (4170 words)

	Print Article - What the quota panel told the government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Strategic Forces Command is a tri-services formation that will combine land, sea and air-based platforms capable of delivering nuclear weapons, military sources told IANS.
		The chief of the Strategic Forces Command will report to the chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which comprises the chiefs of the three services, till the government appoints a chief of defence staff.
		In addition to commanding a fighter squadron in the eastern sector and two premier airbases in the western sector, Asthana has served with the IAF's prestigious Tactics and Combat Development Establishment.
	www.siliconindia.com /print_article.php?18201 (260 words)

	U.S. Strategic Command Command Center - United States Nuclear Forces
		The SAC headquarters underground command post was in construction during 1955-1957—simultaneous in its later stages with planning for the SAC bomber and tanker alert aprons and semi-subterranean crew quarters, the latter also known as moleholes.
		The SAC command post of the late Cold War was a 16,000 square-foot, two-story reinforced concrete structure, joined to the earlier command center.
		As the nerve center of the United States Strategic Command, the USSTRATCOM Command Center is prepared to transmit National Command Authority directives to strategic aircraft, submarines and missile forces.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/c3i/cmdctr.htm (1467 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation
		New Delhi, Dec. 30: The Indian defence establishment has evolved its own structure for a nuclear and strategic forces command and only a formal shape has to be assigned to it, outgoing army chief and chairman, chiefs of staff committee, General S. Padmanabhan, said here today.
		Defence ministry sources said the strategic forces command would be formalised shortly.
		It is possible that the announcement of the command being formed will be made by the Cabinet Committee on Security after the Prime Minister returns from his vacation in Goa.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1021231/asp/nation/story_1529866.asp (495 words)

	Authors-Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces-Russian Nuclear Forces
		He wrote the seventh chapter of the book, which deals with issues of strategic defense (part of it--in co-authorship with Pavel Podvig), and parts of the third chapter that deal with nuclear weapons development and handling.
		Igor Sutyagin was also directly involved in work on other parts of the third chapter and parts of the second chapter that are devoted to the strategic command and control.
		Maxim Tarasenko wrote the fourth chapter that is devoted to strategic land-based missile forces and parts of the fifth chapter that deal with sea-launched ballistic missiles.
	russianforces.org /book/authors.shtml (882 words)

	INDIA DEFINES HER STRATEGIC FRONTIERS: An Analysis
		It is only a matter of degree when initial strategic aspirations evolve into more precise policy formulations of ‘strategic frontiers” and the development of strategic assets, policy formulations and foreign policy initiatives to secure one’s ‘strategic frontiers’.
		Strategic Frontiers- The Concept: Strategic frontiers as a concept stood reflected in the policies of the two superpowers-the United States and USSR.
		Preparing India’s Armed Forces For Securing India’s Strategic Frontiers: The most important component of the concept of strategic frontiers is the willingness “ to commit military forces in pursuit of goals that it defines to be in its national interests”.
	www.saag.org /papers9/paper832.html (1364 words)

	ASIANaffairs
		Command and control is defined as the “exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission”.
		The command and control system for nuclear operations depends on the functions it must perform, the information it must collect and determine the facilities, personnel and equipment required to support the operations and the hostile threat that inhibits this performance.
		Therefore, the command and control vulnerability in the event of a decapitating strike will be most acute in the case of India.
	asianaffairs.com /feb2003/india_nuclear.htm (1731 words)

	The Future of Russian-U.S. Strategic Arms Reductions: START III and Beyond - The Summary Report. Day 3.
		Russia's third purpose in maintaining its tactical nuclear weapons force is to counter the threat of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
		NATO forces had tactical weapons deployed during the Cold War to make up for a perceived inferiority of forces, planning to use them as part of a series of controlled escalatory attacks.
		Fetter offered no proof of a disparity in the security of strategic versus tactical weapons, and the Russians were clearly offended at the implication that they are incompetent enough to let the security of their tactical weaponry be compromised.
	www.armscontrol.ru /transforming/day3.htm (4660 words)

	Pakistan Air Force \| Pakistan Defence
		Andrew Brookes analyses the Pakistan Air Force which, with the lifting of a Western arms embargo, is in the process of modernisation.
		The PAF commands divided their aircraft to form ‘Blue’ (PAF) and ‘Fox’ (IAF) Forces, and the PAF simulated the use of AIM-9P/L, R-550 Magic, R-Darter, Exocet, Maverick and cluster bomb weaponry.
		Its minimum nuclear deterrence relies on conventional forces holding the line for as long as it takes for nuclear warheads to be deployed forward and loaded as the PAF lacks a quick reaction alert capability.
	www.pakistaniforces.com /Pakistan_Air_Force (3009 words)

	Asia Times - India toys with its nuclear button
		The NCA consists of the Political Council, an Executive Council with recommendatory powers, and the Strategic Forces Command, composed of the representatives of the three services, which is meant to manage the nuclear arsenal.
		According to some other reports, a planned concrete underground bunker, where the nuclear command post is to be housed, is not yet ready, but it is under construction.
		India has plans to set up an alternative chain of nuclear command in case the normal, regular command is decapitated or otherwise unable to function during a crisis.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/EI04Df02.html (1050 words)

	DefenseLINK Unified Command Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Colo., Feb. 20, 2004 — A major hurricane, a nuclear accident and a nuclear detonation — all simulated, and all occurring in Texas — are among the challenges facing U.S. Northern Command forces during exercise Unified Defense '04.
		It is based at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla., and is responsible for an area from Pakistan to Egypt and from Kenya to Kazakhstan.
		The command stretches from South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope to Norway’s North Cape and from Iceland to Russia.
	www.defenselink.mil /specials/unifiedcommand/change.html (572 words)

	DefenseLINK-Unified Command Plan
		The Unified Command Plan establishes the missions and geographic responsibilities among the combatant commanders.
		U.S. Northern Command – new combatant command assigned to defend the United States and support military assistance to civil authorities.
		U.S. Joint Forces Command – focus became transforming U.S. military forces; geographic responsibilities shift to Northern and European commands.
	www.defenselink.mil /specials/unifiedcommand (308 words)

	Towards Greater Transparency: Strategic Forces Command of India (SSPC, New Delhi)
		The Strategic Forces Command of India, which forms part of country’s Nuclear Command Authority, is responsible for the management and administration of strategic and tactical nuclear arsenal.
		Two, the exact selection of the target area will be decided by the SFC through a calibrated, cumulative process involving various levels of decision-making and with formal approval by the Nuclear Command Authority at the highest level.
		Four, SFC’s Command, Control and Communication systems have been firmly established and the command has attained a high state of operationalisation with the objective of inflicting punitive retaliation to adversaries and in causing unacceptable damage to their infrastructure facilities.
	www.sspconline.org /article_details.asp?artid=art57 (728 words)

	International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > Pakistan’s Long Range Ballistic Missiles: A View From IDEAS
		In fact, the Pakistan Army Strategic Forces Command has used the all of the IDEAS shows to display its nuclear capable missiles.
		The Strategic Forces Command did not entertain questions about these missiles, but did offer a video that both summarized previously released missile test footage and provided new information.
		While this might be slightly comforting to some, the capability might also increase the temptation to use such missiles, inasmuch as Pakistani leaders might view their use as carrying a diminished risk of Indian nuclear retaliation.
	www.strategycenter.net /research/pubID.47/pub_detail.asp (2618 words)

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