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Topic: Strategic Nuclear Command

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	India's Strategic Command
		Under the American law the command of nuclear weapon employment is vested with the President of the United States.
		India's nuclear weapons and nuclear forces must be mandatorily under the command and control of the highest political authority i.e.
		All strategic nuclear forces are to be commanded by the Chief of the Air Staff IAF.' In October 1998 Defence Minister George Fernandes had announced the formation of a separate Strategic Nuclear Command ostensibly as a result of the IDSA study.
	www.defencejournal.com /feb-mar99/india-strategic.htm (1136 words)

	Nuclear Weapons in the Strategic Air Command Arsenal
		This chart describes all of the Strategic Nuclear Bombs designed to be carried by aircraft.
		Known as the "Brock," the Mark 12 was a light-weight nuclear weapon designed to carried by fighters and fighter-bombers.
		The Mark 36 was a two-stage TN strategic bomb.
	www.strategic-air-command.com /weapons/nuclear_bomb_chart.htm (1230 words)

	INDIA’S NUCLEAR COMMAND-PAK RESPONSE
		Formation of India’s nuclear command is with the objective to deny nuclear pre-emption and acquire second strike capability.
		But with the announcement of nuclear weaponization programmes and the creation of the Nuclear Command by India the danger of nuclear and missile arms race is bound to intensify.
		The xenophobia of BJP leaders against Pakistan and China, preparations for nuclear war, deployment of nuclear armed missiles along the borders under the new Nuclear Command cannot be ignored by Islamabad and Beijing.
	www.defencejournal.com /aug98/indianuclear.htm (2171 words)

	NRDC: The U.S. Nuclear War Plan - Executive Summary
		Initiated during the Eisenhower administration, the SIOP is the war plan that directs the employment of U.S. nuclear forces in any conflict or scenario, and is the basis for presidential decision-making regarding their use.
		One of the historic tenets of nuclear orthodoxy -- influential in inspiring the original SIOP -- was that countervalue attacks against cities and urban areas were "immoral" whereas counterforce attacks against Soviet (and later, Russian) nuclear forces were a better moral choice.
		The sole rational purpose for possessing nuclear weapons by the United States is to deter the use of nuclear weapons by another country.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/warplan/execsum.asp (1950 words)

	Strategic Command
		The command is one of nine U.S. unified commands under the Department of Defense.
		The command is responsible for both early warning of and defense against missile attack and long-range conventional attacks.
		The command is charged with deterring and defending against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/agency/stratcom.htm (996 words)

	Congress Should Back Bush Administration Plans to Update Nuclear Weapons Policy and Forces
		The nuclear command and control system must also allow the delivery of nuclear weapons to their designated targets in a timely manner, particularly if those targets are mobile and therefore time-sensitive.
		Therefore, after the doctrine is approved as expected, regional commands, the U.S. Strategic Command, the Joint Staff, and DOD civilian leaders will—and ought to—conduct detailed assessments of the requirements for nuclear stability in specific regions.
		Given that nuclear command and control, by definition, must be able to operate in a nuclear environment, protecting it against the effects of EMP should be the highest priority in the retrofitting process.
	www.heritage.org /Research/NationalSecurity/bg1890.cfm (5332 words)

	Defence: Not trigger-happy; Jan 19, 2003 The Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Coded orders would then go to the commander-in-chief of the strategic nuclear command (probably Air Marshal T.M. Asthana) who is going to be the custodian of all nuclear bombs and missiles, whether they are launched from ground, air or sea.
		One problem, which may be sorted out soon, is that it is still not clear how the strategic forces command (which would be the second tri-service command after the one in the Andamans) would operate.
		Driven by concern that Pakistan and its nuclear weapons may at some time fall under the control of religious fundamentalists, jihadis or terrorists, the Americans are reportedly working on ways to neutralise the weapons if the need arises.
	www.the-week.com /23jan19/events5.htm (1453 words)

	NRDC: Nuclear Data - Table of US Strategic Nuclear Forces, 2002
		There are extensive and expensive plans to revitalize U.S. nuclear forces, and all the elements that support them, within a so-called "New Triad" of capabilities that combine nuclear and conventional offensive forces with missile defenses supported by a revitalized nuclear weapons infrastructure.
		Despite this proven reliability, DOD says that the current flight test level, which is set by Strategic Command, is the "minimum acceptable to meet weapon system reliability requirements." STRATCOM's analysis suggests that it may be necessary to increase flight test requirements in the future.
		The U.S. retains approximately 1,620 non-strategic nuclear weapons, consisting of 1,300 B61 gravity bombs of three modifications and 320 Tomahawk Land-Attack Cruise Missiles (TLAM/N), a portion of which are in reserve or inactive.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/nudb/datab11.asp (4699 words)

	India to hand over N-command in June -DAWN - Top Stories; April 26, 2002
		NEW DELHI, April 25: India’s nuclear command and control system will be placed under a new strategic nuclear command (SNC) structure by June, The Hindustan Times reported on Thursday, quoting senior defence ministry sources.
		The first commander-in-chief of the SNC is likely to be from the Indian air force (IAF), “which had gone ballistic at the decision to hand over the Agni to the army,” the Times said.
		The air force has nursed ambitions of being the sole custodian of India’s nuclear assets, and when it was denied the pre-eminence it sought, had opposed the integration of higher defence management under the chief of defence staff.
	www.dawn.com /2002/04/26/top3.htm (387 words)

	Repairing the Regime: Chapter Nine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The BJP evidently long ago concluded that an overt nuclear posture was necessary to confront the Chinese threat, and virtually the whole of Pakistan's defense structure, from conventional to nuclear capabilities, has been a response to the perceived threat from India.
		For some, nuclear weapons provide a unifying symbol of Pakistani statehood, but just as the unifying symbol of Islam was by itself insufficient to hold the state together in the 1970-1971 crisis, so too will the symbol of nuclear weapons be insufficient to hold the country together.
		The services have recently proposed that a National Command Authority be established as a high level command institution, with a National Strategic Nuclear Command reporting to it and comprised of military and technical personnel.
	www.ceip.org /files/projects/npp/resources/RepairingtheRegimeCh9.htm (5417 words)

	rediff.com: Indian strategic nuclear command to be in place next month
		India's Strategic Nuclear Command is expected to be in place by next month, four years after the country conducted underground tests and declared itself a nuclear-state.
		The Strategic Nuclear Command, which will be commanded by the Indian Air Force and based in Thiruvananthapuram, currently the headquarters of the IAF Southern Air Command, will function under the aegis of the newly created Integrated Defence Staff, the Jane's Defence Weekly has said quoting official sources.
		A large proportion of the SNC's air and sea-based assets will eventually be based on the Andaman and Nicobar island in the Bay of Bengal, headquarters of India's first tri-service command established last October," the sources said.
	www.rediff.com /news/2002/may/23nuke.htm (203 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: The day after
		Nearly four months after India conducted its nuclear tests, the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government has not taken any concrete steps to set up the proposed National Security Council and establish a nuclear command system despite repeated requests from the Chiefs of Staff Committee.
		While the Bharatiya Janata Party government is still uncertain about whose finger should be on the nuclear button, the chiefs of the army, navy and air force -- impatient about the delay -- have once again submitted their proposals on the subject to the prime minister.
		Therefore, security analysts insist that with India committed to a nuclear no-first use policy, a staggered and hierarchical nuclear command system is a fundamental requirement.
	www.rediff.com /news/1998/sep/07bomb.htm (810 words)

	Defense deal risks triad - nuclear arms reductions talks Insight on the News - Find Articles
		In the absence of a true strategic defense that would prevent a hostile first strike from reaching its targets, the United States has defended itself in the nuclear age through the threat of a retaliatory strike.
		This alliance has been criticized both on strategic and moral grounds across the political spectrum, but at least one comment can be made in its defense: It has worked.
		Russia held a strategic nuclear command-and-control test on Oct. 3, 1996, according to the news agency Itar-Tass.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n7_v13/ai_19147781 (937 words)

	Nuclear Strategy Reform
		Yet, as nuclear arms control finds post-Cold War force levels and the disarmament process grind to a halt to preserve enduring stockpiles indefinitely, it is in the nuclear planning reform that the characteristics of nuclear deterrence in the 21st Century are to be found.
		As is the case with nuclear planning against Russia, the revolutionary concept of the "living SIOP" also profoundly impacted the capability to engage WMD proliferators on a global scale.
		Until they make a compelling case that nuclear force is not necessary for successful deterrence, it is not in the nation’s interest to forswear the uncertainty as to how we would respond to clear and dangerous threats of other weapons of mass destruction.
	www.nautilus.org /archives/nukepolicy/USA/StratRef.html (6793 words)

	Strategic Air Command : SAC
		The Strategic Air Command or SAC was the branch of the United States Air Force in charge of America's non-submarine-based nuclear arsenal.
		The Strategic Air Command symbolized the cornerstone of American national strategic policy, namely, mutual assured destruction of the Soviet Union and nuclear deterrence of other nuclear powers.
		In 1992, after the collapse of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall, SAC was combined with the Naval nuclear forces to form the U.S. Strategic Command[?].
	www.fastload.org /sa/SAC.html (146 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Eliminating Nuclear Weapons: Speech by Paul Keating
		So although nuclear weapons had been conceived for a different conflict, we assumed that because the Cold War was over, the weapons that defined it had miraculously disappeared as well.
		The Cold War had ended, all the declared nuclear powers were at least on speaking terms, and the proliferation of nuclear weapons had for the time being been reasonably contained.
		The immediate steps proposed included taking nuclear forces off alert; removing warheads from delivery vehicles; ending the deployment of non-strategic nuclear weapons; ending nuclear testing; initiating another round of negotiations between the US and Russia to reduce their arsenals; and a joint agreement by nuclear-weapons States not to be the first to use nuclear weapons.
	www.acronym.org.uk /32keat.htm (3233 words)

	Strategic Air Command alert ends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Strategic Air Command was conceived during the closing months of World War II by military planners who foresaw the long-term need for a credible U.S. nuclear deterrent force.
		The command was established in 1946 at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. and transferred to Offutt Air Force Base, Neb., Nov. 9, 1948.
		Standing continuous alert for the rest of the Cold War, the command's bombers and land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles joined the U.S. Navy sea-launched ballistics missiles to form the nation's strategic triad.
	www.af.mil /history/spotlight.asp?storyID=123008783 (540 words)

	C3: Nuclear Command, Control Cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bruce Blair—author of the book’s preface, president of the Center for Defense Information, and a nuclear strategist in his own right—asserts that the form of Russian negative control is more stable than the American system of permission, action, links, and codes.
		Author Valery Yarynich, who served in the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces and then advised members of the Russian Duma on defense matters, is a well-known figure on the American academic-lecture circuit.
		Operating under the principle of launch-on-warning, the Russian command system is poised to obtain authority for the release of nuclear weapons within 10 minutes from the president, defense minister, or chief of the General Staff.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/bookrev/yarynich.html (704 words)

	Strategic Command and Control - Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces
		The Russian command system is poised to obtain nuclear weapons release authority within 10 minutes from the President, the Defense Minister, or the Chief of the General Staff, through the Cheget nuclear suitcase.
		As of the late 1990s the command system and communications networks support nuclear operations, including launch on warning, were typically five or more years past due for overhaul and modernization, with some components ten or more years past their design life.
		Periodically the central command system would go into a "loss of regime" mode, which is a neutral position where it could not send out commands.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/c3i (1039 words)

	Nuclear Surety
		As pressure to reduce operation and maintenance funds becomes more intense, there is an increased need to assure that the impact of those reductions are addressed so that any impact on safety, security, or operational readiness are understood and that any effect on the continued role of submarine launched missiles is considered.
		The Program provides direct support to Strategic Systems Programs at each of the Operational Safety Reviews, which are three-week-long evaluations of all facets of each nuclear weapons system and which take place every five years.
		Finally, the Program has resident expertise in nuclear command and control procedures and advises routinely on how to utilize, modify, or exercise them.
	www.jhuapl.edu /areas/strategic/nuclear.asp (256 words)

	Repairing the Regime: Nuclear Relations in South Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Some Indian analysts argue that in situations of nuclear asymmetry, a nuclear armed state may "flmail" another, that is, threaten a non-nuclear state without fear of retaliation.
		The services have proposed that a National Command Authority be established as a high level command institution, with a National Strategic Nuclear Command reporting to it and comprising military and technical personnel.
		With the move from a covert to an overt nuclear status, it may be all the more important that the management of nuclear capabilities not be excessively compartmented, in order to ensure against accidental or unauthorized use.
	www.ceip.org /programs/npp/RegimeSouthAsia.htm (6526 words)

	C3: Nuclear Command, Control Cooperation Air & Space Power Journal - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bruce Blair--author of the book's preface, president of the Center for Defense Information, and a nuclear strategist in his own right--asserts that the form of Russian negative control is more stable than the American system of permission, action, links, and codes.
		In C3 he describes the workings of Soviet nuclear command and control, from its origins in the intermediate missile force in the 1950s to its maturity in the 1970s.
		Once activated, these systems can start a countdown to launch nuclear weapons in the event the entire Moscow command structure is destroyed.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0NXL/is_4_18/ai_n9485456 (730 words)

	Strategic Air Command Headquarters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This project was completed in August 1998 and resulted in the book Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 edited by Stephen I. Schwartz.
		To provide some protection against the effects of a Soviet nuclear strike, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) decided to bury its new headquarters building underground at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha, Nebraska.
		On June 1, 1992, SAC became the U.S. Strategic Command.
	www.brook.edu /FP/projects/nucwcost/sac.htm (251 words)

	CLG Forum
		Some may choose to act in civil resistance (or divine obedience) and risk arrest and jail by "trespassing," or violating the delusion that passes for security around the nuclear planners.
		The Des Moines Catholic Worker, the Spirit of Peace Community in Omaha and Catholic Peace Ministry invite you to Omaha August 6-9 to witness against terrorism at Offutt Air Force Base's STRATCOM, the US strategic nuclear command, a place from which acts of terror are planned and carried out.
		On August 6, 1945, one of the worst single acts of terrorism in history was perpetrated against the civilian population of Hiroshima, Japan, killing more than 100,000 victims.
	www.legitgov.org /discus/messages/569/3125.html?1025354332 (558 words)

	SANDNet Weekly Update, May 03, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Indian cabinet has approved placing the country's nuclear arsenal under the new Strategic Nuclear Command.
		In his essay for the Daily News, M V Ramana argues that "joint action on the part of the international community" needed for strengthening the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty "may not be forthcoming."
		Franklin Hagenbeck, the US General commanding ground forces in Afghanistan, has warned the warlords not to threaten Karzai's government.
	www.nautilus.org /VietnamFOIA/archives/sand/Updates2001/V3N16.html (1246 words)

	Strategic Air Command
		Robert "Dutch" Holland, a suburban-dwelling baseball player with a military past who is recalled to Air Force duty when the Strategic Air Command finds itself with a few pilots too few in the midst of the Cold War.
		With the impending threat of nuclear aggression from the USSR, Holland returns to service without hesitation, but at the price of considerable stress on his wife (June Allyson).
		This flight adventure about the bravery and commitment of bomber pilots also acts as a rousing piece of American propaganda from a closed chapter in U.S. military history.
	www.rottentomatoes.com /m/strategic_air_command (351 words)

	Nuclear Issues - Links
		International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
		Excerpts of the 2002 U.S. Nuclear Posture Review
		National Intelligence Council Report: Annual Report to Congress on the Safety and Security of Russian Nuclear Facilities and Military Forces
	www.cdi.org /nuclear/links.cfm (113 words)

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