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Topic: Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

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	Nuclear Arms Cuts - CDI Russia Weekly #223
		The new treaty is a non-standard document, as proved by its name, Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions, that covers the reduction of warheads, delivery vehicles and all other systems and equipment that determine the ability of strategic offensive weapons to fulfil their tasks.
		Russia proceeded from the belief that the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the USA were excessive and hence it would be reasonable to agree on the mutual reduction of nuclear weapons of the strategic deterrence forces.
		Unlike its "predecessors," the new treaty is a short document of barely three pages that formalised several key provisions on which the sides had come to the agreement.
	www.cdi.org /Russia/223-9.cfm (860 words)

	Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions: Status, Comments, Expert Opinions
		Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT) was signed by Russian and US presidents at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002.
		Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RUssian Federation on the Adoption by State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of a Federal Law on Ratification of the Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Strategic Offensive Reductions, May 14, 2003.
		The Statement by the State Duma on an Attitude of the State Duma on Strategic Offensive Reductions and Coordination Measures on Activities of Government Bodies of the Russian Federation in the Area of Strategic Offensive Reductions, May 14, 2003.
	www.armscontrol.ru /start/sort.htm (2045 words)

	Disarmament Documentation: US-Russia Summit, Moscow and St. Petersburg, May 23-26
		The Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Strategic Offensive Reductions proceeds from the recognition of their commitment to the goal of strengthening mutual relations by cooperation.
		The Treaty by referring to the Joint Statement of the Russian and US Presidents in Genoa on July 22, 2001, reconfirms the principle of the interconnection of strategic offensive and defensive arms.
		The new SOR Treaty is a legally binding document envisaging joint, not unilateral reductions by almost two-thirds of the strategic nuclear arsenals of the two largest nuclear powers of the world and, moreover, opening up the prospect for further advancement along this road.
	www.acronym.org.uk /docs/0205/doc07.htm (5708 words)

	CCC - New Arms Pact and the Post-Cold War Arms Agenda
		Strategic Insights is a monthly electronic journal produced by the Center for Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.
		The treaty requires cutting deployed strategic warheads from approximately 6000 on each side today to between 1700 and 2200 by the end of 2012.
		In contrast to earlier treaties, the agreement allows both sides complete freedom to choose the types and mix of delivery vehicles on which their permitted warheads will be deployed.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/july02/nukes.asp (1833 words)

	On the New US-Russian Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions ...
		First of all, one should have a clear understanding that Russian strategic nuclear forces are going through a very difficult period; not this is only due to economical problems and the Russian General Staff's position, but also due to the natural aging of systems in the years the Treaty is planned to be in force.
		However, under the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions the United States is ready to reduce its deployed nuclear forces to a level approximately three times lower than the current one (in compliance with START I) and thus committing to have approximately as much strategic offensive arms on active service as Russia will actually have.
		The START Treaty was the breakthrough in nuclear threat reduction and the parties have been complying with it for seven years regardless of the fact that it assumes the "reconstitution potential" availability either.
	www.iss.niiit.ru /pub-eng/pub-06.htm (1059 words)

	Russia
		The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (Moscow Treaty) obligates the United States and the Russian Federation to reduce the total number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads to a level not exceeding 1,700-2,200 for each party.
		In contrast to earlier strategic arms control treaties, it places no restrictions on the composition of individual components of the two countries' nuclear triads, with the exception of reaffirming the restrictions introduced in the START I treaty.
		The reductions are to be fully implemented by 31 December 2012.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/treaties/mtdesc.htm (260 words)

	Arsenal and Treaties
		The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, signed by U.S. President Bush and Russian President Putin in May 2002 requires that the two sides reduce their nuclear arsenals to between 1,700 and 2,200 warheads by the end of 2012.
		Treaties continued to be proposed as a means of achieving the global elimination of nuclear weapons.
		Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
	www.zero-nukes.org /arsenalsandtreaties.html (1697 words)

	US-Russian Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (As Delivered)
		The Moscow Treaty is one important element of a new strategic framework, which involves a broad array of cooperative efforts in political, economic and security areas.
		The United States will implement the Treaty by reducing its operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to between 1700-2200 through the removal of warheads from missiles and their launchers and from heavy-bomber bases, and by removing some missiles, launchers, and bombers from operational service.
		For purposes of this Treaty, the United States considers operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to be reentry vehicles on intercontinental ballistic missiles and their launchers, reentry vehicles on submarine launched ballistic missiles and their launchers on board submarines, and nuclear armaments loaded on heavy bombers or stored in weapons storage areas of heavy bomber bases.
	www.state.gov /secretary/former/powell/remarks/2002/11743.htm (3439 words)

	NTI: WMD 411
		The first of these agreements were the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) (officially known as the Interim Agreement on Certain Measures with Respect to the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms) and the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM).
		Proponents of strategic arms control and disarmament contend that the nuclear arsenals built by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War far exceed what is needed to ensure U.S. and Russian security today.
		While several strategic arms control treaties were concluded between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, the continued practice of deploying large nuclear arsenals calls into question the commitment that the nuclear powers have to upholding the NPT.
	www.nti.org /f_wmd411/f2b2.html (532 words)

	The Moscow Treaty
		This is done through a resolution of ratification, which in general does not change the treaty itself (as that would require renegotiation with the treaty’s other signors) but can include conditions that place requirements on the administration and on US implementation of the treaty.
		The Moscow Treaty requires the United States and the Russian Federation to reduce their number of operationally deployed strategic warheads to between 1,700 and 2,200 each by December 31, 2012.
		Moreover, the Treaty is set to expire on the same day when the deployed warheads must reach agreed-upon levels.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_weapons/the-moscow-treaty.html (1034 words)

	CNS - The Duma Ratifies the Moscow Treaty
		The last-minute attempt by the Communist Party on the morning of May 14 to drop the Moscow Treaty from the agenda failed,[9] and the treaty was ratified during the afternoon session.
		In a statement during the hearings on May 14, Minister of Defense Sergei Ivanov emphasized the intention of the military to fully utilize this feature of the treaty.[12] Russia's ability to fully utilize new opportunities is limited, however, by insufficient funding and the continuing intrigues inside the military establishment.
		Ratification of the Moscow Treaty by the Duma was widely expected and, in a sense, inevitable given the high interest of the government, including and especially President Putin, in that treaty.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/sort.htm (1651 words)

	Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty Press Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		I mean the signature of the treaty between Russia on strategic defensive reductions and, first of all, this document.
		And the treaty is setting a period of time in the rear-view mirror of both countries.
		PRESIDENT PUTIN: As regards the parity, the parity relationship of sorts, the weight of military potentials and nuclear potential, and so on, so forth, each state would have its own strategy of development of what you refer to as nuclear deterrent process.
	www.armscontrolcenter.org /nukes/sortpress.html (3681 words)

	USCCB - Moscow Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops welcomes the new treaty on strategic nuclear weapons, and prays that will not be seen as an end but as one of many steps that must be taken if we are to achieve the goal of a mutual, verifiable global ban on nuclear weapons.
		Our perspective on this treaty is derived from our moral analysis of the nuclear predicament which the world has faced for more than half a century.
		Finally, this treaty and U.S. nuclear policy generally must be connected to the special responsibility of the United States and other nuclear powers to use their influence and resources to lead in the construction of a more just and stable international order.
	www.usccb.org /sdwp/international/tstjul23.htm (1267 words)

	Americans For Democratic Action and ADA Ed. Fund
		The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) signed on May 24, 2002 still allows the United States to deploy 1700-2200 strategic warheads, which matches the limit of 1,500-2,000 warheads that was proposed under START III.
		Since the treaty values the overall non-proliferation regime with treaty verifiability, it is not only important for a safe United States nuclear deterrent, but also for global non-proliferation efforts.
		This monitoring system- similar to that which is included in the SORT treaty- involves a consultation and clarification process, on-site inspections and confidence building measures.
	www.adaction.org /pubs/457missiledefense.html (595 words)

	Nuclear Arms Control: The U.S.-Russian Agenda
		In November 2000, President Putin outlined a new proposal for reductions in offensive forces, stating that Russia would be willing to reduce to 1,500 warheads or lower if the United States remained committed to the ABM Treaty.
		However, the Treaty stated that the parties could not give these types of defenses the capabilities to counter strategic ballistic missiles or their elements in flight trajectory.
		During their meeting in June 2001, Presidents Bush and Putin agreed to hold "intensive consultations on the interrelated subjects of offensive and defensive systems." Many observers interpreted this statement to mean the two sides would begin negotiations on a new agreement limiting offensive nuclear weapons and on possible amendments or modifications to the ABM Treaty.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/NHC/nuke.htm (9025 words)

	Tactical nukes next up in arms-control agenda?
		Even as President Bush and Russian Premier Putin signed the "Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty" last month committing both nations to slash their strategic nuclear arsenals from 6,000 warheads to a maximum of 2,200, arms control analysts worried over a number of other pressing concerns related to nuclear weapons reduction and proliferation.
		Though the new treaty, signed on May 24, begins one of the largest reductions in strategic nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Cold War, the new agreement does not address the large number of lower-yield "tactical" nuclear warheads that both sides maintain.
		And however welcome is this large-scale reduction in at least the accessibility of strategic nuclear warheads, the agreement has been reached at a time when the Bush administration has shown a renewed interest in nuclear arms testing and the development of a new generation of tactical nuclear weapons, so-called mini-nukes.
	salt.claretianpubs.org /sjnews/2002/06/sjn0206e.html (986 words)

	Disarmament Documentation: US Senate Approves Moscow Treaty, March 6
		The Treaty was approved by the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee on February 5, and by the full Senate on March 6 by a vote of 95 to 0.
		Two proposed amendments to the adoption resolution were defeated: the first, requiring Senate approval of any US decision to withdraw from the treaty, by 50 votes to 44; the second, requiring annual reports to the Senate on treaty compliance, by 50 votes to 45.
		The Moscow Treaty, negotiated by Presidents Bush and Putin in May 2002, reduces operationally-deployed strategic nuclear warheads to a level of between 1,700 and 2,200 by December 31, 2012.
	www.acronym.org.uk /docs/0303/doc03.htm (1016 words)

	Pravda.RU Treaty on Strategic Offensive arms Reduction to be ratified at long last
		The SOR Treaty between the Russian Federation and the USA was signed by Vladimir Putin and George Bush in Moscow on May 24th, 2002 in the course of the Russian-U.S. summit.
		In essence, the SOR Treaty is the first disarmament document on reduction of the nuclear potentials of Russia and the USA with the George Bush administration.
		On June 20, 2002 George Bush sent the text of the SOR Treaty to the U.S. Senate, and the Senate of the U.S. Congress unanimously ratified the Treaty on March 6, 2003.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2003/05/14/46911.html (1947 words)

	MOSCOW TREATY, MAN-PORTABLE AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS AMONG ISSUES, AS DISARMAMENT COMMITTEE APPROVES FIVE TEXTS
		Expected to be acted on under cluster 1, which concerns nuclear weapons, is a draft on bilateral strategic nuclear arms reductions and the new strategic framework.
		A draft resolution on bilateral strategic nuclear arms reductions and the new strategic framework (document A/C.1/59/L.56), sponsored by the Russian Federation and the United States, would have the Assembly welcome the entry into force of the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (Moscow Treaty).
		Appreciating the data provided by the sponsors in the draft, she, nevertheless, stated that it was difficult for the Assembly to verify those numbers.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2004/gadis3290.doc.htm (1824 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Moscow Treaty Reflects New Relationship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bush and Putin announced their intentions to reduce their operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads by some two-thirds, to between 1,700 and 2,200 weapons.
		Rumsfeld pointed out that the treaty was reached without the prolonged negotiations of previous arms control agreements.
		The Moscow Treaty is just one element of the growing relationship between the two countries that involves "not just security, but also increasing political, economic, diplomatic, cultural and other forms of cooperation," the secretary said.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jul2002/n07252002_200207253.html (682 words)

	Bush, Putin sign arms reduction treaty
		Hailed as the beginning of a new relationship between the former Cold War foes, the Treaty calls for each state to reduce its deployed strategic nuclear weapons to approximately one third of the current level.
		The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty is the product of several meetings between the two states over the past year – beginning with Bush’s offer in Crawford, Texas of unilateral reductions.
		The Treaty does not outline or limit the final composition of each state’s arsenal, so long as the aggregate number of weapons does not exceed the total number prescribed.
	www.ploughshares.ca /libraries/monitor/monj02j.html (454 words)

	Open CRS Network - CRS Reports for the People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On May 24, 2002, President Bush and Russia's President Putin signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (known as the Treaty of Moscow) that will reduce strategic nuclear weapons to between 1,700 and 2,200 warheads by December 31, 2012.
		The first limits each side to 1,700-2,200 strategic nuclear warheads, but states that the parties can determine the structure of their forces themselves.
		Under the new Treaty, the United States is likely to retain the same force structure planned for START II, which would have limited each side to 3,500 warheads.
	opencrs.cdt.org /document/RL31448 (535 words)

	India congratulates Presidents of the Russian Federation and the United States on conclusion of the Strategic Offensive ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		India congratulates President Putin and President Bush for concluding the Strategic Offensive Reductions (SOR) Treaty and the Declaration on New Strategic Relations between the Russian Federation and the United States of America in Moscow yesterday.
		This Declaration and SOR Treaty are path breaking historical developments marking an abandonment of the vestiges of the Cold War.
		It is our expectation that the establishment of a new strategic relationship between Russia and the United States would pave the way for the creation of enduring structures of cooperative international security and global strategic stability.
	meaindia.nic.in /pressrelease/2002/05/25pr1.htm (215 words)

	Kirsch Foundation Nuclear Disarmament
		The ABM Treaty between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union was signed, ratified and entered into force in 1972, as a result of SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.) The ABM Treaty's fundamental purpose was to prevent deployment of territory-wide defenses against strategic ballistic missiles.
		Specifically, this treaty stated that the U.S. and Soviet Union could only have two ABM deployment areas located in such a way as to constrain a nationwide ABM defense or prevent the development of one.
		In 1976, the treaty was amended to reduce the number of ABM deployment areas from two to one.
	www.kirschfoundation.org /care/nuc_treaties.html (2800 words)

	U.S. nuclear forces, 2003 \| thebulletin.org
		The Alaska was certified for strategic service in early May 2002, and after loading its complement of Trident II D5s, deployed to Bangor, Washington, in July 2002.
		Only recently was it revealed that a third strategic bomber, the B-1B, had been maintained as nuclear capable; the air force had described it as "conventional only." When the NPR ordered an end to the B-1B's nuclear capability, the deception came to an end.
		Studies for a new strategic bomber to replace the B-1B, B-2A, and B-52H began in 1998.
	www.thebulletin.org /article_nn.php?art_ofn=mj03norris (3021 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		During a closed-door session on 14 May, State Duma deputies voted by 294 to 194 to ratify the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, which was signed by U.S. President George W. Bush and President Vladimir Putin last May and approved by the U.S. Senate in March, Russian media reported.
		Under the treaty, the two countries will reduce their nuclear arsenals to 1,700-2,200 warheads by the end of 2012.
		Powell told Putin that the Duma's ratification of the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty is proof that the two countries can work together to resolve the most pressing international problems.
	www.rferl.org /newsline/2003/05/1-RUS/rus-150503.asp (2199 words)

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