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Topic: Strategic ambiguity

	School of Communication
		Strategic ambiguity, generally accepted as the multiple interpretation and /or meaning of messages, was explored within a persuasive setting.
		The use of strategic ambiguity in sales communication may be a direct outcome of a competitive global marketplace.
		This study incorporated and experimental research design in which the subjects responded to a strategically ambiguous sales message with respect to their perceptions of abstraction, omission, multiple meanings, expected courses of action, ethics, and cognitive demand.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /comm/AbsPreview.asp?ThesisID=75 (215 words)

	Policy of deliberate ambiguity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A policy of deliberate ambiguity (also known as a policy of strategic ambiguity) is the practice by a nation of being intentionally ambiguous on certain aspects of its foreign policy or whether it possesses certain weapons of mass destruction.
		It may be useful if they have contrary foreign and domestic policy goals, or if they want to take advantage of risk aversion to abet a deterrence strategy.
		The US and several other nations have long felt a need to be ambiguous regarding Taiwan; see Foreign relations of the Republic of China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity (297 words)

	Richard Lugar, "Timely exit for ambiguity," <i>The Washington Times,</i> 17 May 2001
		But strategic ambiguity must be re-examined now in light of the well-publicized Chinese military modernization effort and the specific Chinese buildup of missile capability that is designed to intimidate Taiwan.
		Strategic ambiguity is unlikely, at this stage in history, to further that objective.
		Maintaining strategic ambiguity as if nothing has changed would be an attempt to have an American foreign and defense policy on the cheap with a minimum of planning, commitment or expense.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/china/lugar.htm (705 words)

	IS-Niou-0400
		Strategic ambiguity, the long-standing US dual deterrence policy toward the security issue in the Taiwan Straits, has come under attack in recent years, especially since the PRC’s bellicose display of military aggression during their missile tests in 1996.
		Indeed, strategic ambiguity is not even a policy that is unique to the policy framework of the TRA and the three communiqués.
		However, inasmuch as its intent is to abolish strategic ambiguity in favor of a policy that, in spirit, clearly suggests an outright commitment to the defense of Taiwan, the TSEA may reduce the overall ambiguity of the US foreign policy.
	taiwansecurity.org /IS/IS-Niou-0400.htm (13899 words)

	AEI - Short Publications
		When push came to shove, the polite fiction of “strategic ambiguity” was thrown aside for the reason that America’s position as guarantor of regional security rested upon its willingness to protect Taiwan.
		Somehow, the perverse view persists that Taipei--prosperous, democratic, the strategic lynchpin of East Asia, and the most potent symbol of the United States’ ability to guarantee the safety of its allies even in the face of a communist colossus--and not Beijing, is the problem.
		“Strategic ambiguity” has, in fact, been a dead letter since the crises of 1995 and 1996, when the Clinton administration was forced to respond to the Chinese “missile blockade” of Taiwan.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.20220/pub_detail.asp (2892 words)

	East Asia
		For the next two decades, strategic ambiguity and the policy of limiting arms sales to Taiwan had one purpose: to keep the Taiwanese in a constant state of fear.
		Strategic ambiguity was the key pillar of the new Sino-American relationship, for without it Beijing would correctly view America's "One China" policy as hooey.
		Strategic ambiguity was on its deathbed after the Clinton administration sent two aircraft carriers to defend Taiwan against Chinese missile rattling in 1996.
	www.newamericancentury.org /china-20010430.htm (956 words)

	WSJ: Enough with strategic ambiguity
		It is a prime example of ambiguity fueling grievance, which will stoke in Beijing thoughts of revenge and demands for some demeaning diplomatic compensation from the Bush administration for both the arms sale and his audacious presentation of the strategic truth of the U.S. presence in the Pacific.
		The proximate cause of ambiguity's demise is China's apparent determination to achieve overwhelming military superiority sufficient to destroy Taiwan's infrastructure and defenses, even without an invasion.
		The most likely outcome of continuing strategic ambiguity would be a steadily increasing military imbalance across the Taiwan Strait, with China's missiles and threats of force eventually bringing significant political and economic instability to the island democracy.
	www.taiwandc.org /wsj-2001-12.htm (860 words)

	The Center for Security Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Strategic ambiguity is a dangerous policy, because uncertainty risks war.
		A security policy of strategic ambiguity is the opposite of a policy of peace through strength: it risks war through weakness.
		But even ambiguity doesn't quite capture the Clinton policy, which is, even more than ambiguous, uncertain and unpredictable.
	www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org /index.jsp?section=papers&code=97-P_162at1 (1580 words)

	Strategic Clarity's Muddled Offspring - Council on Foreign Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		China might be a potential— or imagined— strategic competitor in the long term, but under current geopolitical circumstances, winning its active cooperation on the very real problems facing the U.S. is critically important.
		Critics of the longstanding policy of strategic ambiguity have argued that deterrence requires clear statements about what kind of activity will trigger retaliation.
		A bit of ambiguity about the extent of U.S. commitment to defend Taiwan would minimize the possibility of miscalculation or manipulation by either side.
	www.cfr.org /publication/6607/strategic_claritys_muddled_offspring.html (1102 words)

	Society of Biblical Literature
		In classic film noir (what the film industry itself termed the "psychological thrillers" of the early 1940s and 1950s), ambiguity appears in many forms: for example, its visual style (unusual and unexpected camera angles with unconventional frame composition), narratorial judgment (or rather lack of it), story gaps, and linguistic play.
		Ambiguity answers "the need for expressivity under a regime ofÂ…formal rationalities, and the need to protect privacy in a world of extended central controls" (40, my italics).
		To "read" them closely is to engage with ambiguity borne not of "sloppy thinking," but of rigor, tolerance of multivocality, and willingness to question conventions and norms.
	www.sbl-site.org /Article.aspx?ArticleId=393 (1944 words)

	Adieu
		Toward the end of April 2001, Bush departed from the long-standing U.S. policy of strategic ambiguity on the PRC-Taiwan conflict and stated that his administration would do “whatever it took to help Taiwan defend herself,” including the deployment of American troops in case of China’s invasion.
		It is indeed the sign of time that the same President Bush, who, back in April 2001, shelved strategic ambiguity and threatened China with military action on the Taiwan Straits conflict, has now asked Taiwan not to hold that referendum.
		Those include a heightened status as a strategic partner, pressure on Taiwan to forego the referendum, and no retaliatory U.S. action against Beijing’s refusal to abandon the policy of flexible exchange rates that is artificially keeping the value of Chinese currency low, thereby keeping a downward pressure on the Chinese goods.
	www.ehsanahrari.com /html/adieu.html (914 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Editorial
		Of these elements, strategic clarity might be the most controversial because it would be a distinct departure from the strategic ambiguity adopted by presidents from Nixon through Clinton.
		Strategic ambiguity may have served its purpose when China was a minor power.
		American strategic ambiguity cannot prevent that miscalculation but strategic clarity could, to everyone's benefit as history has shown that miscalculation is the most frequent cause of war.
	starbulletin.com /2001/04/29/editorial/halloran.html (759 words)

	Strategic Insights -- The Goal of North Korean Brinkmanship: Mediation
		Strategic Insights is a monthly electronic journal produced by the Center for Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.
		Pyongyang uses a creative version of strategic ambiguity that takes advantage of the gaps in South Korean and Japanese policies toward North Korea in a manner that enhances the DPRK's form of diplomatic deterrence vis-à-vis the United States.
		These critics are ambiguous about the United States, wanting to be seen as a reliable ally of the U.S. purposes in Iraq in order to assure that the United States will remain reliable in support of ROK purposes in the Korean peninsula, but not wanting to be seen as an abjectly obedient ally.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2004/mar/olsenMar04.asp (2225 words)

	arachivet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was ambiguity over whether the U.S. would defend South Korea from attack -- created when Secretary of State Dean Acheson left the Korean peninsula outside the U.S. "defense perimeter" he described in a 1950 speech -- that convinced Kim Il Sung he could act with impunity.
		By contrast, there was nothing ambiguous about mutual assured destruction; and it worked for decades.
		The entire Kerry team is on record denouncing the end of strategic ambiguity, including Mr.
	www.commentarypage.com /archives/000593.php (340 words)

	[No title]
		Strategic Ambiguity: An Outmoded Relic of US Foreign Policy T.Y. The current US policy towards Taiwan is characterized by its deliberate ambiguous nature.
		Strategic Ambiguity: An Outmoded Relic of US Foreign Policy The sudden escalation of Chinese animosity toward Taiwan since last July has again made China's reunification with Taiwan a focal point in world politics.
		Strategic Ambiguity: An Inherent Weakness The US policy toward Taiwan is primarily governed by the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) and the three Sino-America Communiques -the Shanghai Communique of 1972, the Normalization Communique of 1979, and the Joint Communique of 1982.
	www.la.utexas.edu /research/cgots/Papers/18.doc (4731 words)

	Information Research Weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We then propose a stance of strategic ambiguity to deal with the gray area.
		Strategic ambiguity calls for deliberately withholding judgment on the relevance of research in the gray area and acceptance of gray-area research provided it meets the excellence required by professional journals.
		We believe that strategic ambiguity benefits innovative IS research without harming the essential role of the IT artifact.
	www.free-conversant.com /irweblog/494 (213 words)

	Strategic Leadership: Defining the Challenge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Indeed, in most cases strategic decision makers may not be around to witness the actual consequences of the decision, making it all the more essential that they carefully consider all implications before taking action.
		Strategic leaders have to realize that broad perspectives (e.g., using team approaches to solve problems and gain consensus) help eliminate ambiguity and lead to effective strategic decisions.
		All strategic leaders are voracious readers—and they read outside their normal area of expertise, again, to expand their perspective and increase their conceptual ability.
	www.airpower.au.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj03/win03/guillot.html (3923 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 2001
		The policy of strategic ambiguity has worked well in the past, in part by keeping both China and Taiwan guessing as to whether or not the United States would militarily intervene to stop Chinese military aggression against Taiwan.
		Strategic ambiguity may have induced caution in the Chinese leadership about the wisdom of resorting to the military option for dealing with Taiwan as well as bridled Taiwanese enthusiasm for publicly declaring their independence, fearing that without a US security guarantee the Chinese would retaliate militarily.
		The American policy of strategic ambiguity may be unsustainable, however.[45] The Chinese are increasingly concerned by the steady march of Taiwan toward de facto independence while frustrated that negotiations for reunification are going nowhere.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Russell.htm (6154 words)

	FAPA - Library
		Most Taiwanese understandably don't want to be swallowed by a repressive state, and unlike in the past--when Taiwan was governed by dictators of its own--their views on independence shape national policy.
		Until now, the United States could fairly argue that Taiwan wasn't suffering much from Chinese threats--and that as long as it refrained from declaring independence, it knew it would be safe.
		Strategic ambiguity does, at times, have its uses; this is a moment for strategic clarity.
	www.fapa.org /chinawp/chinathreatwp223.html (403 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 1998
		Otherwise, "strategic ambiguity" is introduced; opponents are given the opportunity to "play at the seams" of the operation and frustrate objectives; allies are allowed to pursue their own agendas; political, personnel, and monetary costs rise; and the probability of mission failure increases.
		Fourth, in that connection, planners and negotiators who will operate at the strategic and high operational levels should be nurtured to function in coalition decisionmaking and planning situations that can blend US deliberate planning processes with concurrent multinational and multiorganizational practices.
		And although such an agreement regarding a strategic or operational end-state is a necessary condition for unity of effort, it is not sufficient.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/parameters/98winter/manwarin.htm (4201 words)

	Free Taiwan - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
		The name for this policy of studied equivocation has been "strategic ambiguity," and the logic behind it is that any promise by the United States to come to Taiwan's aid will only encourage the Taiwanese to declare independence.
		The less ambiguous U.S. actions are, the less chance there is that the Chinese will make a dangerous miscalculation.
		George W. Bush recently pointed out, correctly, that China is a strategic competitor of the United States, not a strategic partner, and he declared, also correctly, that American policy in Asia should first and foremost aim at protecting our friends and allies.
	www.carnegieendowment.org /publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=243 (1451 words)

	Deter
		Others suggested that strategic certainty was a better deterrent, because the adversary you’re trying to affect, needs to have a clear idea of what will not happen for good behavior, and what will happen for bad behavior.
		Strategic challenges are weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles.
		They need not be accurate or reliable, because their strategic value is derived primarily from the threat of use, not from the near certain outcome of such use.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/symposia/jointops99/summary.html (11543 words)

	Spinsanity - Strategic ambiguity about Ansar al-Islam
		Despite the slim evidence of any operational connection between the two, these officials have continued to use strategically ambiguous language to imply a connection.
		Prior to the war, Ansar al-Islam operated in Kurdish-controlled areas in the northeastern Iraq, a region that had been outside of Saddam's control since the Gulf War in 1991.
		To continue to make such strategically ambiguous statements is utterly disingenuous.
	www.spinsanity.org /columns/20031107.html (1032 words)

	Beth Teitell, Boston's Humor Columnist
		Bush's clarity was quickly de-clarified by the White House and the State Department, which insisted the ambiguity policy remained unchanged, or ambiguous.
		Foreign policy experts know that strategic ambiguity, when properly used, keeps America's adversaries off balance and at the same time leaves our options open.
		As important as strategic ambiguity is when dealing with China, or your supervisor, or friends for that matter, I find the most important use is with oneself.
	www.teitell.com /Columns/05-03-01.htm (484 words)

	Strategic ambiguity - SourceWatch
		Strategic ambiguity is the art of making a claim using language that avoids specifics.
		And because his claims are often phrased in complicated and confusing ways, they are difficult for the press to directly refute," explains Bryan Keefer of the Spinsanity website, which studies manipulative political rhetoric.
		Bryan Keefer, "The Strategically Ambiguous George W. Bush (http://www.spinsanity.org/columns/20030612.html)," Spinsanity.org, June 12, 2003.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Strategic_ambiguity (252 words)

	The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity
		Strategic Studies Institute Home >> Publications >> The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity
		The author identifies the strategic challenge of Colombia within the framework of the weak state and ungoverned space, made more complicated by the violence and corruption generated by the international organized criminals sustained by illegal drugs.
		Strategic Implications for the United states and Latin America of the 1995 Ecuador-Peru War
	www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil /pubs/display.cfm?pubID=10&CFID=662610&CFTOKEN=58409325 (336 words)

	Strategic Forum No. 173
		The United States policy of strategic ambiguity encourages these tendencies and should therefore be adhered to rigorously.
		It is therefore advisable to maintain a posture of strategic ambiguity.
		This Strategic Forum is the product of collaboration among Ronald N. Montaperto and James J. Przystup, both senior fellows in the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University, and Captain Gerald W. Faber, USN, senior military fellow in INSS.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/strforum/SF173/sf173.html (2313 words)

	An End to Ambiguity: US Counter-Proliferation from Tel Aviv to Tehran - by Grant F. Smith
		A little understood extension of "Strategic Ambiguity" into the US allows Israeli lobbies and ideologues to successfully direct US military policy in the Middle East against threats to Israeli interests while plausibly denying it and claiming Israel's enemies are, in fact, America's own.
		America's first step toward defusing regional proliferation is dispersing the fog of "strategic ambiguity." If Israeli nuclear weapons and regional policies are the major catalyst of demand for weapons of mass destruction by other regional actors, Israel's operatives in the United States are clearly the fixative.
		Ending "strategic ambiguity" and returning to the pursuit of American regional interests is the first step.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/gsmith.php?articleid=3602 (1668 words)

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