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Topic: Strategy (game theory)

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Game theory

	Game Theory by David K
		While game theory has applications to "games" such as poker and chess, it is the social situations that are the core of modern research in game theory.
		Fundamental to game theory is the notion of a strategy.
		A strategy is a set of instructions that a player could give to a friend or program on a computer so that the friend or computer could play the game on her behalf.
	levine.sscnet.ucla.edu /general/cogsci.htm (1920 words)

	Game theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns.
		Game theory experienced a flurry of activity in the 1950s, during which time the concepts of the core, the extensive form game, fictitious play, repeated games, and the Shapley value were developed.
		In the 1970s, game theory was extensively applied in biology, largely as a result of the work of John Maynard Smith and his evolutionary stable strategy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Game_theory (3878 words)

	Strategy (game theory) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In game theory, a player's strategy, in a game or a business situation, is a complete plan of action for whatever situation might arise; this fully determines the player's behaviour.
		A strategy on the other hand is a complete algorithm for playing the game, implicitly listing all moves and counter-moves for every possible situation throughout the game.
		Strategies in game theory are of essential importance, since the prisoners dilemma was shown never to lead to cooperation unless multiperiod strategies are considered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strategy_(game_theory) (764 words)

	Computer Game Passage @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text (and which can therefore theoretically be played on a teletypewriter) or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, but there are very few new games in these categories.
		The popularity of computer and video games, as a whole, has been increasing steadily ever since the 1984-1987 drop-off caused by the video game crash of 1983, and the popularity appears to be continuing to increase.
		Computer and video games have been the subject of frequent controversy and censorship, due to the depiction of graphic violence, sexual themes, advertising, consumption of illegal drugs, consumption of alcohol or tobacco, propaganda, or profanity in some games.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Computer_game (4532 words)

	Game Theory Applied to Economics
		Game Theory is out to shatter both the notion of a finite chain of means and ends culminating in an ultimate end – and of the deontological view.
		Game Theory assumes that the game is a given – and the players have to optimize their results within it.
		It IS the game, it is a procedure, a way to resolve conflicts, an integral part of any solution and imputation, the herald of cooperation, a representative of some of the will of all the players and, therefore, a part both of their utility functions and of their strategies to obtain their preferred outcomes.
	samvak.tripod.com /nm056.html (3866 words)

	Amazon.com: "Game Theory" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Strategy: An Introduction to Game Theory by Joel Watson
		The Compleat Strategyst: Being a Primer on the Theory of Games of Strategy by J. Williams
		Game Theory: A Non-Technical Introduction to the Analysis of Strategy by Roger McCain
	www.amazon.com /Game-Theory/lm/2RYDWFNOAOJHN (332 words)

	Game Theory
		The main purpose of game theory is to consider situations where instead of agents making decisions as reactions to exogenous prices ("dead variables"), their decisions are strategic reactions to other agents actions ("live variables").
		John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944) introduced the strategic normal game, strategic extensive game, the concept of pure/mixed strategies, coalitional games as well as the axiomatization of expected utility theory, which was so useful for economics under uncertainty.
		Several Nobel Prizes have been awarded to some of major figures of Game Theory: the Nobel was shared by John Nash, J.C. Harsanyi and R. Selten in 1994 and William Vickrey and James Mirrlees in 1996.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/schools/game.htm (1057 words)

	Game Theory, by Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and ...
		Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann.
		In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.
		Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/GameTheory.html (1661 words)

	Game Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When you utter the phrase "life is a game," it is usually in response to some dissatisfaction with the rules such as a personal setback, and is a way of distancing yourself from the emotional impact or the reality of things.
		There is some strategy to the game, because if your opponent displays some kind of pattern, such as using one sign too frequently, or a tendency to follow a set pattern, this can be taken advantage of.
		Game theory is one approach, since values can be assigned to the outcomes, and can also be assigned to the probability that one choice would be made over another.
	www.noogenesis.com /game_theory/game_theory.html (4565 words)

	Game Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Game theory is the study of the ways in which strategic interactions among rational players produce outcomes with respect to the preferences (or utilities) of those players, none of which might have been intended by any of them.
		The mathematical theory of games was invented by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944).
		Since game theory is about rational action given the strategically significant actions of others, it should not surprise you to be told that what agents in games know, or fail to know, about each others' actions makes a considerable difference to the logic of our analyses, as we will see.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/game-theory (20490 words)

	The Mathematics of Magic The Gathering: Probability, Statistics, Game Theory, and Strategy
		Game theory is a branch of mathematics which has been explored fairly recently within the century.
		There are games of perfect information where all game data is presented to all players, such as in chess, tic-tac-toe, and Monopoly.
		Remember that the definition of “game” in game theory is quite different than we perceive it.
	www.kibble.net /magic/magic05.php (582 words)

	Game Theory
		Game theory analyzes strategic interactions in which the outcome of one's choices depends upon the choices of others.
		Game theory assumes that one has opponents who are adjusting their strategies according to what they believe everybody else is doing.
		Game theory can be used to analyze a wide range of strategic interaction environments including oligopolies, sports, and politics.
	www.quickmba.com /econ/micro/gametheory (1488 words)

	Game Theory
		The primary theory is the Minimax Theorem which basically says that if all the players of a game play the best, most rational strategy, the resulting outcome of the game is predictable.
		The A.I. game I mentioned here had over 7000 players is actually a one player game, because all 7000 played on the same team.
		Most games involve some random element, a dice throw, cards dealt, etc. While the Minimax theorem cannot guarantee a winning strategy in these games, it can tell you that there is a mixed strategy which will give you the best chance of success.
	members.cox.net /mathmistakes/game_theory.htm (2499 words)

	Game Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Game theory is the study of strategy from the perspective of mathematics.
		One important concept in game theory is the concept of a dominant strategy.
		Game 1: B is a dominant strategy for Player 1 because both red arrows point down.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /Homepages/Faculty/Norman/05/qqgame.html (896 words)

	Introduction to Game Theory -- simple, two-strategy examples
		Note that in game theory, as in human games, the outcome of a contest to a particular player is shaped by both the actions of the focal player and her/his opponent.
		Strategies: The particular behavior or suite of behaviors that a player uses is termed a strategy (see important note).
		Strategies can be behaviors that are on some continuum (e.g., how long to wait or display) or they may represent discrete behavior types (e.g., display, fight, or flee).
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/kprestwi/behavior/ESS/games_intro.html (7040 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - Game Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Game theory is an interdisciplinary approach to studying human behavior that touches on computer science, social sciences, and behavioral sciences.
		Cooperation in game theory: the principle of suboptimization.
		A game that has been and continues to be studied by people in a variety of disciplines, ranging from biology through sociology and public policy.
	mathforum.org /library/topics/game_theory (2293 words)

	1830 Game Theory and Strategy
		The object of the game is to maximize your personal wealth at the end of the game.
		While games of 1830 should be finished in four or five hours at most, simple dawdling by players can drag out games.
		As games that end in bankruptcies are often decided by slim margins, this action may be the key to your victory.
	www.mimgames.com /tga/tgg/strategy/1830.shtml (3778 words)

	NEWSLINK, V6N3 Spring 2002 - Summer's here! Let the Hollywood games begin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The science of strategy, game theory, attempts to understand, in mathematical terms, the actions of players in a set of games.
		Economists are interested in game theory because it helps them understand how competitors behave when confronted with a set of choices on how to price their products.
		Nash’s contribution to game theory — one that bears his name — finds that in a particular game, if each player’s choice of action is a best response to the actions taken by other players, then this set of strategic choices comprises an equilibrium.
	www.beaconhill.org /NewsLink/NLV63/v6n3HollywoodGameTheory.html (1157 words)

	SFB 504 glossary: Strategy
		In non-cooperative game theory, strategies are the primitives the player can choose between.
		A player's strategy is the action or the plan of actions this player chooses out of his set of strategies.
		To be general enough to cover also more complex games (like dynamic games of incomplete information), the notion of strategy is very comprehensive: A strategy of a player is a complete plan of action in the game.
	www.sfb504.uni-mannheim.de /glossary/strategy.htm (335 words)

	6.2: Perfect Bayesian Equilibria of Sender-Receiver (Signalling) Games
		To make this game a simple but nontrivial game of incomplete information we endow the Sender with some private information which we describe by her type.
		A strategy for the Receiver is a pure or mixed action in response to each possible message in the message space.
		A Bayesian equilibrium of the Sender-Receiver game is (a) a strategy for each type of Sender, (b) a strategy for the Receiver, and (c) a conditional posterior belief system describing the Receiver's updated beliefs about the Sender's type as a function of the observed message, which satisfies two optimality conditions and a Bayes-consistency condition.
	www.virtualperfection.com /gametheory/Section6.2.html (498 words)

	Amazon.com: Game Theory and Strategy (New Mathematical Library): Books: Philip D. Straffin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Mathematics of Games of Strategy by Melvin Dresher
		Game theory is the logical analysis of situations of conflict and cooperation.
		The Compleat Strategyst: Being a Primer on the Theory of Games of Strategy by J.
	www.amazon.com /Game-Theory-Strategy-Mathematical-Library/dp/0883856379 (1436 words)

	The Ultimate Game of Strategy - contents
		Not the most appetising way to start a book, but, as a rudimentary knowledge of Game Theory is going to be essential to anyone using the Internet for business it is best to get this propeller head stuff out of the way first.
		It is because Game Theory is the most appropriate framework for dealing with uncertainty, unknowns, complexity and competition.
		Game theory is based upon the enigmatic and counter intuitive effects of the laws of chance and probability.
	www.stigmergicsystems.com /stig_v1/books/page11.html (1219 words)

	Combinatorial Game Theory
		Combinatorial Game Theory studies strategies and mathematics of two-player games of perfect knowledge such as chess or go (but often either concentrating instead on simpler games such as nim, or solving endgames and other special cases).
		An important distinction between this subject and classical game theory (a branch of economics) is that game players are assumed to move in sequence rather than simultanously, so there is no point in randomization or other information-hiding strategies.
		In this game, a position is represented by a number, and one moves by either adding or subtracting the largest prime number less than or equal to the position.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~eppstein/cgt (1499 words)

	Preface
		Game Theory: A Non-Technical Introduction to the Analysis of Strategy
		Fifty years old and newly prominent, thanks to the 1994 Nobel Memorial prize to Nash, Selten and Harsanyi; and to the 2005 prize to Aumann and Schelling; game theory and its application to economics are finding their way into undergraduate curricula.
		However, as I began to teach game theory to students who, while very good students, mostly are not economics majors, I felt that the available texts are still not really accessible enough.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/eco/game/preface.html (423 words)

	Center for Research in Economics and Strategy
		Topics include, but are not limited to, industrial organization, business strategy, game theory and applications such as organization and incentive design, pricing and industry evolution.
		Research at the interface of economics and strategy is of particular interest, but economics-based research in any area is welcome.
		Professor MacDonald is an expert source on general business issues and business strategy as well as on economic growth and strategy, employment and labor, unions, trade, aging workforce issues, technology, and mergers, compensation and investor protection.
	news-info.wustl.edu /group/page/normal/89.html (485 words)

	Game Theory and Business Strategy: Mike Shor's Course Page
		All lectures, course materials, and information for the course are available online by using the menu at left.
		For example, the link for lecture 3 contains review materials and readings for after the lecture, and a link to the game that should be played after lecture 3 (for discussion in lecture 4).
		For the experimental games, students in the class must register online.
	www2.owen.vanderbilt.edu /Mike.Shor/courses/game-theory (148 words)

	Compensation Game Theory Analysis
		Thus there is a strongly dominant strategy for the individual to cheat, and for the team to vote for the team.
		Thus, my feeling is that this wouldn't be a good compensation strategy for a team for very long -- at best it would work until the team became aware of the optimal strategy (game theory assumes optimal play).
		Now to truly analyze this as a compensation strategy we would have to analyze this as a Repeating Game since the knowledge of how voting occurred last time will affect the likelihood of voting a certain way the next time.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?CompensationGameTheoryAnalysis (966 words)

	Strategy - Game Theory .net
		A strategy must be complete, defining an action in every contingency, including those that may not be attainable in equilibrium.
		For example, a strategy for the game of checkers would define a player's move at every possible position attainable during a game.
		Such moves may be random, in the case of mixed strategies.
	www.gametheory.net /Dictionary/Strategy.html (101 words)

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