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Stratum corneum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The stratum corneum ("the horny layer") is the outermost layer of the epidermis, and comprises the surface of the skin. The thickness of the stratum corneum varies according to the amount of protection and/or grip required by a region of the body. In reptiles, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is only replaced during times of rapid growth, in a process called ecdysis or moulting. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stratum_corneum   (238 words)

Equine Podiatry | Dr. Stephen O'Grady, veterinarians, farriers, books, articles The epithelium is subdivided into 5 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum that reflect the progression from the germinal cells at the base to the fully differentiated cornified cells superficially. The stratum corneum of the skin is continually replaced by multiplication and differentiation of cells from the deeper layers of the immediately underlying epidermis to replace the stratum corneum as it exfoliates superficially. The differences that are apparent primarily relate to the rigid nature of the stratum corneum and the variety of epithelial types found in the foot and the pattern of replacement of the stratum corneum. www.equipodiatry.com /112403.html   (4371 words)

Mid-infrared laser ablation of stratum corneum enhances in vitro   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The precise removal of stratum corneum from cadaveric swine skin by a mid-infrared erbium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet laser (\lambda = 2.79 µ m; 250 µ s pulse width) was assessed by electrical resistance measurements and documented by histology. The effects of stratum corneum removal by laser ablation and by adhesive tape-stripping on the in vitro penetration of 3H-hydrocortisone and 125I-gamma-interferon were determined. Laser ablation of 12.6% of the surface area of stratum corneum produced a 2.8 and 2.1-times increase in permeability constant (kp) for 3H-hydrocortisone and 125I-gamma- interferon, respectively. omlc.ogi.edu /pubs/abs/nelson91.html   (279 words)

Encyclopedia: Stratum corneum Stratum germinativum or stratum basale is the layer of keratinocytes that lies at the base of the epidermis immediately above the dermis. The Stratum Lucidum is one of the layers of the Epidermis. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis, that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Stratum-corneum   (926 words)

Stratum corneum -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the (The outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates) epidermis, and comprises the surface of the (A natural protective covering of the body; site of the sense of touch) skin. It is composed mainly of dead ((biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; cells may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals) cells that lack (Click link for more info and facts about nuclei) nuclei. For example, the (The (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb) hands are typically used to grasp objects, requiring the palms to be covered with a thick stratum corneum. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/st/stratum_corneum.htm   (240 words)

INABIS '98 - In Vivo Examination Of Effects Of Creams And Ointments On Stratum Corneum Using 100 MHz Sonography Since the stratum corneum is thicker than 100 µm on the finger pads, this transducer is well suited to study this particular skin area. Beneath is the echoricher stratum reticulare of the dermis. The thickness increase of the stratum corneum is due to an increase in humidity, which is a direct effect of water-containing externals or which is due to a reduction of vaporisation in fat-containing externals. www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/newtech/kaspar0548/two.html   (724 words)

Controlled removal of human stratum corneum by pulsed laser   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) A new method is presented for controlled removal of the stratum corneum of human skin. An excimer laser (193 nm wavelength, 14 ns pulsewidth) was used to remove stratum corneum from in vitro human skin samples by an ablative process. The precision with which stratum corneum can be ablated using excimer laser pulses may allow further basic research on the internal structure of stratum corneum and on the re-epithelization in controlled wounds. omlc.ogi.edu /pubs/abs/jacques87d.html   (248 words)

University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Stratum corneum Stratum corneum: The stratum corneum as a rule refers to the outermost layer of the epidermis, which is itself the outer layer of the skin. The full name of the stratum corneum of the skin is the stratum corneum epidermidis. The other stratum corneum, the stratum corneum unguis, is the horny compact outer layer of the nail. www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=9550   (93 words)

A photoacoustic study of newborn rat stratum corneum.   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) We have applied photoacoustic spectroscopy, a new spectroscopic technique, to the study of intact stratum corneum, a translucent membrane with high ultraviolet light scattering, and have obtained clear spectra in the 220-450 nm region. Newborn rat stratum corneum shows marked spectral changes during the initial 60 h maturation period. These changes are attributed partly to the environmental and conformational changes occurring within the stratum corneum matrix during this time period. www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_880308.html   (133 words)

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine levels are significantly increased in the stratum corneum of patients with a topic ... Sphingosylphosphorylcholine levels are significantly increased in the stratum corneum of patients with a topic dermatitis: Physiological and functional relevance of sphingomyelin deacylase to the ceramide deficiency SPC in intercellular lipids extracted from stratum corneum that had been tape-stripped 3 times was reacted with [14C]-acetic anhydride to yield 14C-C2-SM which was then analyzed by thin layer chromatography and was quantitated using a imaging analyzer. In both the lesional and non-lesional stratum corneum obtained from patients with AD, there was a significant increase in the content of SPC over that present in the stratum corneum of healthy control subjects. www.jlr.org /cgi/content/short/M200225-JLR200v1   (341 words)

Ozone as Emerging Oxidative Stressor to Skin   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The stratum corneum is comprised of a unique 2-compartment system of structural, enucleated cells (corneocytes) embedded in a lipid-enriched intercellular matrix (Elias and Feingold, 1992), forming stacks of bilayers that are rich in ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids (Mao-Qiang et al., 1996). To investigate the effects of O3 on the stratum corneum, SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed for 2 hours to O3 using two strategies a) single exposures to 0, 1, 5, and 10 ppm, and b) repeated daily exposures to 0 ppm and 1 ppm for 6 consecutive days (Thiele et al., 1997c). New techniques based on the removal of stratum corneum by tape stripping, subsequent lipid extraction, and analysis by HPLC were used to analyze vitamin E and MDA concentrations in the stratum corneum. www.derma.uni-jena.de /thiele/jt_rev17.htm   (559 words)

22-1/R.E. Joseph.../Drug Testing with Alternative Matrices...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Stratum corneum was collected by scraping regions of the back once each week. Plasma, stratum corneum, and sebum were analyzed for cocaine, codeine, and metabolites by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The mechanism(s) for deposition of cocaine and codeine in sebum and stratum corneum appeared to be complex and could involve the transfer of drugs between different body fluids (i.e., sebum and sweat) and other matrices (i.e., skin and hair). www.jatox.com /abstracts/1998/jan-feb/conjiab.htm   (410 words)

Research Highlights, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) We hypothesize that the human stratum corneum exhibits a series of programmatic changes in endogenous hydration and surface water binding, which are linked to visible signs of surface drying, such as scaling. Studies are currently underway to determine the effect of the stratum corneum water interactions and environmental factors on the skin status of the infant over time. We are also investigating the microenvironment of the infant stratum corneum and mechanisms for modifying it in order to prolong and maintain the optimum, skin state for a longer period after birth. www.cincinnatichildrens.org /research/div/skin/research.htm?view=content   (620 words)

The Essential Stratum Corneum   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Research into the outermost layer of the human skin, the stratum corneum, is being undertaken by scientists of many disciplines: dermatologists, cosmetic scientists, physiologists, neonatologists, pharmaceutical scientists and bioengineers. The growing popularity of the subject is because of the increasing realisation that the stratum corneum is the major barrier to all environmental insults — climatic, toxic from xenobiotics or microbial. The book is divided into four sections: stratum corneum anatomy; pharmacology and percutaneous absorption; bioengineering techniques; and clinical and cosmetic considerations. www.booknews.co.uk /Books/2396.htm   (98 words)

Desmoglein Isoform Distribution Affects Stratum Corneum Structure and Function -- Elias et al. 153 (2): 243 -- The ... Involucrin-Dsg 3 transgenic mice have an abnormal stratum corneum. with the transition from the stratum granulosum to the stratum abnormal epidermal stratum corneum, decreased adhesion of corneocytes, www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/153/2/243   (4649 words)

eMedicine - Moisturizers : Article by Santiago A Centurion, MD   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The extracellular membrane of the stratum corneum is composed of mainly ceramides, which constitute about 40% of lipid content, cholesterol (25%), and free fatty acids (10-15%), followed by smaller amounts of triglycerides, stearyl esters, and cholesterol sulfate. The innermost layers of the stratum corneum contain a high level of water, while the outermost layers of the stratum corneum contain a water level largely dependent on the ambient relative humidity. Compaction of the stratum corneum and reduction of pigmentation occur, with glucosaminoglycan accumulation in the dermis. www.emedicine.com /derm/topic506.htm   (5681 words)

BE 350 Team Assignment #4   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Assume total diffusional resistance of the skin is entirely due to the stratum corneum (see Fig 5.14 in your textbook), and not through any sweat ducts, etc. A medication is applied the skin surface, keeping a surface concentration of 10 micrograms/cc. The inner surface of the stratum corneum is assumed to maintained at essentially zero concentration, as the molecules are removed as sooon as they reach the microcirculation by a sufficiently high peripheral blood flow through the skin. The thickness of the stratum corneum is 1 micron. www.egr.msu.edu /classes/be350/assignments/team4.html   (194 words)

Portable, Inexpensive Instruments to Quantify Stratum Corneum Hydration and Skin Erythema: Applications to Clothing ... The level of stratum corneum hydration is assessed by measurement of the changes in skin resistance and is referred to as the galvanic skin response or electrical skin resistance. The level of stratum corneum hydration is mainly inferred from changes in skin resistance, referred to as the galvanic skin response, electrical skin resisitance or electrodermatographic result. The skin resistance monitor is intended to quantify changes in the moisture content of the skin caused by diffusion of moisture into the stratum corneum from underlying tissues, active sweating and water absorbed from the external environment [11]. dermatology.cdlib.org /DOJvol7num2/original/instrumentation/atkins.html   (2380 words)

Biophysical Journal: Organization of skin stratum corneum extracellular lamellae: Diffraction evidence for asymmetric ... Key to this selective permeability barrier is the stratum corneum, the outer epidermal layer, consisting of flattened, anucleate cells surrounded by multiple layers of lipid lamellae (Elias and Friend, 1975; Swartzendruber et al., 1989). In the stratum corneum this repeating unit has alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent bands, with the electron dense bands alternating between "minor dense bands" and "major dense bands" (Madison et al., 1987). X-ray diffraction patterns of unfixed stratum corneum also give a repeating unit of ~130 A (White et al., 1988; Garson et al., 1991; Hou et al., 1991; Bouwstra et al., 1994, 1995), along with other wide-angle and low-angle diffraction reflections that have been assigned to lipids or proteins in the stratum corneum. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3938/is_200309/ai_n9288507   (1188 words)

Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of the Skin Stratum Corneum pH Gradient -- Hanson et al. 83 (3): 1682 -- ... The average pH of the stratum corneum increases with depth because the stratum corneum surface to 3.51 ns in the stratum granulosum The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant icthyosis: a clue to the molecular origin of the acid skin mantle. www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/83/3/1682   (4172 words)

Abstract The overall aim of this study was to further characterize the activity from three human kallikreins in stratum corneum, among them human kallikrein 14 (hK14), a kallikrein previously not known to exist in epidermis. They are believed to be involved in stratum corneum turnover through a proteolytic cascade ending in the breakdown of desmosomal proteins. It was found that a major part of the trypsin-like activity, measured by cleavage of chromogenic peptide substrates, in extracts from plantar stratum corneum, could not be ascribed to hK5. www.blackwellpublishing.com /esdr2004/abstract.asp?id=18474   (295 words)

DermatologyTimes - Treatment from the outside-in Paris - After decades of debate, the stratum corneum is now known as a very active metabolic tissue with multiple enzymes and chemokines that perform several biochemical functions. If you avoid formalin and prepared sheets of stratum corneum, you could see that it was actually cellular, made up of horny cells that were glued together. Yet, he contends that in all chronic dermatoses, such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis, the stratum corneum is grossly abnormal. www.dermatologytimes.com /dermatologytimes/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=105617   (591 words)

A new instrument to measure the mechanical properties of human stratum corneum in vivo A new instrument for measuring the mechanical properties of the stratum corneum incorporates all of the measurement principles of the GBE but none of its components. This is principally because the majority of available instruments and methods involve relatively large displacements of the stratum corneum, either parallel or perpendicular to the skin surface (1). The viscous component of the stratum corneum is often inferred by calculating the area of the ellipse shown in Figure 2. www.zyworld.com /egoodyer/elsrpap.htm   (3582 words)

Stratum corneum   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) As a cell accumulates keratinohyalin granules, it is thought that rupture of lysosomal membranes release lysosomal enzymes that eventually cause cell death. The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum corneum (SC). The deeper cells of the stratum corneum retain their desmosomal junctions, but as they are pushed to the surface by newly forming cells of the stratum germinativum (SG), the dead cells gradually break apart and are lost, a process called desquamation. www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/medicine/dermatology/melton/skinlsn/stcorn.htm   (77 words)

Exam - USPharmacist Stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum corneum, stratum germinativum, basal membrane Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum Stratum corneum, stratum malphigii, stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, basal membrane www.uspharmacist.com /ce/CETest.asp?exam_type=view_only&lsn_id=2716   (733 words)

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