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Topic: Stratus cloud

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	Stratus cloud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Stratus cloud, coming from the Latin word meaning "spread out" is a cloud belonging to a class characterized by horizontal layering with a uniform base, as opposed to convective clouds that are as tall or taller than wide (these are termed Cumulus clouds).
		These clouds are essentially fog that is above ground level and are formed either through the lifting of morning fog or when cold air moves at low altitudes over a region.
		Stratus formations that are accompanied by precipitation are known as nimbostratus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stratus_cloud (195 words)

	Pubs.GISS: Abstract of Miller 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cloud radiative forcing over the subtropics is parameterized using an empirical relation between stratus cloud cover and the difference in potential temperature between 700 mb (a level which is above the trade inversion) and the surface.
		Stratus low cloud cover is found to be a negative feedback, increasing in response to doubled CO, and reducing the tropically-averaged warming in comparison to the warming with low cloud cover held fixed.
		The low cloud cover is shown to result from the increased difference in surface temperature between the warm and cold pools, and the increased low-level static stability over the warm pool, equal to the increase in potential temperature along the moist adiabat originating in the warm pool mixed layer.
	pubs.giss.nasa.gov /abstracts/1997/Miller.html (352 words)

	Stratus Clouds
		Stratus clouds form a low layer that can cover the entire sky like a blanket, bringing generally gray and dull weather.
		Stratus clouds can form when very weak, upward vertical air currents lift a thin layer of air high enough to initiate condensation of the excess water vapour, if air temperature falls below the dew point.
		Precipitation rarely falls from true stratus clouds since the upward vertical motion needed for precipitation is very weak, but light mist and drizzle can sometimes accompany stratus clouds.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Weather/Older/Stratus_Clouds.html (178 words)

	STRATUS_burnoff
		From the temperature profile and IR brightness temperature a cloud base altitude was derived; from the temperature profile the inversion base altitude was used to establish the cloud top altitude; and using the thickness of the cloud layer and the liquid burden a LWC (liquid water concentration) was determined.
		In addition, the stratus cloud water droplets are able to intercept and absorb thermal radiation from the underlying air, which further retards their radiative cooling rate.
		After stratus formation the rate of surface cooling is reduced due to the stratus cloud's absorption of ground-generated thermal IR radiation and re-radiation back to the ground (prior to which cold space was not radiating significant amounts to the ground).
	members.cox.net /bgary.mtp/MARSvan (3695 words)

	CLOUD - LoveToKnow Article on CLOUD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cirrus (Ci.).Detached clouds, delicate and fibrous-looking, taking the form of feathers, generally of a white cclour, sometimes arranged in belts which cross a portion of the sky in great circles and by an effect of perspective, converge towards one or two points of the horizon (the Ci.-S. and the Ci.-Cu.
		When the cloud is opposite the sun, the surfaces usually presented to the observer have a greater brilliance than the margins of the protuberances.
		Heavy masses of clouds, rising in the form of mountains, turrets or anvils, generally having a sheet or screen of fibrous appearance above (false cirrus) and underneath, a mass of cloud similar to nimbus.
	www.35.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CL/CLOUD.htm (2712 words)

	In the Clouds Photography - weather gallery (Cloud basics)
		Stratus clouds are found in the lower and middle portions of the atmosphere (ground to 30,000 feet perhaps).
		Stratus clouds are well known to the folks in San Francisco (and anyone living near coasts) where a persistent stratus cloud deck occupies the sky.
		In contrast with stratus clouds, cumulus clouds (from the Latin word 'heap') are typically found where the atmosphere is relatively unstable (temperature sharply decreases with height).
	www.inclouds.com /Wx (775 words)

	Clouds Theme Page by Jim Cornish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clouds are classified into a system that uses Latin words to describe the appearance of clouds as seen by an observer on the ground.
		Stratus Clouds Stratus clouds are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky.
		Stratus clouds are uniform gray clouds that usually cover the entire sky.
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/cloudstypes.htm (580 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Stratus clouds also form when a layer of air is cooled from below to its dewpoint temperature and water vapor condenses into liquid droplets.
		These clouds usually form in a stable atmosphere where warm, moist air is overrunning colder air at the surface over a relatively large area.
		The individual cloud elements form where the air is rising while the blue sky in between the cloud elements indicates sinking air.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wstratus.htm (490 words)

	The Winds of Flight - Stratus Clouds and Fog
		The smallest stratus I've ever seen were only a few inches thick and hung over the frozen foods in the chests at the local supermarket on a very humid summer day when a supermarket air conditioner wasn't working right and there were too many people going in and out the doors.
		Stratus formation is enhanced by upward motions caused by the undulations of the mountain waves.
		Stratus clouds have some advantages for people who study clouds and what they are made of.
	www.lochlyn.org /chap7.htm (7038 words)

	Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique
		Cirrocumulus are high clouds that have a distinct patchy and/or wavelike appearance, such as, in our patchwork cirrocumulus photo, composed of many individual cloud elements, or in our wavy cirrocumulus photo with its banded linear structure.
		Nimbostratus are often included in many texts as low clouds, but here they are considered multi-layer clouds because their vertical extent often goes well into the middle cloud region and these clouds often have even taller cumulonimbus clouds embedded within them.
		Cap clouds form when air containing water vapor is uplifted on the windward slide of the slope and reaches saturation producing liquid water cloud droplets and a cloud which can "cap" the summit.
	vortex.plymouth.edu /clouds.html (1686 words)

	EXERCISE 10
		High clouds usually appear white, except near sunrise and sunset, when the unscattered (red, orange, and yellow) components of sunlight are reflected from the underside of the clouds.
		In the thinner section of the altostratus cloud, the sun (or moon) may be dimly visible as a round disk, which is sometimes referred to as a "watery sun." Thick cirrocumulus clouds are occasionally confused with thin altostratus clouds.
		Clouds that cover a large part of the sky and are sufficiently translucent to reveal the position of the sun or moon.
	www.met.tamu.edu /class/Metr304/Exer10dir/exercise10-NO.html (2220 words)

	Clouds
		Stratus clouds are low flat clouds that are usually gray.
		Stratus clouds are usually a sign that rain is on the way.
		Also, fog is a form of stratus cloud at a very low altitude.
	www.geocities.com /steelersfan4life13 (300 words)

	BBC - Weather Centre - Types of Cloud - Stratus
		Stratus is a low-level layer cloud (not to be confused with altostratus and cirrostratus which are much higher).
		For example, a stratus cloud at 500 feet (150 metres) moving at 20 miles per hour will appear to move much faster than altostratus with its base at 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) moving at 60 miles per hour.
		The highest frequency of stratus occurs in the western parts of the British Isles where moist south-westerly airstreams are forced to rise over various ranges of hills.
	www.bbc.co.uk /weather/features/stratus.shtml (324 words)

	BOM-cloud quiz
		He carries a lightning walking stick that he uses to herd and scare people with and lives in a cloud environment, with a cloud house and cloud car etc. He has a cloud farm with a herd of fluffy cloud sheep.
		For example, nimbostratus is a rain cloud that occurs in layers, whereas cumulonimbus is a rain cloud with pronounced vertical development.
		Cirrostratus is cirrus occurring as a sheet-like cloud, and stratocumulus is a layer cloud with some cumulus features.
	www.bom.gov.au /lam/Students_Teachers/animations/cloudzstart.shtml (334 words)

	FIRE-ARCTIC EXPERIMENT/SHEBA
		Stratus clouds were broken over ARM, continuous and relatively thick south of ARM, and the sky was clear north of ARM over the Chukchi Sea.
		The clouds over the ship consisted of four layers: three patchy layers of altocumulus clouds with bases at 14,000, 12000, and 10,000 ft. (the lowest were the bases of the Ac cas), and a stratus layer (with breaks) with tops at 1100 feet and bases between about 200 and 500 feet.
		The stratus cloud at Barrow extended as an overcast to 75 deg N 163 deg W, where an abrupt clearing occurred and no further stratus was seen.
	www-k12.atmos.washington.edu /~debbie/FIRE3/FIRE_summaries.html (4437 words)

	How to be a Storm Spotter - Read the Clouds
		Alto clouds are used to predict weather changes in 6 to 12 hours.
		Low clouds, called stratus clouds, are at altitudes up to 6,500 feet.
		Stratus clouds are uniform gray in color and almost cover the entire sky.
	www.boatsafe.com /kids/weather1.htm (1199 words)

	Nimbus cloud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nimbus cloud is a dark precipituous cloud.
		Nimbus is a Latin word meaning cloud or rain storm.
		The prefix nimbo- or the suffix -nimbus indicates a precipituous cloud; for example, a nimbostratus cloud is a precipituous stratus cloud, and a cumulonimbus cloud is a precipitous cumulus cloud.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nimbus_cloud (84 words)

	SDS Weatherwise Extras: Cloud Photos
		Unlike high cirrostratus clouds which are made up of ice crystals, midlle-altitude altostratus make the sun look like it is shining through ground glass but without a halo effect.
		Stratus is gray and appears flat, layered, or sheetlike...with no vertical development (puffiness).
		When a stratus cloud is at ground level, it is called fog.
	www.discoverscience.rutgers.edu /extras/weatherwise/clouds.html (438 words)

	Clouds
		Clouds give us a clue about what is going on in our atmosphere and how the weather might change in the hours or even days to come.
		Stratus clouds are layered and cover most of the sky.
		Cirrus clouds, which are a sign of warm moist air rising up over cold air, are sometimes an early signal that thickening clouds could bring light rain or snow within one or two days.
	www.wxdude.com /page9.html (823 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mid-level clouds: (generally found between 6,500 and 23,000 feet) Most mid-level clouds are composed of liquid water droplets during summer and a liquid droplet-ice crystal mix during winter.
		Stratus clouds are a uniform gray and usually cover most of the sky.
		Cirrus clouds are thin and high in the sky.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wcloud0.htm (441 words)

	Untitled Document
		Stratus clouds form closest to the earth, are gray, and don’t look like anything except sheets.
		Fog is an example of a stratus cloud at ground level.
		Cumulus clouds are higher than stratus clouds and look like huge cotton balls.
	fs.sdsu.edu /pisces/WeatherKit/Lesson14.htm (98 words)

	TropMet97 Extended Abstract
		To quantify the impact of stratus and high clouds on the radiative fluxes in the AGCM we perform experiments with a one-column version of the AGCM.
		The following three parameterizations of cloud optical properties used in AGCMs are compared in this study: Katayama (1972) specifies the SW cloud optical properties as a function of cloud layer depth and height ("one cloud type" or "1CT").
		Releasing the fixed values in cloud optical properties (1CT and 2CT) has the advantage of being able to simulate a continuous spectrum of optical thicknesses and the elegance of relating the cloud optical properties directly to the cloud water mass, effective particle size and potentially sub-grid scale distribution.
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /~martin/Papers/TropMet97 (1014 words)

	Arctic stratus cloud properties and their effect on the surface radiation budget: Selected cases from FIRE ACE
		To study Arctic stratus cloud properties and their effect on the surface radiation balance during the spring transition season, analyses are performed using data taken during three cloud and two clear days in May 1998 as part of the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) Arctic Cloud Experiment (ACE).
		Discrepancies in Case 3 are due to spatial mismatches between the aircraft and the surface measurements in a highly variable cloud field.
		Also, the vertical structure in the cloud layer is not fully characterized by the aircraft measurements.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JD900404.shtml (437 words)

	411C: M7, U2, P8: Stratus and Nimbostratus Clouds
		As an example, fog is a stratus cloud that forms at or near the surface.
		Stratus clouds aloft form slowly by gradual lifting as opposed to the turbulent convection of cumulus clouds.
		This is the cloud that we associate with the continuous rains and snows we receive in the winters, in contrast with the very temporary heavy downpours we may experience on summer afternoons from the cumulonimbus cloud.
	www.shodor.org /os411/courses/411c/module07/unit02/page08.html (354 words)

	Cloudman explains Cloud Cassification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		High level layered cloud with wavelike or fine, dappled cumuliform structure
		A massive pile of cloud penetrating the freezing level and sometimes forming an anvil at the base of the stratosphere
		Generally formless dark mass of low storm cloud associated with general continuous rainfall or snowfall
	www.cloudman.com /atlas/atlas.htm (144 words)

	PSC Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Some of these clouds can develop into the multi-level clouds and can go through various phases, such as, a morning stratus deck turning into late morning stratocumulus, then early afternoon cumulus, and vertical development into cumulonimbus which can produce heavy rain and possible thunder.
		Sometimes, these strong cumulonimbus clouds can have appendages protruding from the base of the cloud, which are called "mammatus " clouds because they resemble the mammary glands of mammals.
		Cap clouds [no photo yet] form when air containing water vapor is uplifted on the windward slide of the slope and reaches saturation producing liquid water cloud droplets and a cloud which can "cap" the summit.
	millville.org /Workshops_f/Rowe_Science/clouds_f/cldtext/clouds2.html (1248 words)

	On the vertical profile of stratus liquid water flux using a millimeter cloud radar
		There are two components of the vertical flux of liquid water in stratus clouds, one component is due to the mean fall velocity of the cloud droplets, also referred to as gravitational settling, while the other is due to any turbulent motion which can redistribute the cloud droplets.
		Since millimeter cloud radars can detect these droplets, cloud microphysical retrievals can be used to estimate the stratus cloud droplet liquid water flux.
		By using additional information about cloud droplet fall velocities in the Stokes range, we can estimate the liquid water flux in the non-drizzling portion of stratus clouds.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/epic2001/sept2003abstracts/frisch.html (408 words)

	Stratus
		Stratus is a cloud without any distinct form and at low altitudes.
		At this occasion stratus clouds were formed over cold sea water and then drifted in over land.
		Here stratus clouds have formed at an altitude of around 2500 metres.
	www.chitambo.com /clouds/cloudshtml/stratus.html (151 words)

	Houze's Cloud Atlas
		Convective clouds (small cumulus, towering cumulus, and the anvil of a cumulonimbus) over the South China Sea (December 1978, photo by R. Houze.) Further examples of cumulus.
		An example of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves on the edge of a small fragment of stratus cloud.
		Satellite view (infrared channel) of a frontal cloud system over the North Pacific followed to the west by a comma cloud.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /gcg/Atlas (675 words)

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