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Topic: Stream gradient

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	Saf_Summary
		Stream velocity is determined by stream gradient (steeper = faster), channel roughness (more roughness = less velocity), length of the wetted perimeter (stream bank and channel floor; in streams of equal cross section area, less wetted perimeter = more velocity).
		Stream velocity increases downstream because of decreasing channel roughness and an increase in stream discharge.
		Stream flow is measured at over 7,000 stream gage stations across the U.S. Data is collected on stream stage by measuring the depth of water in the stream channel relative to some fixed marker.
	www.mhhe.com /earthsci/geology/mcconnell/streams/sum.htm (961 words)

	Stream gradient - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stream gradient is the ratio of drop in a stream per unit distance, usually expressed as feet per mile or meters per kilometer.
		High gradient streams tend to have steep, narrow V-shaped valleys, and are referred to as young streams.
		Low gradient streams have wider and less rugged valleys, with a tendency for the stream to meander.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stream_gradient (322 words)

	Streams and Drainage Systems
		Streams carry most of the water that goes from the land to the sea, and thus are an important part of the water cycle.
		Even though the velocity of the stream increases downstream, the bed load particle size decreases mainly because the larger particles are left in the bed load at higher elevations and abrasion of particles tends to reduce their size.
		Because meandering streams are continually eroding on the outer meander bends and depositing sediment along the inner meander bends, meandering stream channels tend to migrate back and forth across their flood plain.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/streams.htm (2441 words)

	geo2_streams
		of a region, rejuvenates its streams and restarts the sequence of valley evolution.
		The cross-section of a young stream is typically a "V" shaped valley, with the stream channel occupying the base of the "V", and erosion outweighs deposition.
		Streams are excellent sources of fertile soil for agriculture, fresh water for industry and consumption, and transportation, so many large cities are built near streams--even on their banks--and are therefore threatened by periodic
	www.mpcfaculty.net /maile_smith/streams.htm (900 words)

	More Valley and Stream Erosion
		The stream valleys of the headwaters of Bryant and her tributaries are considered youthful.
		The headwater valleys have a relatively steep gradient and a cross-sectional profile that is "V" shaped with the stream occupying the bottom of the "V".
		The flat bottom of the mature valley is called a floodplain because it is usually underwater during the largest floods and owes its existence to the deposition of sediments carried down from higher elevations during floods and deposited as gravel, sand and silt beds as the floods subside.
	www.watersheds.org /earth/morevalley.htm (1197 words)

	[No title]
		Streams are grouped which display similar physical characteristics and respond in predictable patterns to natural and human-caused modifications.
		The stream gradient is 2% to 4% and the stream size is variable and the dominate substrate is gravel to bedrock.
		The stream gradient map is not shown in this manual due to the small size of the grid cells used (each cell represents 100 square feet).
	web.pdx.edu /~maserj/project/project1/3.htm (1622 words)

	10 Streams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They are related to the physical dimensions of the stream at a particular point, the course of the stream over the landscape, the amount and velocity of the water, and the material that the water transports.
		Gradient of the stream is defined as the vertical drop over a fixed horizontal distance.
		As the gradient of the stream decreases and the base level is approached, the erosion from the moving water is not directed downward but from side to side.
	www.smu.edu /geology/1301WebSite/Lec11_streams.html (1240 words)

	Streams
		In general, small streams may be as deep as as they are wide whereas large streams usually have widths many times greater than their depths.
		The gradient of a stream is a measure of the vertical distance that a stream channel falls between two points along its course.
		This increase in discharge downstream is accompanied by increases in the width of the channel and stream velocity.
	www.uh.edu /~geos6g/1330/streams.html (1150 words)

	Stream Gradient (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A stream is any flow of water, and water flows from higher elevation to lower elevation on the earth's surface.
		Gradient is the slope of the stream and is measured by the difference in elevation between two points on a stream divided by the distance between the two points that the water actually flows.
		The gradient influences the velocity of the stream.
	www.jsu.edu /depart/geography/mhill/phylabtwo/lab8/gradcal.html (196 words)

	Lecture: Stream fluvial processes, Dr. Rodrigue
		Stream processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials from the floor and bed of a stream's channel by channelized water.
		Stream systems are highly dynamic, changing the balance of erosion, transportation, and deposition tasks constantly and rapidly, always trying to achieve a dynamic equilibrium among inputs into the stream and capacity to move them through.
		A stream that, on average, balances its load with its capacity is said to be graded, and grade is the dynamic equilibrium towards which all streams adjust their activities and slope angles.
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/streams.html (8771 words)

	EPA > OWOW > Monitoring and Assessing Water Quality > RBP's for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers > ...
		In high-gradient streams, riffles and cobble substrate are exposed; in low-gradient streams, the decrease in water level exposes logs and snags, thereby reducing the areas of good habitat.
		For high gradient streams where distinct riffles are uncommon, a run/bend ratio can be used as a measure of meandering or sinuosity (see 7b).
		Within a given physiographic-climatic region, stream drainage area and overall stream gradient are likely to be strong natural determinants of many aspects of stream habitat, because of their influence on discharge, flood stage, and stream power (the product of discharge times gradient).
	www.epa.gov /owow/monitoring/rbp/ch05b.html (4308 words)

	Streams & Floods - Summary
		The steepest gradients are found in steep-sided mountain stream valleys that may drop 40 to 60 meters for every kilometer.
		Maximum velocity occurs toward the outside of curves in the stream channel; stream velocity is least on the inside of curves.
		Stream stage represents the depth of water in the stream channel relative to a standard datum (an arbitrary starting point for measurement - not the bottom of the channel).
	www.mhhe.com /earthsci/geology/mcconnell/saf/sum.htm (929 words)

	Untitled Document
		Streams can be thought of as a sediment transport system that attempts to maintain an equilibrium, a balance between load and capacity.
		Since the gradient is locally steepened where the meander is cutoff, the stream flows through the cutoff and abandons the former channel.
		Since flood waters have high velocity in the stream channel itself, the capacity in the stream channel is increased, and the channel may be eroded during the flood (which, of course, will change channel shape and size).
	www.ggy.uga.edu /courses/geog1111/stream.html (1485 words)

	Running Water
		The longitudinal profile of a stream (cross-sectional view down the length) shows stream gradient, which can be expressed as the vertical drop of a stream channel over a fixed horizontal distance (ft/mile or m/km).
		Superposed streams are streams that appear to have cut through a ridge or mountain lying in their path, creating water gaps (steep-walled notch).
		Stream terraces are a set of nearly flat surfaces bordering a steep slope along a stream's banks.
	www.geo.ua.edu /intro03/Streams.html (2443 words)

	Vince Cronin's Physical Geology Notes: Streams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Equilibrium streams are in a steady-state or equilibrium condition with respect to local ground water conditions: the stream surface is at the same elevation as the water table (water table: the surface that divides soil/rock that is saturated with groundwater from soil/rock that is not fully saturated)
		Wetted perimeter: on a cross section of a stream channel, constructed perpendicular to the direction the stream is flowing, the wetted perimeter is the part of the stream channel that is under water.
		Incised stream: a stream that has eroded so deeply into a channel that it is no longer possible for the stream course to change laterally (from side to side).
	www3.baylor.edu /~Vince_Cronin/PhysGeol/stream.snotes.html (1394 words)

	Streams Lecture Notes
		Gradient or slope of a stream is the vertical drop over a fixed distance
		Stream discharge [units of length^cubed or volume/time] is calculated by multiplying stream velocity [units of length/time] by the stream’s cross-sectional area [width x depth (units of length^squared)]
		Stream with the correct slope and channel characteristics to maintain the velocity required to transport the material supplied to it
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /classes/geol351/02streams/streamslect.htm (1190 words)

	Stream gradient
		Stream gradient : the general slope, or rate of vertical drop per unit of lengthof a flowing stream.
		Stream gradient as a criterion of lotic habitats suitable for...
		Stream gradient as a criterion of lotic habitats suitable for Australorbis
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Stream_gradient.html (227 words)

	Fish Passage Through Culverts
		Eight (8) of the stream crossings are complete barriers to anadromous fish migration of adult salmonids; thirteen (13) are partial barriers, twenty (20) are low flow barriers, and twenty (20) stream crossings had received barrier modifications from a number of different agencies.
		Abstract: From 1978 to 1981 four small streams crossed by the Liard Highway were studied to assess the effects of culverts on fish.
		The highway crossing of the streams varied from 3.7 to 5.1 km upstream of the Liard River confluence.
	www.stream.fs.fed.us /fishxing/biblio.html (13202 words)

	Streams Self-Test
		At one point along a stream whose gradient is 3.2 feet/mile, the average width of the channel is measured to be 25.0 feet, the average depth of the channel is measured to be 3.0 feet, and the average velocity of water flow is measured to be 4.0 feet/second.
		A stream demonstrates regular, continuous flow only during the late spring and early summer of the year.
		Large, circular holes are visible in the bedrock floor of a stream known to undergo turbulent flow.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/schwert/geosci/g120/stream.htm (786 words)

	Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition
		Water running down a slope becomes a stream when there is enough water to form a tiny rivulet with a channel to contain the water.
		Once the stream cuts through the gap to the level of the valley on the other side, it may erode its way onto the other stream and divert the latter's path.
		In time as the stream's gradient lessens, the stream matures and eliminates waterfalls and rapids and meanders.
	www.ohvec.org /old_site/streams03.htm (501 words)

	streams_drainage
		Natural levees provide some protection from flooding because with each flood the levee is built higher and therefore discharge must be higher for the next flood to occur.
		Drainage basins can range in size from a few km2, for small streams, to extremely large areas, such as the Mississippi River drainage basin which covers about 40% of the contiguous United States.
		As the order of the stream increases, the discharge increases, the gradient decreases, the velocity increases, and the channel dimensions (width and depth) increase to accommodate the increased discharge.
	earthsci.org /education/teacher/basicgeol/stream/stream.html (2512 words)

	Geology 1 Stream Gradient Tutorial 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Note that there is an intermittent stream which runs from the northern (top) edge of the map to Bundy Drive.
		Note that the V's on the contour lines point north, indicating that the stream runs south.
		Use this map to determine the gradient of the Bundy Drive intermittent stream in feet per mile.
	www3.cerritos.edu /colbath/Geol101/stream1.htm (76 words)

	Running Water/Streams and Humans
		How are gradient and channel shape/roughness related to the velocity of a stream?
		What happens to a stream's velocity (and its power to erode) if it becomes narrower or wider and depth and discharge stay the same?
		What happens to a stream's velocity (and its power to erode) if it is straightened or channelized?
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/screaton/spr2005/streamsquestions.htm (185 words)

	GIS-Based Stream Gradient Model - Middle Fork GIS (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is a AML-based model for determining the gradients of arcs in a stream (or other line) coverage based upon an underlying elevation grid (DEM).
		Moreover, the model will first split long arcs into shorter segments of a specified length to provide a finer resolution of stream gradients.
		Download the stream gradient model with documentation and a sample data set
	www.mfgis.com.cob-web.org:8888 /projects/gradient_model.html (148 words)

	stream and eq questions
		* How are gradient and channel shape/roughness related to the velocity of a stream?
		* What happens to a stream's velocity (and its power to erode) if it becomes narrower or wider and depth and discharge stay the same?
		* What happens to a stream's velocity (and its power to erode) if it is straightened or channelized?
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/screaton/spr2006/streameqquestions.html (432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
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	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~amacleod/outgoing/202/202_streams.doc (63 words)

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