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Topic: Streptomycin

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Aminoglycoside

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	821. Streptomycin (WHO Food Additives Series 34)
		Streptomycin is poorly absorbed by inhalation, therefore high levels may be produced in respiratory secretions, causing a marked decrease in bacterial flora in the upper respiratory tract (Huber, 1966).
		Streptomycin damages the hair cells of the Organ of Corti in the cochlea and the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus which are found in the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricule, and the ampullae of the three semicircular canals.
		Streptomycin crossed the placental barrier and was identified in tissue fluids of embryos from treated dams.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v34je04.htm (8146 words)

	the Drug Monitor - streptomycin - Nasr Anaizi, PhD
		Streptomycin (Mol wt = 1457.41) was the first of the aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs) developed.
		Streptomycin is also highly active against gram-negative aerobic pathogens with some activity against gram-positive cocci.
		Streptomycin is almost always used in combination with another antibiotic (eg: a penicillin) but can be used as a single agent in the treatment of tularemia and the plague.
	www.thedrugmonitor.com /streptomycin.html (823 words)

	Streptomycin Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Studies, Metabolism - Streptomycin - RxList Monographs
		Following intramuscular injection of 1 g of streptomycin, as the sulfate, a peak serum level of 25 to 50 mcg/mL is reached within 1 hour, diminishing slowly to about 50 percent after 5 to 6 hours.
		Streptomycin passes through the placenta with serum levels in the cord blood similar to maternal levels.
		Streptomycin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following organisms both in vitro and in clinical infection.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic2/streptomycin_cp.htm (575 words)

	STREPTOMYCIN TREATMENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (Reprinted from BMJ 1948:ii769-782) -- 317 (7167): 1248 -- BMJ
		Additional justification lay in the fact that all the streptomycin available in the country was in any case being used, the rest of the supply being taken up for two rapidly fatal forms of the disease, miliary and meningeal tuberculosis.
		After acceptance of a patient by the panel, and before admission to the streptomycin centre, the appropriate numbered envelope was opened at the central office; the card inside told if the patient was to be an S or a C case, and this information was then given to the medical officer of the centre.
		A common effect of streptomycin not obvious in the above simplified presentation of data is a rapid temperature drop in the first weeks of therapy, followed sometimes by a rise to a level usually lower than the level on admission.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/317/7167/1248/b (7973 words)

	R-Biopharm AG : Residues - Streptomycin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Residues of streptomycin may therefore occur in food of animal origin, if the withholding period is not obeyed or if it is used improperly.
		The EU-regulations for streptomycin are fixed in MRLs (maximum residue limits) for meat an milk (muscle and liver: 500 ppb, for kidney: 1000 ppb and for milk: 200 ppb).
		The screening for streptomycin in milk with enzyme immunoassays is prepared to be included by the German Federal Board of Health (bgvv) in the official collection of test procedures in accordance with § 35 LMBG (September 1998, 01.00/68).
	www.r-biopharm.com /foodandfeed/ridascreen_streptomycin.php (301 words)

	Streptomycin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Streptomycin is used as an antibacterial agent for cats (7).
		Residues of streptomycin are not detectable in or on crops when treated according to label use rates and directions (3).
		Streptomycin is an off-white powder derived from Streptomyces griseus bacteria (4).
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/streptomycin-ext.html (701 words)

	Streptomycin Sulfate Injection Drug Information Streptomycin Sulfate Injection
		Non-tuberculosis infections: The use of streptomycin should be limited to the treatment of infections caused by bacteria which have been shown to be susceptible to the antibacterial effects of streptomycin and which are not amenable to therapy with less potentially toxic agents.
		The degree of impairment is directly proportional to the dose and duration of streptomycin administration, to the age of the patient, to the level of renal function and to the amount of underlying existing auditory dysfunction.
		Because streptomycin readily crosses the placental barrier, caution in use of the drug is important to prevent ototoxicity in the fetus.
	www.drugs.com /PDR/Streptomycin_Sulfate_Injection.html (2870 words)

	Streptomycin Sulphate
		Streptomycin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics and is usually used in the treatment of TB in combination with other drugs.
		Streptomycin may increase the risk of ear damage when it is used with loop diuretics such as frusemide and etacrynic acid.
		Streptomycin may block the effects of neostigmine and pyridostigmine which are used to treat a condition called myasthenia gravis.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /medicines/100002473.html (572 words)

	CDC - Transferable Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Streptomycin in Clinical Isolate of Yersinia pestis
		Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, alone or in combination, are the reference drugs to treat plague, whereas tetracycline or sulfonamides are recommended for prophylaxis (4).
		The MICs of streptomycin and spectinomycin for this strain were 1,024 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively.
		The streptomycin resistance genes in pIP1203 are part of the tnpR-strA-strB-IR cluster characteristic of the Tn5393 group of transposons.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol7no1/guiyoule.htm (2381 words)

	Streptomycin - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Streptomycin, antibiotic agent produced by a filamentous (thready) soil bacterium, Streptomyces griseus.
		Streptomycin is the oldest of the aminoglycosides and, after penicillin, the most commonly administered antibiotic.
		Various micro-organisms, including certain fungi and some bacteria, produce chemical substances that are toxic to specific bacteria.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Streptomycin.html (99 words)

	streptomycin drug information, streptomycin side effects
		Streptomycin is a human antibiotic drug which also is used to control bacteria, fungi, and...
		streptomycin antibiotic synthesized by the soil organism Streptomyces griseus.
		Streptomycin was discovered by American biochemists Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie in 1943.
	www.drugs.com /sch/streptomycin (527 words)

	Sources of Streptomycin Resistance in Fire Blight
		Streptomycin and oxytetracycline, the only two antibiotics registered for use on plants, are in Priority Group 3 for tolerance reassessment.
		The use of antibiotics in agriculture is being scrutinized closely as the antibiotic resistance problems in hospitals and communities worsen.
		The two methods used (DNA staining with a fluorescent marker followed by microscopy and the polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) are highly sensitive techniques that were used by other researchers to detect DNA in veterinary and reagent grade antibiotics.
	www.plantpath.wisc.edu /fpath/sources-of-streptomycin-resistance.htm (586 words)

	streptomycin — FactMonster.com
		Originally isolated by Selman A. Waksman and Albert Schatz in 1947, streptomycin is effective against tubercle bacilli and is a mainstay of tuberculosis therapy.
		Streptomycin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis and damaging cell membranes in susceptible microorganisms.
		A pioneer in microbiology, Waksman specialized in the study...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0846951.html (189 words)

	ADAP drugs: streptomycin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Streptomycin is an antibiotic used in combination with other drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB).
		While streptomycin is no longer considered a first line treatment for TB, some strains of multi-drug resistant TB (MDRTB) are susceptible to treatment.
		Streptomycin should not be used in anyone with kidney impairment because it increases the risk of severe toxic reactions.
	www.aegis.com /factshts/network/access/drugs/stre.html (351 words)

	ACS :: Cancer Drug Guide: streptomycin sulfate
		Streptomycin sulfate is an antibiotic that belongs to a group of drugs called aminoglycosides.
		Streptomycin sulfate prevents bacteria from manufacturing their cell walls, so the bacteria die.
		Streptomycin sulfate is given by an injection in the muscle.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/CDG/content/CDG_streptomycin_sulfate.asp (589 words)

	The Aftermath of Penicillin
		What is generally told is that the discovery of streptomycin is credited to Selman Waksman, a soil microbiologist, who began his research, in 1915, on the effects of fungi and bacteria on the fertility of soil.
		Test carried out with streptomycin indicated that it was active against a number of bacterial disease organisms, which was not affected by penicillin.
		Although Actinomycetes are no longer classified as fungi, the detailed story of streptomycin, one of the most important antibiotics isolated from Actinomycetes, is a very interesting one that parallels the research that was done with penicillin, but with a far different outcome for the two people involved in the discovery of streptomycin.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect23.htm (5253 words)

	TIME.com: Streptomycin Wonders -- Sep. 16, 1946 -- Page 1
		Streptomycin, an antibiotic containing a germ-killing soil organism called Actinomyces griseus, is especially effective against certain deadly "gram-negative" infections for which there was no known cure.
		Hinshaw, after finding that streptomycin stopped the growth of tubercle bacilli in guinea pigs, gave the drug to 24 hopeless human patients in advanced stages of pulmonary tuberculosis.
		Hmshaw's conclusion: though streptomycin arrests, it does not eradicate T.B will be valuable only as a supplement to other forms of treatment.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,888334,00.html (536 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Aminoglycosides (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Some reports have shown that aminoglycosides, especially streptomycin and tobramycin, may cause damage to the infant's hearing, sense of balance, and kidneys if the mother was receiving the medicine during pregnancy.
		For all dosage forms—The dose of streptomycin is often not based on body weight and the amount given depends on the disease being treated.
		Adults: 250 to 500 milligrams of streptomycin is injected into a muscle every six hours; or 500 milligrams to 1 gram of streptomycin is injected into a muscle every twelve hours.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202027.html (1545 words)

	Streptomycin plus pyrazinamide in the treatment of patients excreting isoniazid-resistant tubercle bacilli, following ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Fifty seven patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis and organisms sensitive to streptomycin were treated with daily streptomycin plus pyrazinamide, the majority attending a clinic daily for the therapy; all had previously been treated either with isoniazid plus PAS or with isoniazid alone.
		The streptomycin plus pyrazinamide regimen was stopped in 20 patients before the end of a year because the disease was active, and 1 more patient died.
		Patients whose response was unsatisfactory usually had a clear 'fall and rise' in the bacterial content of the sputum associated with the emergence of strains highly resistant to streptomycin.
	www.trc-chennai.org /Publications/pub16.htm (278 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Doxycycline plus streptomycin versus ciprofloxacin plus rifampicin in spinal brucellosis ...
		Classical regimen (doxycycline plus streptomycin), with the appropriate duration (at least 12 weeks), is still the first line antibiotics and alternative therapies should be considered when adverse drug reactions were observed.
		The combination of doxycycline with streptomycin is accepted to be the most effective regimen in spinal brucellosis [1].
		The combination of tetracycline/doxycycline and streptomycin is accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the treatment of choice for spinal brucellosis [1].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/6/72 (4554 words)

	Streptomycin Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Streptomycin - RxList Monographs
		Streptomycin is a water-soluble aminoglycoside derived from Streptomyces griseus.
		Streptomycin Sulfate Injection, 1 g/2.5 mL (400 mg/mL), is supplied as a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for intramuscular use.
		Each mL contains: Streptomycin sulfate equivalent to 400 mg of streptomycin, sodium citrate dihydrate 12 mg, phenol 0.25% w/v as preservative, sodium metabisulfite 2 mg in Water for Injection.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic2/streptomycin.htm (298 words)

	Fruit Pathology, Current Topics, Erwinia amylovora
		While the medical, veterinary, and crop protection fields are stymied by genetically similar mechanisms of resistance, antibiotic use in the agroecosystem presents unique circumstances that could strongly impact the build up and persistence of resistance genes in the environment.
		While growers strive to minimize drift by spraying during calm weather, non-target organisms on plants, in the soil, and in water are exposed to low doses of streptomycin.
		Moreover, DNA is tightly bound by aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin, which could protect the DNA from nucleases and even enhance its uptake into bacterial cells.
	www.plantpath.wisc.edu /fpath/do-practices-promote-resistance.htm (809 words)

	Detection of a Streptomycin/Spectinomycin Adenylyltransferase Gene (aadA) in Enterococcus faecalis -- Clark et al. 43 ...
		Streptomycin continues to be an important drug for synergistic therapy of serious enterococcal infections (10).
		The MICs of streptomycin and spectinomycin for the transconjugants
		Adenylylation of streptomycin by Staphylococcus aureus: a new streptomycin adenylyltransferase, p.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/1/157 (3144 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Streptomycin (Injection) - Drugs Information, Side Effects, & Interactions
		You should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to streptomycin or other aminoglycoside antibiotics such as amikacin, gentamicin, or tobramycin.
		These medicines taken with streptomycin may increase the risk of hearing problems.
		Streptomycin taken during a pregnancy may cause hearing problems in an unborn baby.
	www.healthopedia.com /drugs/quick/streptomycin (742 words)

	Streptomycin Molecule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Streptomycin was the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first
		Those which are derived from Streptomyces species are named with the suffix -mycin, while those which are derived from micromonospora are named with the suffix -micin.
		Streptomycin was the first effective drug effective in the treatment of tuberculosis, though the role of aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and amikacin has been eclipsed (because of their toxicity and inconvenient route of administration) except for multiple drug resistant strains.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /drugs/streptomycin.htm (312 words)

	Relationship between genetic alteration of the rpsL gene and streptomycin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...
		Relationship between genetic alteration of the rpsL gene and streptomycin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Japan -- Fukuda et al.
		rpsLgene on the MICs of streptomycin for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Arg), lane 3, strain with MIC of 1012 mg/L and mutation at codon 88 (LysR
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/43/2/281 (1585 words)

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