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Topic: Stress phonology

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Vocal stress

Syllable

Pitch accent

Prosody (linguistics)

Prosody

Intonation

English language

Rhyme

Phonology

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Polish language

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	PIE Stress
		PIE stress was free – not in the sense that nobody cared where it fell, but because it was determined neither by phonological factors, nor by counting syllables from the beginning or the end of a word.
		In a static paradigm the stress of each inflected form was fixed on the same syllable of the stem, while in a mobile paradigm the stress fell on the stem in some forms, and on the inflectional ending in others.
		Mobile stress was common among nouns belonging to athematic (that is, non-thematic) classes, especially when the stem ended in a consonant or was simply identical with the root (nouns which form stems without any derivational suffixes or thematic vowels are known as root nouns).
	www.geocities.com /caraculiambro/Caraculiambro/Stress.html (3907 words)

	RSRL WIP8 Grabe and Warren
		Stresses are said to clash if two strong syllables follow each other without any intervening weak ones, and as there is a tendency in English for stressed and unstressed syllables to alternate, a succession of two strong syllables is assumed to be dispreferred.
		A stress clash is alleviated by phrase-final lengthening and/or pausing.
		Stress shift may be more comprehensively explained in the framework of a prosodic prominence hierarchy of the kind Beckman and Edwards have recently suggested (1994).
	www.rdg.ac.uk /app_ling/wip8/grabe.html (4695 words)

	Carolyn's Corner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The way that a stressed syllable is pronounced varies from language to language, and even in English there are several different components to the phonology of stress.
		More commonly, stress affects certain other factors of pronunciation besides volume: how long a syllable is drawn out (compare the first syllables of pastor and pastiche), whether the vowel is pronounced fully (as the o in ironic) or reduced (as in irony), or how the consonants around the stressed vowel are pronounced.
		In theory, however, any syllable in a word can be stressed in pronunciation under the right conditions, even if it is not the most prominent syllable in normal circumstances (just as any girl in the class could be picked first for the team, regardless of her height).
	www.spellingbee.com /stress.shtml (1272 words)

	OMPSNSS:Phonology
		Stress necessarily involves increased physiological tension in the laryngeal area due to increased pitch and pulmonic pressure.
		Stressed or unstressed, it is lower and back, approaching [a] when contiguous to a uvular, labio-uvular, or laryngeal.
		For example, in /čey/ ‘work’ and /čéyči/ ‘diligent’ stress precedes the resonant, but when /-él̕ŋən/ ‘desiderative’ takes stress from the root: /čəčél̕ŋən/ ‘want to work’; the underlying form of the root in /sɬéniʔ/ ‘woman’ must be ∥√ɬeny∥ and the /y/ surfaces as /č/ when stress follows: /sɬənəčáʔaɬ/ ‘girl’.
	www.cas.unt.edu /~montler/Saanich/Outline/1.htm (5095 words)

	General prosodic characteristics
		In simplex words, stress is closely related to the two main types of syllable: minor syllables are unstressed (and are `hypercorrected' into major syllables if contrasted), and most analysts agree that major syllables may be assigned primary, secondary or no stress.
		A systematic taxonomy of German word stress types is to be found in Bleiching [5] for simplex words and [6] for compounds and derivations.
		In the unmarked case, phrasal stress is assigned to the final noun, much as in other West Germanic languages (see Ladd [23]); because of German SOV word order it is not sufficient to specify only `phrase final lexical word' as it would be for the analogous case in English.
	coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de /~gibbon/Hirst96/german96/node2.html (998 words)

	MSt/MPhil phonetics and phonology tutorial reading list
		Szpyra, J. (1992) Ghost segments in nonlinear phonology: Polish yers.
		Rubach, J. (1985) Lexical Phonology: lexical and postlexical derivations.
		Hayes, B. (1989) Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology.
	www.phon.ox.ac.uk /~jcoleman/graduate_tutorial_readings.html (1285 words)

	Gender and Name Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Whereas disyllabic English nouns tend to have stress on the first syllable (a trochaic pattern), disyllabic verbs tend to have stress on the second syllable (an iambic pattern).
		These selections were constrained so that for each of the stress, syllable number, and final phoneme variables, half of the pseudonames had a male value on the phonological dimension and half had a female value.
		To determine whether frequency varied significantly with the gender and phonology factors, name frequencies were recorded from Francis and Kucera (1984) and the natural log values submitted to a 2 X 2 analysis of variance.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~kellym/genderNames.html (16458 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		Assuming no previous knowledge of phonology or linguistic theory, the authors introduce the basic concepts and build on these progressively, discussing the main theories and illustrating key points with carefully chosen examples.
		The main theories, including feature geometry and Optimality Theory are introduced, and their contributions to our understanding of phonology, as well as their shortcomings, are discussed objectively.
		In this new edition the authors have revised and updated the text in the light of recent research and also as a result of users' comments.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=13151 (189 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		Two aspects of stress, its position and its relativ= e prominence, are discussed in a broader context of domain structuring in P= olish.
		A complex interaction between the position of metrical= feet, syllabification and sandhi effects (final devoicing, voicing assimil= ations) necessitates a novel approach to the issue of prosodic domains in P= olish, which are assumed to be constraint-based.
		A four-way stress cont= rasts attested for Polish phrases are predicted by a grid-building family o= f constraints which coexists with a foot-building family of constraints dic= ussed in the previous chapters.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=5419 (335 words)

	Intonation
		Stress is essentially anything which marks one bit of sound out from the surrounding speech stream.
		The teaching of supra-segmental phonology is done very, very badly worldwide, even by native speakers.
		Here is a useful link to the Ministry of Education in New Zealand, where suprasegmental phonology, as well as other language matters, is discussed.
	thormay.net /lxesl/tesol/intonation/intonation1.htm (824 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.664: Phonology: Kraska-Szlenk
		LINCOM.EUROPA, The phonology of stress in Polish: Kraska-Szlenk
		Two aspects of stress, its position and its relative prominence, are discussed in a broader context of domain structuring in Polish.
		A four-way stress contrasts attested for Polish phrases are predicted by a grid-building family of constraints which coexists with a foot-building family of constraints discussed in the previous chapters.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-664.html (366 words)

	Phonology & Morphology Lecture
		We will try to answer this question from the point of view of morphology (that is, by examining the structure of words as signs) as well as phonology (that is, the structure of words as sound strings).
		We are going to find lots of points that the two different aspects have in common; indeed, one crucial observation that we will make is that one can hardly study either the phonological or the morphological structure of words without examining the other.
		Aspects of phonology and morphology which are not concerned with word structure (e.g., post-lexical phonology and syntactic aspects of inflectional morphology) will be dealt with only briefly.
	startadsl.hu /malex/Phono_ea.htm (464 words)

	Bruce Morén's Homepage
		“Transparency and Opacity in the Lexical and Post-lexical Phonology of Makkan Arabic:
		Morén, B. and E. Zsiga (2006) The Lexical and Post-lexical Phonology of Thai Tones.
		Utrecht Biannual Phonology Workshop, Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, The Netherlands.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/moren/cv.htm (1671 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Chapter 2: The Phonological System of PIE
		This stage of PIE with phonemic pitch accent was preceded by a stage with stress accent.
		Hirt and other Indo-Europeanists assumed them; yet they never indicated that accent, both stress and pitch, might be part of a linguistic system, but be non-phonemic; as a result the apparent vagaries of IE, the shifts from stress accent to pitch accent and back to stress accent, seemed embarassing in their waywardness.
		Presumably the various stages of IE had both pitch and stress accent simultaneously; in one period stress accent was phonemic, in another pitch accent, in another neither.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/piep02.html (5245 words)

	Stress - Arden Reference Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In irregular words with antipenultimate stess, the stress moves to the penultimate syllable when the word is inflected or is followed by an enclitic.
		Irregular words with word-final stress turn to the regular alternation between penultimate and word-final stress when they are inflected.
		In the other cases, the seat of the stress is marked by means of the acute accent in the Western script, or the grave accent in the Eastern script.
	www.glossopoiesis.net /Arden/stress.html (149 words)

	Teaching intonation and stress
		Sentence stress can also be illustrated and practised by writing a long sentence on the board, which can be made to carry many different meanings or points of emphasis.
		Practice of sentence stress is achieved by cueing the learners with questions while requiring them to use the whole sentence in reply.
		Phonology, stress patterns and tunes are all interrelated.
	www.btinternet.com /~ted.power/esl0108.html (2714 words)

	Pubs&Paps
		"Stress, Phonological Focus, Quantity, and Voicing Effects on Vowel Duration in Ammani Arabic." In J.J. Ohala, Y. Hasegawa, M. Ohala, D. Granville, and A.C. Bailey (eds.), Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol.
		"Stress Shift, Stress Clash, and Polysyllabic Shortening in a Prosodically Annotated Discourse." In Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Spoken Language Processing.
		"Phonology and Orthography in Lexical Access: a Case Study of Korean Perception of Syllable Affiliations and Voicing Contrasts of English Stops." Paper presented at the Linguistics Society of America, 3 January, 2003, Atlanta, Ga. Link.
	jones.ling.indiana.edu /~kdejong/page4.html (2374 words)

	Arvaniti.research
		The phonology of intonation and its phonetic realisation
		The phonetics and phonology of stress and rhythm
		I was co-principal investigator (with Bob Ladd, and I. Mennen as Research Associate) in a two-year research project entitled "Phonetic and phonological properties of tonal targets in Modern Greek intonation".
	ling.ucsd.edu /~arvaniti/research.html (1378 words)

	Tagalog language at AllExperts
		Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word.
		Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.
		It indicates that there is a glottal stop at the end of the word and that penultimate syllable receives stress; mabutÃ¬.
	en.allexperts.com /e/t/ta/tagalog_language.htm (2677 words)

	LINGUIST List 3.494: Natural Phonology, English Stress, Macintalk
		I could go on, but I realize that the interests of phonologists have moved on to other issues, some of which, such as the geometry of features and the parameters of stress theory are also directly useable by we embattled few.
		All those who took part seemed to agree about the following (this is with reference to Northern, white US usage only): Words with zero stress on their last three syllables are only possible in case we are dealing with inherently unstressed suffixes, e.g., admiralty.
		While it is obviously possible to come up with various excuses for such forms (e.g., treating the final vowel as "underlying" /y/), it still seems interesting that this apparently exceptionless generalization may have exceptions after all.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/3/3-494.html (740 words)

	Syllable structure
		A syllable consists of an onset and a rhyme; a rhyme consists of a stress value, a peak and a coda; and a coda consists of a body and a tail.
		She does not class this latter as a separate syllable at all, but rather as a ``coda extension''.
		Syllable: == "" "" == Stress "" "" == "" "" == <> == Null.
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /research/nlp/polylex/polynode40.html (743 words)

	John McCarthy -- Publications
		OP is compared with output-output faithfulness; the main difference is that OP allows any paradigm member to influence the phonology of any other paradigm member, whereas OO faithfulness gives priority to morphologically simplex forms.
		This never-published book-length manuscript presents the basics of OT, an extensive analysis of the phonology and prosodic morphology of Axininca Campa, and a chapter on other aspects of prosodic morphology, such as infixation.
		(1991) with Linda Lombardi Prosodic Circumscription in Choctaw Morphology, Phonology 8, 37–72.
	people.umass.edu /jjmccart/research.html (2002 words)

	stress - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Stress : A to Z of Terms related to the Thermal Spray Process and Surface Engineering [home, info]
		Phrases that include stress: posttraumatic stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, oxidative stress, sentence stress, tensile stress, more...
		Words similar to stress: accent, emphasis, emphasize, strain, tension, accentuate, accentuation, focus, punctuate, straining, stressed, stresses, stressing, tenseness, try, bring out, pressure, set off, underline, more...
	www.onelook.com /?loc=pub&w=stress (576 words)

	Lee S. Bickmore
		Area focus is mainly Bantu languages of Tanzania, Kenya, and Zambia with a secondary interest in Polynesian languages (particularly Tahitian).
		Downstep and Fusion in Namwanga, Phonology 17(3): 297-333.
		In Stress and Tone in Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter vol.
	www.albany.edu /docs.anthro/fac/bickmore.htm (181 words)

	Linguistics 524 \| Reading list
		[Excerpts from] Phonetics in phonology: The case of laryngeal neutralization.
		The phonology of perceptibility effects: The P-map and its consequences for constraint organization.
		Yu, Alan C. Quantity, stress and reduplication in Washo.
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/ling524/readlist.html (371 words)

	Irish phonology at AllExperts
		The phonology of the Irish language varies from dialect to dialect.
		The processes discussed here reflect a somewhat idealized version of "school Irish" that tends to be used by teachers outside of the Gaeltacht areas.
		Most compounds are like meÃ¡naois, the primary stress falls on the first member and the secondary stress on the second:
	en.allexperts.com /e/i/ir/irish_phonology.htm (1036 words)

	LINGUIST List 2.82: Language Families & Unstressed Vowels
		Another example of a language with a regular stress pattern (i.e., a nonlexical one) which skips over reduced vowels (in this case schwa) is Mandarin Chinese, I believe.
		Since stress is predictable it would be assigned by a late rule, but the morpheme structure conditions would have to duplicate the stress rule in order to capture the restricted set of vowels found in the unstressed position in polysyllabic morphemes.
		For example, stress placement in English is regular, but stress may not fall on reduced vowels (since they are exponents of absence of stress).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/2/2-82.html (787 words)

	Marjorie Chan's C889 Seminar: Linguistic Stress and Related Issues in Chinese Dialects. (Winter 1991)
		The first goal is to expose students to an overview of the stress phenomenon among Chinese dialects, from the works of American Structuralists to current generative works and acoustic studies.
		With the background knowledge of various issues and problems concerning this topic, the second goal is for students to identify and select a problem and to demonstrate their ability to analyze it critically as well as to propose a solution.
		Other related topics reflecting the students' primary interest -- phonology, morphology or syntax/semantics -- may be selected upon approval from the instructor.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /chan9/c889-w91.htm (894 words)

	dawn.htm
		While Chicano English phonology is much like the phonology of the recent English learner, Chicano English phonology also exhibits slight differences that categorize it as independent of Spanish phonological interference on English.
		In addition, one of the more common stress shifts occur on noun and verb compounds, which is exactly the opposite from Standard English; in noun compounds, stress is received on the second word, while in verb compounds, major stress is on the first word.
		Unlike the phonology of Chicano English, the morphology and syntax are not that different from Standard English.
	courses.wcsu.edu /valkommen/dawn.htm (10047 words)

	English & French Language Resources: Carl Storz Sounds & Stress: a practical, didactical approach, Pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		To deal with this problem on a large scale, I thought it was not sufficient to simply take a course book on phonetics or phonology, to send learner's to the language lab or to explain the system(s) to students and encourage them to take notes.
		In the case of polysyllabic words, I ask them to note down the stress using "O" for a stressed syllable and "o" for an unstressed one.
		Besides marking word stress of polysyllabic words students can use the grid to note down words in column that have the same word stress pattern to discover a few of the basic rules concerning word stress in English.
	www.wfi.fr /volterre/storz.html (3348 words)

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